IB$$t 


V-!. 


JVo 

Division 
Range 
Shelf 
Received 


, 


P RESENTED 


Clje  Stcrttitn)  of  llje  Crea.surn 

~~*  -^ 


SMITHSOHIAlKf 

B.—  Corresponding  works  requested  in  return.    DOCUMENT^ 


?  PRESENTED  TO  THE 


|  Library  nf  tke  University  of  talitaia,! 


/      I* 
L&--14    L^v  *     ?>     1X*<0    !i 

'  •>crvr l~.-r»*       '-J--         S 


STATISTICS 


OF    THE 


FOREIGN  Am   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE 


OP 


THE   UNITED   STATES; 


EMBRACING 


A  HISTORICAL   RETIEW   AND    ANALYSIS   OF  FOREIGN  COMMERCE    FROM  THE   BEGIN 
NING  OF  THE  GOVERNMENT;  THE  PRESENT  INTERNAL  COMMERCE  BETWEEN 
THE  MISSISSIPPI  AND  ATLANTIC  STATES;  THE  OVERLAND  TRADE 
AND  COMMUNICATIONS  WITH  THE  PACIFIC  STATES;  THE 
PRODUCTIONS  AND   EXCHANGES  OF  THE  GOLD 
AND  SILVER  DISTRICTS  ;  THE  COMMERCE 
OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST,  AND  THE 
INTERNATIONAL  RELATIONS 
OF  THE  NORTHERN  FRON 
TIER  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES. 


COMMUNICATED  BY 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY, 

IN  ANSWER   TO 

A  RESOLUTION  OF  THE  SENATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

MARCH   12,    1863. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT    PRINTING    OFFICE. 
1864. 


IN  THE  SENATE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  June  29,  1864. 

Resolved,  That  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  communicating  (in  compliance 
with  a  resolution  of  the  Senate  of  the  12th  of  March,  1863)  a  statistical  and  general  report 
upon  the  value  and  condition  of  our  foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  be  printed ;  that  five 
thousand  additional  copies  be  printed  for  the  use  of  the  Senate,  and  that  two  thousand  flva 
hundred  additional  copies  be  printed  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury  Department. 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Letter  of  the  Secretary,  transmitting  the  report,  with  description  and  classification  of  contents 1  to  3 

FOREIGV  COMMERCE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  — TONNAGE  AND  TRADE 5  to  117 

Introduction 5 

American  >nd  foreign  tonnage  entered  from  foreign  countries,  1789  to  1821,  with  the  percentage  of 

foreign. 6 

American  and  foreign  tonnage  entered   from  foreign  contries,  1821  to  1863,  with  the  percentage  of 

foreign 7 

Tonnage  in  Canadian  trade  distinguished 7 

Countries,  the  tonnage  from  winch  ate  \c~s  in  1861  than  in  1821 8 

Countries,  the  imports  from  which,  from  18:28  to  i860,  positively  declined 8 

Countries,  the  imports  from  whicli,  from  1828  to  18liO,  relatively  declined 9 

Countries,  the  imports  from  which,  from  1828  to  186J,  positively  and  relatively  declined 9 

Values  of  imports  into  the  United  States  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  1821  to  1863 10 

Values  of  exports,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  1821  to  1863..  10 
Values  of  exports,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  for  the  quar- 

•  ter  ending  Septcmher  3>),  1833 11 

Values  of  exports,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  for  the  quarter 

ending  December  31, 1  £63  11 

Imports  from  foreign  countries,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  1862-'63,  countries, and  values....  12 
Tonnage,  American  and  foreign,  entering  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  third  and    fourth  quarters 

1863 13 

Comparison  of  results ; 14 

Histor.  of  the  restrictive  navigation   laws  of  Europe,  negotiation  and  countervailing  acts  of  the 

United  States H 

National  character  of  tonnage  entering  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  1829  to  1863 18 

Comparison  of  American  and  British  tonnage  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States. 

1858  to  1863 18 

TONNAGE  AND  TRADE,  IN  FIVE-YEAR  PERIODS,  1821  TO  1863. 19  to  30 

Tonnage  entries  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  from  all  foreign  countries,  severally,  every  fifth 

year,  1821  to  1863,  with  the  perceniage  of  foreign 20 

Tonnage  entries  from  foreign  ports,  distinguishing  the  Canadian,  every  fifth  year,  1821  to  1863,  with 

the  percentage  of  foreign ....     24 

Tonnage  entries  for  corresponding  years,  from  European  countries  distinctively,  with  the  percentage 

of  foreign 25 

Tonna'.1'1  entries  for  corresponding  years,  from  the  West  Indies,  with  the  percentage  of  foreign 27 

Tonnage  entries  for  corresponding  years,  from  Mexico  and  South  America,  with  the  percentage  of 

foreign 27 

Tonnase  entries  for  corresponding  years,  from  Asia,  Africa,  and  miscellaneous  places,  with  the  per 
centage  of  foreign 27 

Values  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  States,  with  the  percentage  to  and  from  each  of 

the  designated  gi'ographieal  divisions,  every  fifth  year,  from  1821  to  1863 26 

European  trade,  dis;inguishing  gold  and  silver,  every  fifth  year,  1821  to  1863 28 

West  India  trade,  distinguishing  gold  and  silver,  every  fifth  year,  1821  to  1863 28 

Detail  of  trade  with  the  West  Indies,  for  the  year*  1860  and'  1663 29 

Canadian  and  British  provincial  trade,  distinguishing  gold  and  silver,  every  fifth  year,  1821  to  1863..  29 

Mexican  and  South  American  trade,  distinguishing  gold  and  silver,  every  filth  year,  1821  to  1863...  30 

Asiatic,  African  and  miscellaneous  trade,  distinguishing  gold  and  silver,  every  fifth  year,  1821  to  1863  30 

Statement  of  vessels  built  in  the  l/nitod  States,  1822  to  i863 30 

American  tonnage  employed  in  foreign  trade,  coasting  trade,  fisheries,  and  steam  navigation,  re 
spectively,  from  1815  to  1863 31 

STATISTICS  OF  GENERAL  TRADE  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN 32  to  55 

British  statement  of  exports  to  the  United  States,  1857  to  1863 32 

Flax  and  hemp  imported  into  Gruat  Britain,  1857  to  1862  —  tons  and  value 33 

Exports  from  Ei. gland  of  certain  articles  of  foreign  production,  1859  to  1863 34 

Exports  from  England  to  the  United  States  of  certain  articles  of  foreign  production,  1860  and  1862..  35 

CARRIAGE  OF  FOREIGN  PRODUCE  IN  UNITED  STATES  VESSELS 35 

Articles  of  tropical  or  semi-tropical  origin  exported  from  the  United  States,  1824  to  1828 36 

Articles  of  tropical  or  semi-tropical  origin,  exported  from  the  United  States,  1856  to  1863., 37 

DIRECT  TRADE  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN 37  to  55 

Imports  and  exports  fiom  and  to  the   United  States,  1856  to  18_62,  (British  reports) ..  37 

Imports  and  exports  to  and  from   the  United  Kingdom,  1855-'56  10  1862-'63,  (United  Stales  official  re 
turns) 37 

Imp  >ru  and  exports  of  the  prccioua  metals  to  and  from  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  re- 

specuvely,  Ic56  to  l862,(jfc>riit&A  and  American  reports) 38 


IV  CONTENTS. 

Page. 
Comparison  of  rotton  receipts  in  England,  for  1861,  with  the  statistics  of  export  from  the  United 

States  for  the  same  year 39 

Monthly  receipts  of  cotton  in  England,  from  the  United  States,  1859  to  1861 40 

Exports  from  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States  compared  with  the  official  returns  of  imports  into 

the  United  States  from  Great  Britain 41 

Explanation  of  the  deficiency  in  the  British  account 41 

Statement  of  exchanges  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States  for  the  seven  years,  1856  to 

lt6-2,  (British  record*}  42 

Quantities  and  values  of  leading  articles  imported  into  England  from  the  United  States.  1861,1862, 

1863 '. 43 

Imports  from  the  United  States  into  Great  Britain  for  the  seven  years  1856  to  1862 —  quantities  and 

values  44 

Exports  to  the  United  States,  the  produce  and  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom,  for  the  seven 

years  1856  to  1862  —  quantities  and  values 46 

Exports  to  the  United  States  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  and  manufactures,  for  the  seven  years, 

1856  to  1862 — quantities  and  values 47 

Exports  to  Great  Britain,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  for  the  four  fiscal  years  1859-'60  to  1862- 

'63 —  quantities  and  values,  (  from  U.  S.  official  records)  '. 49 

Values  of  articles  the  export  of  which  increased  from  1860  to  1863 51 

The  petroleum  trade 51 

BRITISH  TRADE  WITH  CALIFORNIA 52 

Imports  into  England,  the  produce  of  California,  1856  to  1862  — quantities  and  values,  (from  British 

official  returns) 53 

Exports  to  Califo-nia,  the  produce  and  manufacture  of  the  United  Kingdom,  1856  to  18fi2  —  quan 
tities  and  values,  (  from  British  official  return*) 54 

Value  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  California,  1856  to  1862 55 

STEAM  TONNAGE  IN  THE  FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 55  to  78 

Steam  tonnage  from  foreign  countries  entered  at  Portland,  Maine,  1855  to  1863 56 

Steam  tonnage  from  foreign  countries  entered  at  Philadelphia,  1851  to  1859 56 

Steam  tonnage  from  foreign  countries  entered  at  Boston,  1846  to  1863     57 

American  tteam  tonnage  from  foreign  countries  entered  at  the  port  of  New  York,  1848  to  1863....  57 

Foreign  steam  tonnage  from  foreign  countries  entered  at  the  port  of  New  York,  1844  to  1863 58 

General  aggregate  of  steam  tonn;  ge  entering  the  ocean  ports  of  the  United  States,  1844  to  1863....  58 

Actual  steam  tonnage  arriving  from  foreign  ports,  1814  to  1863 59 

Stearn  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  f  om  foreign  countries,  1853- '54  to  1862- '63....  60 

Steam  tonnage  entered  the  port  of  Charleston  from  foreign  countries,  (831  to  1860 61 

Steam  tonnage  entered  at  New  Orleans  from  foreign  countries,  1855  to  Ib60  , 61 

Steam  tonnage  entered  at  Castine,  Maine,  from  foreign  countiies,  1854-!55  to  1862- '63 61 

Actual  steam  tonnage  employed  in  the  foreign  trans-oceanic  trade,  1859-'60 62 


THE  ISTHMUS  TRADE 62 

Values  of  cargoes  entering  Panama.  1860- '62 62 

Values  of  cargoes  leaving  Panama,  1860-'62 ,.  62 

Number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  entered  at  Panama  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1662 ....  63 

Travel  and  transportation  over  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  for  the  year  ending  September  30,  1862 63 

REVIEW    OF    STEAMSHIP    LINES    ENGAGED    IN    THE    FOREIGN    TRADE  OF  THE    UNITED    STATES,  JANUARY, 

1864 64  to  72 

STEAM  SHIPPING  AND  TONNAGE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 72  to  78 

Summary  of  tonnage  entering  the  ports  of  Great  Britain  from  foreign  countries,- 1859  and  1863 72 

Number,  tonnage,  and  nationality  of  vessels  entering  the  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  for  five  cal 
endar  years,  1859  to  1803 '. 73 

Number  and  tonnage  of  registered  steam  vessels  under  and  over  fifty  tons,  respectively,  owned  in 

England,  186U.1861, 1862 74 

Number  and  tonnage  of  registered  steam  vessels  owned  in  England,  employed  in  the  home  and 

foreign  trade,  respectively,"  18^0. 1861, 1852 74 

Number  and  tcnnage  of  si  earn  vessels  built  in  the  United  Kingdom,  1851  to  1862  75 

Number,  tonnage,  and  nationality  of  steam  vessels  entered  and  cleared  af  ports  of  the  United 

Kingdom,  1860,1861,1862 75 

Number,  tonnage,  and  nationality  of  steam  vessels  entered  and  cleared  at  ports  of  the  United  King 
dom  in  1853 76 

Entries  of  steam  vessels  at  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  United  States,  1853, 1860, 1861, 

1862 77 

Steam  vessels  entered  and  cleared  at  British  ports  from  and  to  American  countries,  1853,  1860, 1861. 

1862 78 

TRADE    OF    TUB    UNITED    STATES    WITH    CANADA   AXD    THE    OTHER   BRITISH    NORTH    AMERICAN 
PROVINCES 78toll7 

Exports  of  Canadian  produce  through  the  United  States  to  the  other  British  North  American  prov 
inces 79 

Exports  and  imports  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour  to  and  from  Canada,  1861. 1862  80 

Export*  to  Canada  of  wheat,  flour,  Indian  corn,  and  meal,  during  the  fi.>cnl  years  1849  to  1863 81 

Exports  and  imports  of  wheat  and  wheat  flour  to  and  from  Canada,  1863 .....   81 

Exports  to  Canada,  1849  to  1863,  (fiscal  years) 83 

Exports  to  the  other  British  North  American  provinces,  1849  to  1863,  (fiscal  years) 83 

Total  exports  and  imports  to  and  from  Canada  and  the  other  British  North  American  provinces, 

1821  to  1863 83 

Imports  from  Canada,  1850  to  1863 84 

Impor  s  from  British  North  American  provinces,  1850  to  1863 85 

Total  imports  from  Canada  arid  the  other  British  North  American  provinces,  1850  to  1863 85 


CONTENTS.  V 

Page, 

General  table  of  values  of  imports  from  Canada  into  the  United  States  free  of  duty  under  the  reci 
procity  treaty,  for  the  half  year  to  June  30, 1855,  and  tlie  fiscal  years  1855-'56  to  1862-'63 86 

General  table  of  imports  from  tho  British    North  Am*  rican  provinces,  other  than  Canada,  free  of 

duty  under  the  reciprocity  treaty,  1855- '56  to  1862-'63 88 

General  talile  of  imports  from  Canada  into  the  United  States  paying  duty,  1855-'56  to  1862-'63 90 

Analysis  of  the  general  tables,  averages  of  domestic  exports  to  Canada 91 

Averages  of  foreign  exports  to  Canada 91 

Table  of  aggregates  paying  duty  in  Canada,  nine  years 92 

Table  of  aggregates  paying  duty  in  the  United  States,  nine  years 92 

Table  of  values  made  free  to  Canada,  by  the  reciprocity  treaty,  1856  to  It63 93 

Table  of  values  made  free  to  the  United  States,  1856  to  1863 93 

Canadian  otlieial  tables,  three  years' exports  to  Canada , 93 

Statement  of  the  value  of  the  imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  1850   to  1863,  with  the 

amount  of  duties  paid 94 

Statement  of  the  value  of  the  exports  from  Canada  to  the  United  States,  and  the  total  trade,  1851 

to!8o3 94 

Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  free  of  duty  under  the  reciprocity  treaty,  1855  to  1863.  95 

Exp&rts  to  Canada,  the  produce  and  manufactures  of  the  United  States,  186ll-'61  to  1862-'63 97 

Imports  from  Canada  into  United  States,  free  by  ordinary  laws,  135 i-'56  to  1862- '63      99 

Clearances  and  entrances  from  and  into  the  lake  ports  of  the  United  States  and  European  ports, 

respectively 100 

Movement  of  American  produce  in  and  through  Canada 100 

Value  of  transit  trade  through  Canada  via  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  and  from  the  United  States 103 

Value  of  imports  from  Canada  passing  through  the  United  States  under  bond   103 

Values  of  imports  into  C.inada  via  the  United  States  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  respectively,  1855  to  1863  104 

Export  of  United  States  manufactures  to  Canada * 104 

Values  of  anicles,  the  manufacture  of  the  United  States,  exported  to  Canada,  paying  duty,  1858-'59 

to  i86-j-'63 . ...;..: 105 

Exports  of  wheat,  flour,  corn,  and  meal,  fiom  the  United  States  to  the  British  North  American 

provinces,  other  than  Canada,  1849  to  1863 — quantities  and  values 106 

Produce  of  the  United  States  passing  through  Canadian  canals,  the  points  of  origin  and  destination 

distingui.-lied,  Ic61,  1662,  anil  1«33 107 

Transportation  from  American  ports  to  Canada,  up  and  down  the  St.  Lawrence  canals 109 

Trade  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  northern  frontier  with  Canada,  1856  to  1863 110 

Summaries  of  ira<le  at  the  ports  of  the  northern  frontier,  eastward  and  westward  of  Buffalo,  respect 
ively,  I853to  1853 113 

Canadian  fice  ports.         113 

Imports  at  the  port  of  Gaspo  from  countries  other  th-.n  Canada,  1861, 1862,  and  1863 114 

Ex  ports  from  Hie  port  of  Gaspo  to  BritUi  and  foreign  ports 114 

Imports  at  Sank  St.  Marie  from  British  and  foreign  parts,  18^1,  1862,  and  18(53 115 

Exports  from  Sault  St.  Marie  to  Briii^h  and  foreign  ports,  1861,  1862,  and  18J3  115 

INTERNAL    OR  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE   BETWEEN  THE  MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  AND  THE 
ATLANTIC  STATES 117  to  181 

DAT*.  —  TREATMENT  —  GENERAL  RESULTS 117  tO  122 

Definition  of  internal  commerce 117 

Total  values  exchanged 117 

Internal  commerce  of  Russia  and  United  States,  colonial  trade  of  other  nations 118 

Statistics  of  domestic  commerce,  sources - 119 

Basis  of  calculation 119 

East  and  west  transportation,  Mississipoi  river,  and  the  coasting  trade  compared 119 

Commerce  by  the  grand  thoroughfares  traversing  the  meridian  of  the  Alleghenies 120 

Elements  of  Atlantic  coasting  trade 121 

Marker,  exchanges  at  the  seaboard,  Cincinnati,  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  Lake  Superior,  northwest  of 

St.  Paul,  of  the  plains  west  of  the  Missouri  river,  and  at  New  Orleans 121 

SPECIFIC  CALCULATION  OF  THE  EXCHANGES  BETWEEN  THE  EAST  AND  THE  WEST.. 122  to  181 

WESTWARD  FREIGHTS 122  to  135 

Pennsylvania  Central  railroad,  classification  of  tonnage 122 

Westward  freight  through  to  Pittsburg ]24 

Way  freight  from  Philadelphia. 124 

New  York  Central  railroad,  through  tonnage 126 

Way  tonnage,  total  way  and  through , 126 

Erie  railroad,  through  and  way  tonnage 127 

Erie  canal,  to  Buffalo  and  Oswego,  tonnage  and  values. 128 

Erie  canal,  leading  articles  carried 129 

Summary  statement,  tonnage  and  values  transported  westward  by  the  five  main  lines 129 

Population  and  consumption  per  capita,  west  of  the  Alleghenirs 130 

Erie  canal,  leading  articles  of  freight  to  the  we  tern  States  in  1862 132 

Erie  and  Champlain  canals,  westward  freight,  1836  to  1862 133 

Transportation  tonnage  westward  from  tide-water,  on  the  New  York  canals,  1852  to  1862 133 

Canadian  canals,  transportation  westward  through  Welland  canal,  articles,  tonnage,  and  destination, 

186t-'62 f 134 

EASTWARD  FREIGHTS •» 135  to  170 

Valuations  assumed  and  summary  of  the  four  railroads  and  the  Erie  canal. 136 

Pennsylvania  Central  railroad,  articles  carried  eastward,  1859  to  1863 138 

Through  from  Pittsburg  to  Baltimore  and  Philadelphia , 138 

Way  stations  to  Philadelphia 138 

From  Pittsbnrg  to  way  stations > 139 

New  York  Central  railroad,  tonnage  eastward,  1858  to  1863 140 

Erie  canal,  tonnage  to  tide-water,  produce  of  the  western  States  and  Canada,  1836  to  1862 141 

Erie  canal,  way  freights,  produce  of  New  York 141 

Lake  transportation  eastward ....  142 

Freight  charge  on  wheat  from  Milwaukie  and  Chicago  to  Buffalo,  from  1859  to  1863 142 


YI  CONTENTS. 

Page. 

Lnke  trade,  tonnage  of  United  States  vessels  employed  in,  1830  to  1863 143 

Table  showing  the  number,  claps,  tonnage,  and  valuation  of  vessels,  American  and  Canadian,  en 
gaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  lakes,  1856  to  1862 144 

Tonnage  of  the  lakes  and  the  river  St.  Lawrence  January  1, 1862  and  1863 115 

Vessels  owned  at  Buff.Uo,  1859  to  1862 145 

Increase  of  the  lake  marine  in  1862 145 

Shipping  of  the  pon  of  Milwaukie,  1862  and  1863 , 146 

List  of  transpoitation  lines  on  the  lakes,  1863 ,. 146 

TABLES  OF  PRODUCE  SENT  EASTWARD  FROM  THE  LAKE  CITIES  AND  PORTS 147  to  158 

Flour  and  grain  sent  from  Chicago  in  1865,  with  destination 148 

Aggregates  of  flour  and  grain  sent  from  Chicago  for  nine  years 148 

Summary  of  quantities  to  Canadian  ports  in  1862 148 

Cattle,  meats,  provisions,  wo.il,  &c.,  sent  from  Chicago  in  1862 149 

Estimated  values  of  produce  sent  from  Chicago  in  1862 150 

Produce  sent  eastwaid  from  Milwaukie,  flour  and  grain,  fir  ten  years,  1854  to  1863 150 

Summary  of  fl'.ur  and  »rain  from  all  ports  of  Lake  Michigan  in  1833 150 

Provisions,  wool,  whiskey,  &c.,  sent  from  Milwaukie  in  1862,  with  valuation  of  all  classes  of  pro 
duce 151 

Total  valuation  of  Lake  Michigan  exports,  1862 151 

Eastward  freights  on  Wisconsin  railroads,  1563 151 

Westward  freights  on  Wisconsin  railroads,  1863 152 

THE  LAKE  SUPERIOR  TRADE: 

Transit  of  vessels  through  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  canal,  monthly,  for  1862 ..  .153  to  155 

Value  of  outward  shipments  for  1852 , 153 

Table  of  copper  shipments,  1845  to  1862 154 

Prod  uction  and  export  of  iron  and  iron  ore,  eight  years i 154 

THE  LAKE  FISHERIES 154,155 

Table  of  receipts  of  lake  fish  at  Buffalo,  1854  to  1862 155 

TRADE  OF  LAKE  ERIE,  EASTWARD , > 155  to  169 

Tables  of  receipts  of  produce  at  Toledo,  by  various  railroads 155 

Lines  of  transportation  eastward  from  Toledo,  and  quantities  shipped  in  1862 , 156 

Valuation  of  produce  shipped  from  Toledo  in  1862 157 

Trade  of  Detroit,  eastward — quantities  for  I860  to  1862 157 

Valuation  of  Detroit  exports  for  1862 158 

Detail  of  receipts  and  exports  of  flour  and  grain,  1858  to  1863 158 

LAKE  COMMERCE  AT  BUFFALO 159  to  169 

Receipts  of  flour  and  grain  at  Bufftlo  and  all  terminal  lake  ports  for  three  years,  1850  to  1863 159 

Summary  of  receipts  at  terminal  lake  port'  for  If-'rj2  , 160 

Summary  of  receipts  at  New  Yo  k  city,  lh'60  to  1862 161 

Receipts  of  flour  and  grain  at  Buffalo  from  1836  to  1862  161 

Rec<  ipts  and  exports  of  provisions  at  Buffalo,  1849  to  1S62    162 

Receipts  and  exports  of  whiskey  at  Buffalo,  1850  to  1862 162 

Lumber  trade  of  she  lakes— receipts  and  exports  at  Buffjlo,  1846  to  1862 163 

Receipts  of  live  stock  by  lake  at  Buffalo,  1851  to  1862  164 

Receipts  and  exports  of  hides  and  leather,  1852  to  1862 - 165 

Receipts  and  exports  of  wool  at  Buffalo,  1856  to  1862 , 165 

Receipts  of  lake  and  other  freights  via  Port  Sarnia,  on  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  railway,  1862... .  165 

Detail  of  receipts  at  Buffalo  by  lake  and  railway,  1862 , ...  167 

GENERAL  EXCHANGES,  EASTWARD  AND  WESTWARD,  AT  BUFFALO 168  to  172 

Eastward  freights  by  canal  from  Buffalo,  1854  to  1862 169 

Receipts  of  westward  freights  at  Buffalo,  by  canal,  1854  to  1862 169 

Detail  of  exports  eastward,  by  canal,  1860  to  1862 ., 170 

Demil  of  receipt*  at  Btiftilo,  by  canal,  1860  to  1862 172 

Comparison  of  grain  and  flour  receipts  of  1863  with  1862 172 

LAKE  TRADE  AT  TORONTO,  CANADA  :  Exports  of  flour  and  grain,  1858  to  1862,  with  destination 173 

PRODUCE  AND  GRAIN  TRADE  OF  MONTREAL,  CANADA 174 

Receipts  and  shipments  at  Montreal,  1861  to  1863 175 

PRODUCE  AND  GRAIN  TRADE  OF  OSWEGO,  1862  and  1863 175 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  GENERAL  MOVEMENT  EASTWARD  IN  FLOUR  AND  GRAIN 176,177 

Per  cent,  of  receipts  at  the  principal  receiving  points,  1857  to  1862,  including  the  foregoing  east 
ward  movement 178 

Variations  in  the  eastward  movement,  1856  to  1862 178 

GENERAL  TABLES  OF  THE  TONNAGE  AND  TRANSPORTATION  OF  THE  ERIE  CANAL 179  to  181 

Capacity,  passages,  and  aggregate  carriage  of  Erie  canal  boats  eastward 179 

Quantities  of  flour,  distinguishing  western  and  New  York,  reaching  tide-water  through  the  Erie 

c.mal 179 

Tonnage  of  wheat  and  flour  eastward  to  the  Hudson  river  on  the  Erie  canal,  points  of  shipment, 

and  total  value 180 

Tonnage  and  value  of  merchandise  going  to  other  States  by  way  of  Buffalo  and  Oswego,  in  each 

year,  1836  to  1862 180 

Estimated  value  ot  p  operty  coming  fro;n,  and  merchandise  going  to,  other  States  than  New  York 

by  way  of  Buffalo,  Bwck  Rock,  Tonawanda,  and  Oswego,  1836  to  1862 181 


CONTENTS.  VII 

Pago. 
COMMERCE  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST 182  to  200 

1.  ThH  Australian  colonies  of  England 182    \J 

2.  The  Par  i  fir  States  and  TVrri lories  of  the  United  States.    186 

y.  The  English  colonies  of  Vancouver's  island  and  British  Columbia 19-2 

4.  I'u  •  i;i  in  America  and  Asia 195 

5.  The  Sandwich  islands .„ 196 

*~    6.  Ttie  »old  product  of  the  Pacific  coast 197 

7.  Movement  of  treasure  to  India  and  China .- 198 

OVERLAND  TRADE  AND  COMMUNICATIONS   BETWEEN  THE    PACIFIC  COAST  AND  THE 
MISSISSiPri  VALLEY    201  to  220 

1.  The  silver  production  of  Nevada 201 

2.  Agriculture  and  stock-raising  in  Utah 203 

3.  Colorado  quartz  mining;  prospects  of  agriculture  ;  iron  and  coal 204 

4.  Traffic  and  transportation  west  oi  the  Missouri  river 210 

5.  Union  Pacific  railroad  ;  elements  of  population  and  business  for  its  support 212 

6.  Probable  extensions  of  the  railroad  system  of  the  United  States  to  the  Pacific  coast: 

a.  A  southern  Pacific  railroad  route 213 

b.  The  northern  or  lake  route 216 

c.  The  international  route 218 

THE  MINERAL  WEALTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR 221 

$7=  A  statistical  map  prepared  in  the  Treasury  Department  to  illustrate  the  text  of  the  report,  showing  the 
boundaries  of  the  new  Territories  at  the  date  of  the  latest  congressional  legislation  ;  the  railroad  communica 
tions  in  operation,  in  progtess,  intended,  and  in  prospect  between  the  Atlantic,  Mississippi,  interior,  and  Pacific 
States;  the  boundaries  of  the  arable  di>tricts  of  British  North  America  upon  the  northwestern  frontier  of  the 
United  States;  the  population  of  all  the  States  and  Territories  according  to  the  census  of  I860,  with  estimates 
for  the  new  Territories,  at  later  dates;  the  areas  of  all  the  States  and  Territories  furnished  by  the  government 
Land  Office ;  and  the  several  sites  of  the  gold  arid  silver  mines  known  and  worked  in  the  Rocky  mountains. 


REPORT 

* 

OF 

THE  SECRETARY  OF  THE  TREASURY, 

COMMUNICATING, 

In  compliance  with  a  resolution  of  the  Senate  of  the  \2th  of  Marc7i,  1863,  a  sta 
tistical  and  general  report  upon  the  value  and  present  condition  of  our  for 
eign  and  domestic  commerce. 

TREASURY  DEPARTMENT,  June  25,  18G4. 

SIR  :  The  following  resolution  was  adopted  by  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  on  the  12th  March,  1863 : 

"  Rcsolrctl,  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  be  directed  to  have  prepared  and  presented 
to  the  Senate  a  statistical  and  general  report  upon  the  value  and  present  condition  of  our 
foreign  and  domestic  commerce,  including  as  well  that  of  the  Pacific  coast ;  and,  further,  to 
suggest  what  legislation,  if  any,  is  necessary  to  protect  the  important  interests  involved." 

In  response  to  this  resolution,  the  Secretary  has  caused  to  be  prepared,  and 
has  the  honor  herewith  to  transmit,  a  series  of  statements  covering  the  wide 
range  of  inquiry  contemplated  by  the  call  of  the  Senate,  as  completely  as  the 
accessible  sources  of  information  have  enabled  him  to  do. 

The  contents  of  this  report  may  be  generally  described  and  classified  as 
follows  : 

First.  A  historical  and  analytic  review  of  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United 
States  from  the  beginning  of  the  government. 

Second.  An  exhibit  of  the  existing  internal  commerce  between  the  Atlantic 
and  Mississippi  States. 

Third.  The  overland  trade  and  communications  with  the  Pacific  States. 

Fourth.  The  foreign  commerce  of  the  Pacific  coast. 

Fifth.  The  international  relations  of  the  northern  frontier  of  the  United 
States  with  British  and  Russian  America. 

The  first  of  these  general  divisions  embraces  a  statement  of  the  tonnage  em 
ployed  and  the  values  exchanged  in  our  foreign  commerce  generally,  with  the 
varying  proportions  of  foreign  and  American  tonnage.  It  exhibits  a  general 
view,  historical  and  statistical,  of  the  carrying  trade  of  our  international  ex 
changes,  distinguishing  the  trans-oceanic  tonnage  from  that  employed  in  trade 
with  the  British  possessions  in  North  America;  the  course  of  the  carrying 
trade  in  the  great  geographical  divisions  of  our  foreign  commerce ;  its  increase 
and  decrease  with  the  principal  foreign  countries ;  the  total  value  of  the  ex 
changes  ;  the  international  movement  of  the  precious  metals  ;  and  the  periodic 


2  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

changes  in  the  relative  value  of  the  imports  from  and  the  exports  to  the  several 
customer  countries  ;  to  which  is  added  the  number,  class,  and  tonnage  of  ves 
sels  built  in  each  year  from  1822  to  1863,  with  the  tonnage  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade,  the  whale,  cod,  and  mackerel  fisheries,  respectively. 

The  trade  and  navigation  of  the  United  States  with  Great  Britain,  compiled 
from  the  official  reports  of  both  countries,  are  given  in  general,  and  in  sufficient 
detail  to  exhibit  the  extent  and  fluctuations  of  this  branch  of  our  commerce, 
the  leading  articles  exchanged  in  direct  and  indirect  trade,  and  the  direct 
exchange  of  commodities,  other  than  the  precious  metals,  between  Great  Britain 
and  California. 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  with  Canada  and  the  other  British  North 
American  provinces  is  also  specially  presented,  on  the  authority  of  both  our 
own  and  Canadian  official  reports,  showing  the  extent  and  character  of  the 
exchanges,  the  kind  and  value  of  the  transit  trade  of  the  eastern  and  western 
States  through  Canada  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  the  ocean. 

A  general  exhibit  is  made  of  the  steam  tonnage  engaged  in  our  foreign  com 
merce,  and  of  the  Panama  Isthmus  trade,  vessels  and  cargoes,  with  a  compara 
tive  view  of  the  steam  shipping  and  tonnage  of  Great  Britian,  and  a  statement 
of  the  steam  vessels  engaged  in  American  trade  entered  and  cleared  in  British 
ports. 

The  second  division  of  the  report,  occupied  with  domestic  commerce  between 
the  Atlantic  and  Mississippi  States,  embraces  the  quantities  and  values  trans 
ported  east  and  west  by  the  great  railways  of  the  United  States,  by  the  lakes, 
and  by  the  Welland,  Erie,  and  Champlain  canals,  and  the  kind  and  extent  of 
the  shipping  of  the  lakes.  The  tonnage  was  obtained  from  the  reports  of  State 
commissioners  of  statistics,  boards  of  trade  of  the  principal  cities,  transporta 
tion  companies,  and  other  authoritative  sources,  and  the  values  estimated  by 
accepted  commercial  rules. 

The  interruption  of  trade  between  the  loyal  and  disloyal  States  of  the  Union, 
the  suspension  of  the  Mississippi  river  trade,  and  the  non-intercourse  of  the 
northern  with  southern  States  since  the  commencement  of  the  rebellion,  have 
rendered  the  statistics  of  this  large  branch  of  domestic  commerce  unattainable. 
The  existing  records  of  prerious  years  are  known  to  be  both  incomplete  and 
unreliable,  and  no  exhibit  of  it  has  therefore  been  attempted  in  this  report. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  data  used  in  exhibiting  the  east  and  west  trade 
of  the  States  and  Territories  relate- mainly  to  the  calendar  year  1862,  which  is 
chosen  because  in  that  year  its  limits  were  well  defined  and  its  character  well 
settled  and  ascertained. 

The  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  general  divisions  exhibit  the  trade  of  the  Pacific 
coast ;  its  commercial  relations  with  Asia ;  the  movement  of  the  precious  metals 
to  India  and  China ;  statistics  of  the  population,  of  mining,  of  agricultural 
productions,  and  of  transportation  in  Nevada,  Utah,  Colorado,  and  Kansas,  in 
reference  to  the  construction  and  support  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad ;  the 
like  statistics  of  Arizona,  New  Mexico,  western  Texas,  and  Neosho,  bearing 
prospectively  upon  a  railroad  from  the  States  of  the  lower  Mississippi  to  the 
Gulf  of  California;  similar  statistics  of  Idaho,  Montana,  and  Dakota,  with 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  3 

reference  to  overland  communication  between  the  great  lakes  and  the  Columbia 
river  ;  the  situation  and  prospects  of  an  international  route,  passing  through  the 
northwestern  States  to  the  Pacific  coast,  in  British  Columbia;  the  progress  of 
population,  mineral  wealth,  and  other  material  interests  anticipated  within  the 
present  century,  in  the  several  belts  of  interior  States  traversed  by  these  over 
land  routes  to  the  Pacific  ocean ;  and  the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  mining 
interests  of  the  basin  of  Lake  Superior. 

In  reference  to  the  existing  necessity  for  the  exhibit  of  our  foreign  commerce 
contemplated  by  the  resolution  of  the  Senate,  the  Secretary  begs  leave  to  say 
that  hereafter  the  requirement,  he  believes,  will  be  fully  met  by  certain  reforms 
in  the  annual  report  of  commerce  and  navigation  adopted  by  the  department  in 
the  report  for  1862-'63,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  volume  now  in  type  and  about 
to  be  issued. 

The  statistics  of  the  internal  commerce  of  the  country  in  the  present  condi 
tion  of  our  national  statistics  must  be  gathered  from  sources  that  hold  no  official 
relations  with  the  Treasury  Department ;  but  a  knowledge  of  them  has  always 
been  required  for  public  and  private  uses,  and  in  the  new  condition  of  our 
domestic  affairs  has  become  more  than  ever  important  and  necessary  to  the  gov 
ernment  and  the  people.  A  contribution  to  the  fund  of  information  demanded — 
believed  to  be  valuable — was  prepared  in  the  Treasury  Department  and  pub 
lished  with  the  finance  report  of  1863,  giving  the  range  of  prices  of  staple 
articles  in  the  New  York  market  at  the  beginning  of  each  month  of  every  year 
from  1825  to  1863.  The  labor  and  research  bestowed  upon  the  inquiry,  the 
results  of  which  are  embodied  in  the  papers  now  transmitted,  will,  at  least, 
manifest  an  earnest  endeavor  to  supply  the  required  information,  and  the  report 
is  submitted  as  a  step  towards  the  more  perfect  execution  of  such  a  work. 

The  Secretary  is  not  prepared  at  present  to  express  an  opinion  in  regard  to 
the  legislation  necessary  to  protect  the  important  interests  to  which  the  Senate's 
resolution  relates.  The  facts  exhibited  in  the  report  willvdoubtless  indicate  to 
the  wisdom  of  Congress  what  measures  will  best  accomplish  that  end.  It  is 
proper  to  add  that  the  papers  now  submitted  have  been  prepared  under  the 
direction  of  the  Secretary  by  Messrs.  William  Elder,  James  W.  Taylor,  and 
Lorin  Blodget,  gentlemen  whose  known  capacity  for  intelligent  and  accurate 
research  and  correct  appreciation  of  results  supplies  a  just  ground  for  confidence 
in  their  statements  and  inferences. 
With  great  respect, 

S.  P.  CHASE, 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 
lion.  HANNIBAL  HAMLIN, 

President  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States. 


FOREIGN  COMMERCE 


or 


THE  UNITED  STATES. 


TONNAGE  AND  TRADE. 

The  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States  has  undergone  changes  within 
the  last  forty  years,  in  value,  geographic  distribution,  and  agencies  employed, 
which  are  not  indicated  by  the  ordinary  official  publications  with  the  clearness 
and  force  required  for  the  direction  of  legislation  concerning-  it.  The  resolution 
of  the  Senate  recognizes  these  deficiencies,  and  is  understood  to  authorize  what 
ever  range  of  inquiry  may  be  demanded  for  a  better  exhibition  and  explication 
of  the  history  and  present  condition  of  our  international  trade. 

The  United  States  began  an  extraordinarily  extended  and  unusually  success 
ful  commercial  career  very  soon  after  the  establishment  of  the  government. 
The  condition  of  Europe  for  a  long  period  was  such  that  American  shipping 
became  of  necessity  the  preferred  channel  for  conducting  far  the  larger  share 
of  the  commerce  of  the  world.  We  were  not  limited  to  the  carriage  of  merchan 
dise  of  American  production  abroad  and  the  return  of  foreign  articles  required 
in  our  own  consumption,  but  for  a  series  of  years  entered  at,  and  again  exported 
from  our  ports,  a  larger  aggregate  of  values  on  account  of  foreign  nations  than 
for  the  entire  use  of  the  United  States. 

It  could  not,  of  course,  be  expected  that  with  the  most  rapid  and  successful 
development  of  the  United  States  this  ascendency  in  general  commerce  would 
be  maintained,  but  the  facilities  obtained  by  a  preoccupation  of  extensive  and 
profitable  lines  of  trade  between  countries  possessing  no  commercial  marine 
directly,  and  also  between  these  and  the  commercial  and  manufacturing  states  which 
are  their  permanent  natural  markets,  should  have  secured  to  the  shipping  of 
the  United  States  an  equal  division  of  all  trade  between  non-commercial  states 
and  a  share  of  the  carrying  trade  wherever  exclusion  by  positive  legislation 
does  not  exist.  Still  more  decidedly  should  the  control  of  all  carrying  trade 
to  our  own  markets  have  been  retained,  and  the  increased  consumption  of  the 
products  of  tropical  countries  necessarily  attending  on  the  growth  and  increasing 
wealth  of  the  United  States,  might  reasonably  be  supposed  to  give  employment 
almost  exclusively  to  American  shipping.  Crude  products  of  the  United  States 
exported,  and  crude  products  of  tropical  latitudes  imported  for  consumption 
here,  constitute  a  permanent  trade  which  need  not  pass  from  American  hands. 

The  statistics  of  shipping  and  tonnage,  distinguishing  the  proportions  of 
American  and  foreign,  employed  in  the  commerce  of  the  United  States,  are  the 
readiest  and  most  directly  available  guide  to  the  general  course  of  trade 
from  the  beginning.  Previous  to  1821  the  statements  are  designated  the  "ton 
nage  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade,"  and  subsequent  to  1821  "the  tonnage  en 
tered  and  cleared  at  all  the  ports"  are  the  specific  statements  given.  It  is 
probable  that  the  first  designation  is  so  nearly  identical  with  tho  second  that  no 
modification  of  either  is  necessary  in  making  a  continuous  comparison,  but  as  a 
division  is  required  for  convenience  simply,  the  first  of  the  following  tables  bring 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


the  series  of  years  down  to  1821,  of  "tonnage  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade;" 
and  the  second  gives  the  tonnage  of  vessels  entered  the  several  ports  of  the 
United  States  for  each  year  of  the  period  following,  to  1863. 

The  large  values  of  foreign  merchandise  exported  from  the  United  States, 
which  are  given  in  detail  in  another  place,  necessarily  imply  the  employment 
of  a  great  amount  of  American  tonnage,  since  very  little  of  the  carrying  trade 
between  neutral  nations  could  be  in  the  hands  of  any  belligerent  power,  and 
nearly  all  Europe  was  long  involved  in  war.  Even  after  the  peace  of  1815 
there  were  intervals  of  disturbance,  and  frequent  occasions  in  which  the  carrying 
trade  was  largely  resumed  by  our  shipping.  The  magnitude  of  the  interest  we 
had  in  certain  years  is  striking.  Beginning  at  605,513  tons,  in  1790,  the  ton 
nage  in  foreign  trade  rose  to  1,106,572  tons  in  1801,  and  to  1,203,021  tons  in 

1807,  of  which  but  seven  per  cent,  was  foreign  in  the  last-named  year.     The 
proportions  of  foreign  tonnage  to  the  total  engaged  in  foreign  trade  for  the  average 
of  periods  of  five  years,  from  3789  to  1821,  is  as  follows:   1789  to  1793,  37.1 
per  cent.;   1794  to  1798,  10.6  per  cent.;   1799  to  1803,  15.6  per  cent.;   1804  to 

1808,  8.9  per  cent.;   1809  to  1813,  9.9  per  cent.;  1814  to  1818,  22.1  per  cent.; 
1819  to  1821,  9.5  per  cent. 

As  a  rule,  the  proportion  of  American  tonnage  increased  directly  with  the 
absolute  amount  employed.  In  the  two  years  of  least  trade,  1789  and  1814, 
nearly  half  the  tonnage  was  foreign.  In  1811,  with  nearly  1,000,000  tons  en 
gaged,  but  3.3  per  cent,  was  foreign ;  an  exceptional  state  of  affairs  due  to  the 
violence  of  the  European  wars  then  waged.  The  following  is  the  detail  of  each 
description  of  tonnage  employed  in  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States 
for  each  year,  from  1789  to  1821,  with  the  calculated  proportion  of  foreign: 

American  and  foreign  tonnage  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade  oftheUnited  Slates, 

1789  to  1821. 


Years. 

d 

I 

1 

Foreign,  tons. 

I 

Por-centage  of 
foreign. 

Years. 

American,  tens. 

Foreign,  tons. 

• 
a 
_o 

"3 
1 

Per-centage  of 
foreign. 

1789 

127  329 

106  654 

233  983 

«l 

'1806 

1  044  005 

91  OP4 

i  135  089 

8  0 

1790  

354  767 

250  746 

605  513 

41.4 

1807  

1  116  241 

86  780 

1.203  021 

7.2 

1791 

3tJ3  662 

240  548 

604  210 

39  8 

1808 

538  749 

47  674 

586  423 

8  1 

1792  , 

414  679 

244  278 

658,  957 

37.0 

1809  

605  4T9 

99*  205 

704  684 

12  6 

1793 

447  754 

1U3  566 

611  320 

26  7 

1810 

908  713 

80  316 

989  029 

8  1 

1794  

525,  649 

82  974 

608  623 

13.6 

1811  

948*  247 

33  202 

981  449 

3.3 

1795 

580  277 

56  832 

637  109 

8  9 

1812 

668  317 

47  098 

715  415 

6  5 

179G 

675  046 

46  846 

721  89° 

6  4 

1813 

237  501 

113  8-)7 

351  3°8 

3°  3 

1797  . 

608  078 

72  757 

680  835 

io'e 

1814 

59  786 

48  301 

108*  087 

44  6 

17C>8 

500  245 

87  760 

610  005 

14  3 

1815 

700  500 

217  413 

917  913 

23  6 

1799  

624  839 

107  583 

732  422 

14  6 

1816 

877  4  62 

258  724 

1  136  186 

22  7 

1800 

682  871 

121  403 

804  274 

15  0 

1817 

780  136 

21°  166 

<jqo  302 

21  ° 

1801  

849  302 

157*  270 

1  006  572 

15.6 

1818  .  . 

755*  101 

161,  414 

916  515 

17.6 

1802 

7C>8  805 

145  519 

944  3°4 

15  4 

1819 

783  579 

85  898 

869  477 

9  8 

1803  

7*7  424 

163  714 

951  138 

17  2 

1820  

801  253 

78  859 

880  112 

8.9 

1804  

821,  962 

122,141  J 

944,  103 

12.9 

1821  

769,  084 

82,  915 

851,  999 

9.7 

1805  

922,  298 

87,842 

1,010,  140 

8.6 

Averages  of  Jive-year  periods. 


1789  to  1793... 

341,  638 

201,  158 

542,  796 

37.06 

1809  to  1813.. 

673,  652 

74,  729 

748,  381 

9.9 

1794  to  1798... 

582,  259 

69,  433 

651,  692 

10.6 

18  14  to  1818.. 

634,  597 

179,  603 

814,  200 

22.06 

1799  to  1803... 

748,  648 

139,  098 

887,746 

15.6 

1819  to  1821.. 

784,  638 

82,558 

867,  196 

9.5 

1804  to  1808... 

868,  651 

87,  104 

975,  755 

8.9 

Iii  the  next  series  of  years,  or  from  1821  to  1837,  the  rapid  increase  of  foreign 
tonnage  is  apparent,  commencing  most  decidedly  in  1831  and  1832.  After  this 
date,  notwithstanding  the  aggregate  increase  is  four-fold  in  1849  and  seven-fold 


FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  7 

in  1863,  as  compared  with  the  average  of  1820  to  1 830,  the  proportion  of  foreign 
maintains  its  position  at  36  to  40  per  cent  of  the  whole.  In  the  tables  as  they 
stand  a  large  aggregate  of  tonnage  entering  from  Canada  is  included  in  the 
American,  which  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  mere  ferry  tonnage,  and  should  be 
excluded  from  the  comparison.  The  average  to  be  BO  excluded  would  be 
250,000  tons  annually  for  five  years,  previous  to  1859,  and  500,000  to  600,000 
tons  for  each  year  from  1859  to  1863,  inclusive. 

During  this  period  of  forty-two  years  there  was  no  marked  event  in  the  his 
tory  of  the  United  States  to  affect  the  progressive  advance  in  general  trade. 
It  is  evident,  however,  that,  not  only  was  the  foreign  carrying  trade  steadily 
passing  from  our  shipping  to  other  hands,  but  also  the  direct  commerce  of  the 
United  States  with  all  other  countries  was  steadily  encroached  upon,  each  year 
adding  a  greater  number  of  foreign  than  of  American  vessels  to  the  general 
commercial  marine.  At  the  date  of  the  introduction  of  steam  in  transatlantic 
commerce  the  accession  of  foreign  tonnage  was  more  marked  than  at  any  other 
time  subsequent  to  1832;  and  correcting  the  account  to  transatlantic  commerce 
distinctively,  by  throwing  out  the  trade  with  the  Canadian  border,  the  propor 
tion  of  foreign  becomes  greater. 

Aggregate  of  tonnage  entering  the  ports  of  the  United  States  from  foreign  coun 
tries,  1821  to  1863,  with  the  proportion  of  foreign. 


Years. 

American,  tons. 

Foreign,  tons. 

1 
| 

h 

Per-centage  of 
foreign. 

Years. 

American,  tong. 

Foreign,  tons. 

Total,  tons. 

% 

o  . 
be  a 

K  bfl 

ll 
£ 

1821  ... 

765,098 
787,9(51 
775,271 
850,033 
880,754 
942,206 
918.361 
868,381 
872.949 
967.227 
'  922  952 

81,526 
100,  54  L 
119.468 
102,367 
92,927 
105,654 
137,589 
150,223 
130,743 
131.900 
281.948 
393,038 
496.705 
568,052 
641.310 
680,213 
765.703 
592,  1  10 
624,814 
712,363 
736.414 
732,775 

846.624 
888,501 
894,739 
952,410 
973,681 
1,047,860 
1,055,950 
1,018,604 
1,003,692 
1,099,127 
1,204.900 
1,342,660 
1,608,146 
1,642,722 
1,993,963 
1,935,597 
2,065,423 
1.895,084 
2,116,093 
2,289,309 
2,368.353 
2,242.886 

9.6 
11.3 
13.4 
10.7 
9.5 
10.08 
13.03 
14.7 
13.02 
12.0  : 
23.4 
29.2 
30.8 
34.5 
32.1  1 
35.1 
37.07 
31.2 
29.5 
31.1  i 
31.1  i 
32.  6  i 

1843,  9  mo's  . 
1844  
1845 

1,143,523 
1,977,438 
2,035,486 
2,151,114 
2,101,359 

534,752 
916,992 
910.563 
959,739 
1,220,346 

1,678,275 
2,894,430 
2,946,049 
3.110,853 
3,321.705 
3.798,673 
4,368.836 
4,348,639 
4,993.440 
5,292.880 
6.281,943 
5.884,339 
5.945,339 
6.872.253 
7.186,316 
6.605.045 
7,806,035 
8,275,196 
7,241,471 
7.  362.953 
7,255,076 

31.8 
31.6 
30.9 
30.8 
36.7 
36.9 
39.  1 
40.8 
38.8 
38.8 
36.1 
36.2 

35.  o.:« 

36.2 
34.  3 
33.4 
32.5 

28.4 
30.6 
30.6 
36.4 

1822  
18°3 

18°4 

1846  

1825 

1847  

18°6 

1848  

2,393,482 
2,658,321 
2.573.016 
3,054,349 
3,235,532 
4,004,013 
3,752,115 
3,861,391 
4,385.484 
4,721,370 
4,395,642 
Si  265,  648 
5.921,285 
5,023,917 
5,117,685 
4,614,698 

1,405,191 
1,710,515 
1,775,623 
1,939,091 
2,057,358 
2,277,930 
2,1:32,224 
2.0S3.948 
2.4H5.769 
2.464,946 
2.209,403 
2.540,387 
2.350,911 
2,217.554 
2.245,278 
2,640,378 

18°7 

1849 

1828  

1850  
1851 

18°9 

1830 

1852  . 

1831 

1853  
1854  
1855  
1856  

1832  

949,622 
1,111.441 
1,074.670 
1,352,65-1 

1.255.384 
1,299.720 
1,302.974 
1,49  1.279 
1,576,946 
1,631.909 
1,510,111 

1833*  . 

1P34 

1835  
1836  
1837  
1838 

1857 

1858  1. 

1859* 

I860  

1839  
1840 

1861  
1862  
1863  

1841  .. 

1842  

In  1S62  and  1863  the  tonnage  entered  from  Canada  amounted  to  totals  quite 
disproportionate  to  the  commerce,  it  being  : 

American.  Foreign. 

1862 tons . .   2,487,373         683,411 

1863 tons . .   2,307,233         743,136 

Excluding  this,  much  of  .which  was  steam  ferry  tonnage,  the  proportion  of 
foreign  shipping  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States  in  the  fiscal  year 
1862-'63  was  45.1  per  cent,  of  the  whole  :-VTonnage  in  foreign  trade,  1862-'63, 
American,  2,307,465  tons;  foreign,  1,897,242  tons. 


*  A  deduction  of  at  least  600,000  tons  from  American  tonnage  should  be  made  on  this  and  each  following 
year  for  the  duplicated  tormage  of  hteam  ferry-boats  at  Buffalo  chiefly,  and  iu  less  degree  at  Ogdonsburg 
and  Cape  Vincent. 


8 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


During  the  fiscal  year  current,  1S63-'G4,  the  reduction  of  American  tonnage 
has  been  greatly  accelerated  from  extraordinary  and  unusual  causes,  until  the 
direct  foreign  trade  conducted  in  American  bottoms  has  been  almost  annihilated. 

In  the  preceding  statements  it  has  been  the  purpose  to  show  the  normal  course 
of  trade  in  periods  of  peace,  and  to  prepare  matter  for  a  fair  judgment  of  the 
state  of  affairs  and  the  tendencies  of  trade  abroad  anterior  to  the  war.  It  can 
not  be  doubted  that  there  was  a  serious  decline  of  the  foreign  trade  properly 
belonging  to  the  United  States  dating  back  at  least  to  1 832,  and  a  change  in 
progress,  which  is  more  fully  disclosed  by  the  statistics  giving  the  values  of  im 
ports  and  exports. 

The  following  named  countries  sent  us  absolutely  less  tonnage,  both  American 
and  foreign,  in  the  year  1861  than  in  1821,  forty  years  previous: 

1821.  1861. 

Russia tons . .   13,827  12,157 

Prussia tons..         726  400 

Swedish  West  Indies tons..    13,946  1,684 

Sweden  and  Norway tons..    13,381  13,330 

Danish  West  Indies tons..   41,096  14,919 

Gibraltar  and  Malta tons..    11,666  2,770 

French  West  Indies tons . .    41,729  2,616 

Canary  islands tons..     2,329  2,012 

Portugal tons..   20,693  7,417 

Honduras  and  Campeachy tons . .     5,357  3,849 

Hayti tons..   50,119  39,640 

Madeira  islands tons . .     4,288  1,135 

Cape  Verde  islands tons..     5,038  2,360 

These  are  comparatively  unimportant  countries,  however,  and  the  diversion 
of  trade  from  direct  channels  is  not  so  clearly  shown  by  details  of  tonnage  as 
by  actual  imports  of  merchandise.  For  the  purpose  of  this  comparison  of 
values,  two  years  better  representing  the  periods  may  perhaps  be  selected — 1828 
and  1860 — in  both  of  which  trade  was  healthy  and  importations  full,  but  not  ex 
cessive.  No  disturbance  of  the  usual  condition  of  any  considerable  foreign 
country  existed  in  either  year  which  could  of  itself  divert  trade  from  its  accus 
tomed  channels.  The  total  imports  in  1828  were  $88,509,824,  and  in  1860 
$362,163,941.  The  re-exports  were  821,595,000  in  the  first-named  year,  and 
$26,933,000  in  the  last  named.  The  following  table  classifies  the  details  from 
each  country,  showing  which  have  increased  and  which  have  declined,  both 
positively  and  relatively: 

Countries  from  which  the  imports  to  the  United  States  liave  positively  declined 

from  1828  to  1860. 


Imports  from  — 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Imports  from  — 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Russia  

$2  788  362 

$1  557  858 

Gibraltar  

$666  578 

$65  963 

136  064 

36  464 

French  West  Indies 

896  651 

162  8°6 

Sweden  and  Norway  

1  570  788 

514  191 

Hayti  

2,  163  585 

2  062  723 

Swedish  West  Indies 

375  995 

18  793 

Canary  islands 

2°2  740 

18  886 

Denmark  

117  946 

16  509 

Madeira  

168  810 

23,  773 

Danish  West  Indies  .  . 

2  256  123 

200  416 

Cape  Verde  islands 

70  328 

51  825 

Dutch  West  Indies 

478  397 

396  644 

Peru 

921  235 

308  45° 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Countries  from  whicJi  the  imports  have  declined  relatively  to  the  total  imports. 


Imports  from  — 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Imports  from— 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Holland  

Scotland                            -  -    .  . 

$1,  308,  572 
1,  624,  030 

$2,  869,  959 
4,  607,  187 

Turkey,  the  Levant,  and 
Egypt. 

$505,  913 

$1,  176,  650 

711  041 

923  726  ' 

China  

5,  339,  108 

13,  556,  587 

K       '             Atl      t' 

210  6^4 

651  594  ' 

204  770 

331  258 

112  359 

146,813 

Chili  

781,863 

2,  072,  91:* 

237  378 

732  645  ; 

1  607  417 

4  734  518 

Countries  from  which  the  imports  have  positively  and  relatively  increased  from 

1828  to  1860. 


Imports  from  — 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Imports  from  — 

In  1828. 

In  1860. 

Hamburg  and  Bremen  

$2,644  392 

§18  498  607 

Philippine  islands  

$60  381 

$2  886  166 

Dutch  East  Indies 

113  462 

882  808 

Cuba 

6  123  135 

34  03"  276 

England             

30  476'  139 

1.33  065  571 

Porto  Rico  

1  129  130 

4  512  935 

crsBritish  East  Indies 

1  542,736 

10  692  342 

Azores 

70  328 

355  551 

British  West  Indies  

123;  296 
447  669 

1,  934,  549 
23  851  381 

New  Granada  and  Vene 
zuela 

1  484  856 

6  7°7  032 

France  on  Atlantic  

8  486  427 

39  450  865 

Brazil  

3  097  752 

21  214  803 

904  427 

3  768  864 

317  466 

4  020  $48 

Spain  out  Mediterranean.  .   . 

421,  476 

2,  395,  457 

The  proportions  of  general  increase  were  a  little  more  than  four  in  1860  to 
one  in  1828,  both  being  above  the  average  of  the  general  series,  and  represent 
ing  two  conspicuous  points  of  full  and  legitimate  trade. 

The  countries  from  which  importations  have  either  positively  or  relatively  de 
clined,  are  generally  those  which  produce  and  export  crude  articles,  the  exceptions 
being  the  countries  producing  sugar,  coffee,  and  tea.  The  produce  of  these  last 
has  been  immensely  stimulated  by  the  growth  of  population  in  the  United  States 
and  the  ease  of  living,  and  consequent  changed  habits  of  the  people.  This 
maintains  a  demand  so  large  that  the  carriage  of  supplies  is  not  so  easily  di 
verted  as  in  case  of  crude  articles  whidj  are  the  elements  of  manufacture.  It 
is  these  last  which  we  are'  losing  chiefly,  and  of  which  the  loss  is  important  for 
other  reasons  than  the  mere  profit  of  the  carrying  trade. 

It  must  be  observed  that  these  statements  refer  only  to  the  direct  trade  from 
the  countries  named,  and  include  none  of  the  importations  of  their  products 
which  reach  us  through  other  channels.  A  large  and  steadily  increasing  volume 
of  such  indirect  trade  has  long  existed.  The  products  of  Russia  reach  the 
United  States  by  way  of  England  and  the  German  states,  as  do  those  of  Sweden 
and  Norway.  Indeed,  the  tropical  products  and  special  exports  of  the  entire 
list  of  countries  with  which  our  direct  connexion  appears  to  have  declined,  are 
now  brought  through  the  channels  named  in  large  proportions,  as  will  be  shown 
by  the  statements  of  imports  which  follow. 

As  the  proportion  of  foreign  shipping  engaged  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the 
United  States,  is  believed  to  be  directly  associated  with  the  limitation  of  our 
commerce,  both  direct  and  indirect,  with  the  greater  number  of  foreign  countries, 
the  statements  bearing  on  both  points  have  been  introduced  indiscriminately. 
The  following  summary  of  the  values  imported  annually  by  each  class  of  vessels 
is  the  natural  successor  of  the  detailed  comparison  of  values  from  each  country 
for  1828  and  1860.  The  imports  have  so  far  been  taken  as  the  best  illustration 
of  the  relations  held  by  the  United  States  to  foreign  countries,  because  they 


10 


FOREIGN  AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


•were  made  the  basis  of  a  large  carrying  trade,  supplying  other  countries  with 
merchandise  not  of  our  own  production,  and  therefore  not  permanently  within 
our  control.  In  continuation,  the  condition  of  our  export  trade  will  be  stated, 
showing  to  what  extent  that  has  undergone  modifications  similar  to  those  ap 
parent  iii  the  import  trade. 

Value  of  imports  of  tlic  United  States  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  1821  to 

1863. 


Years. 

In  American 

vessels. 

In  foreign 

vessels. 

Total  im 
ports. 

Years. 

In  American 

vessels. 

In  foreign 

Vessels. 

Total  im 
ports. 

1821  

$58  025  906 

$4  559  818 

$62  585  724 

1844  

$94  174  673 

$14  260  362 

$108  435  035 

1822 

7ti  984  331 

6  257  °10 

83  °4  1  54  1 

]845 

102  438  481 

14  816  083 

117  °54  564 

1823  

71  5L1  541 

6  067*726 

77  579  267 

1846  

106  008.173 

15  683  624 

121  691  797 

1824 

75  265  054 

5  283  953 

80  549  007 

1847 

113  141  357 

33  404  281 

146  545  638 

1825  

91  902  512 

4*437  563 

96  340  075 

1848  

128  647,232 

26.  351  696 

154  998  928 

1826. 

80  778  120 

4  196  357 

84  974  477 

1849 

120  382  152 

27  475  287 

147  857  435> 

1827  

74  5)65  496 

4  518  572 

79  484  068 

1850  

139,657,043 

38  4bl  275 

178  138  318 

1828 

81  951  319 

6  558  505 

88  50()  8'  '4 

1851 

163  650  543 

52  574  389 

216  224  932 

1829  

6fi  325  552 

5  166  975 

74  492  527 

1852  

158  258  467 

54.686,975 

212.945  442 

1830. 

66  035  739 

4  841  181 

70  876  920 

1863 

191  688  325 

76  290  322 

267  978  647 

1831  

93962,110 

9  229.014 

103  191,124 

1854  

217  376  273 

87  186  108 

304,562.381 

1832 

90  2')8  229 

10  731  037 

101  029  266 

1855  . 

202  149  340 

59  233  620 

261  3P2  9GO 

1833  

98060.772 

10057,53') 

108  118  311 

1856  

249,972,512 

64  667.430 

314,639  942 

1834 

113  700  174 

12821  158 

126  521  332 

1857  . 

259  116  170 

101  773  971 

360  890  141 

1835  

135.288.865 

]4,60(>  877 

149895.742 

1858  

203.700,016 

78,913,134 

282.613.150 

1836 

171  656  442 

18  3il3  593 

18')  980  035 

1859 

216  123  428 

122  644  702 

338  768.130 

1*37  

122.177.193 

18812.024 

140  989  217 

I860  

228,164.855 

134.001,399 

362,166,254 

1838  . 

103087  448 

1C  62()  956 

113  717  404 

1861 

201  544  055 

134,106  098 

335  650  1  53 

1839  

143,874  252 

18217  880 

162.092.132 

1862  

92.274.100 

113,497,620 

205,771,729 

1840 

92  802  352 

14  339  167 

107  141  519 

1863 

109  744  580 

143  175340 

252.919,929 

184L  
1842 

113,221.677 

88  724  280 

14,724.300 
11  437  807 

12*7,946,177 
100  162  087 

1863,3dqr.... 
1863  4th  qr 

19.033,949 
18  935  399 

46,114.529 
56,551,754 

65,148,478 
75587,153 

1843,  9  months 

49,971,875 

14,781,924 

64,753,799 

Value  of  exports,  the.  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign 

vessels,  1821  to  1863. 


Years. 

[n  American 
vessels. 

In  foreign 
vessels. 

Total  ex 
ports. 

Years. 

In  American 

vessels. 

In  foreign 

vessels. 

Total  ex 
ports. 

3821  
18°2 

$34.465,272 
39  931  913 

$9,206,622 

Q  940  ](]g 

$43.671.894 
4()  874  07^ 

1844  

1845 

$69,706,375 
75  483  123 

$30.008,804 
23  816  653 

$99,715,179 
99  299.776 

1823 

39*074  562 

8  080  846 

47  155  408 

1846  

78,634,410 

23  507.483 

102.141.893 

1824 

43  444  619 

7  204  881 

50  649  50»! 

1847 

97  514  472 

527%  192 

150  310  604 

1825 

58  31  6  095 

8  628  650 

66  944  745 

1848  

95  544.217 

37,359,904 

1:52.904.121 

1826  

46.199.528 

6,856,182 

53.055,710 

1849  

91,363308 

41,303,647 

132.666955 

1827  

50  1  On,  379 

8  816  312 

58,9^1  691 

1850  

89,616,742 

47.33U.170 

136,946.912 

1828 

41  130  106 

9  53()  563 

50  669  t)'tif> 

1851 

137  934  539 

58  755  179 

196689,718 

1*29  

1830 

46.974.554 
51  106  190 

8,725,639 
8  355  839 

55,700,193 
59  462  029 

1852  
1853 

127,340,547 
142  810  026 

65,028.437 
70  607  671 

192,368,984 
213,417.697 

1831  

49,671,239 

11  605  818 

61,277,057 

1854  

176.100,273 

75.5*47.533 

252.047,806 

1832 

46  925  890 

16  211  580 

63  137  470 

1855 

182  885  249 

63  823  304 

246  708,553 

isai  

52,985,446 

17  332  252 

70,317  698 

1856  

220.  2!  1  1,143 

90,295,  187 

310.586,330 

1834 

61  286  119 

19  738  043 

81  024  162 

1  857 

232  815  826 

106  169239 

333,985,00!5 

1835  

79.022,746 

22,166  336 

101,189  082 

1858  

221,958,732 

71,799.547 

293.758,279 

1836 

80  845  443 

26  071  237 

106  916  680 

1859 

234  322,727 

101  571,658 

335  894,385 

1837  

75,482,521 

20  081,893 

95,564,414 

I860  

262,586..">77 

110.602,697 

373,189.274 

1838 

79  855,599 

16  178  222 

96  033  821 

1861    

166,546  339 

62  153  147 

228,699.486 

1839  

1840 

82.127,514 
92,030.898 

21,4<fi,377 
21,864  736 

103,533,891 
113895  634 

1862  
1863    

118,187.891 
122,478,563 

94,881,628 
183  406,435 

213,069,519 
30">.884,998 

1841 

82  569  389 

23  813  333 

106  38°  7°2 

1863  3dqr 

13  604  468 

51  030,888 

64  635  356 

1842        

71,467,634 

21,502  362 

92  969  9"6 

1863  4th  qr... 

13,284,898 

58,144,033 

71,428,931 

1843,  9  months 

60,107,819 

17,685,964 

77,793,783 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


11 


Exports,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels  for 
the  quarter  ending  September  oO,  1863. 


Ports. 

American. 

Foreign, 

Total. 

$273,990 
194,006 
133,  898 

$19,068 
]8,490 
65,870 
2,446 
2,854 
2,527,416 
8,983 
1,507 
4,  596 
42,  317,  769 

$293,  064 
212,496 
199,  768 
2,  446 
45,  223 
3,300,081 
54,  927 
23,  772 
151,322 
49,  393,  838 
630,  705 
1,032,098 
103,890 
1,726,132 
2,238 
32,  814 
1,898,810 
568 
197,  641 
461,048 
103,936 
962,  744 
965,  986 
2,  688,  397 
18,555 
132,859 

Portland                                 -.  

Portsmouth   N   H                                            ... 

Salem 

42,  369 
772,  665 
45,944 
22,  265 
146,  726 
7,  076,  069 
630,  705 
239,  649 
3,552 
508,  341 
2,  238 
18,095 
775,  482 

Other  ports  of  Massachusetts       .   .............. 

Ports  of  Rhode  Island                                   

New  Haven  and  ports  of  Connecticut 

Chaniplain                                  ..  ...   ..          ...... 

Lake  ports  of  New  York 

792,  449 
100,  338 
1,217,791 

Philadelphia         

Perth  Arnboy   N.  J.                   .   

\Vilinington   Delaware 

14,719 
1,123,328 
568 
149,407 
362,615 
39,  665 
626,  982 
844,  867 
750,  956 

"38,"  264" 

Baltimore  

Key  West  

New  Orleans                                         ..       ........ 

48,234 
98,  431 
64,  271 
335,  762 
121,119 
1,937,441 
18,  555 
94,  655 

Lake  ports  of  Ohio 

Detroit  

Chicago.   

Milwaukie 

San  Francisco 

Oregon  •.  .  

Pu^et's  Sound  .                .                    

Total  

13,604,468  I  51,030,888 

64,  635,  356 

oi  ts,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  in  American  and  foreign  vessels  for 
the  quarter  ending  December  31,  1863. 


Ports. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

$341,385 

$9,  882 

$351  267 

Other  ports  of  Maine  

168  967 

40  596 

209  563 

Portland  

467  308 

361  717 

829  025 

Portsmouth,  N.  H. 

976 

976 

Salem,  Massachusetts  

19  072 

1  582 

20  654 

Boston  and  Charlestowii       .            .... 

1  177  810 

2  955  863 

4  133  673 

Other  ports  of  Massachusetts 

66  740 

68  850 

135  590 

Ports  of  Rhode  Island  

32,012 

360 

32  372 

New  Haven  and  ports  of  Connecticut  -. 

135,922 
5  686  959 

26,  582 
47  000  409 

162,504 

52  687  368 

Champlain  

1,020,452 

J  020  452 

Lake  ports  of  Now  York  ......  .   .. 

162  299 

880  640 

1  042  939 

12  564 

75  143 

87  707 

Philadelphia  . 

804  921 

1  578  747 

2  383  668 

Ports  of  New  Jersey  ... 

8  242 

10 

8  252 

Wilmington,  Delaware  ..      ,..    

2,083 

11  387 

13  470 

491  290 

1  703  992 

2  195  282 

Key  WTest  '  .  .  . 

4  996 

1  558 

6  554 

New  Orleans  

102  839 

746  451 

849  290 

Li'ike  ports  of  Ohio  

17  887 

52  055 

69,  942 

Detroit  

68  552 

355  367 

423  919 

Chicago  

156,  638 

578,  318 

734,  956 

12  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Exports,  the  produce  of  the  United  States,  Sfc. — Continued. 


Ports. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

$6,  955 

$284,916 

$291,871 

Ban  Francisco                         ....  ....  ......  ...... 

2  211  833 

1  339  666 

3,551  549 

Oregon                                            ...  ...... 

1C  594 

16  594 

Puffet's  Sound 

100  523 

68  966  i 

169  494 

Total         

13,  234,  893 

58,  144,  033 

71,428,931 

Imports  in  American   and  foreign   vessels  from  foreign  countries,  1862— '63, 

(fiscal  year.) 


Countries. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Russia  on  the  Baltic                      .  . 

$625  835 

§97  452 

$723  287 

Russia  on  tlie  Black 

109  680 

116  251 

225  931 

Russian  possessions  in  North  America.  

27,  836 

11,912 

39,  748 

Prussia                        .                           .             ...... 

920 

920 

Sweden  and  Norway. 

23  730 

309  443 

333,  173 

Swedish  \Vest  Indies 

17  313 

14  990 

32  303 

Denmark  ................  ......    ...  .......... 

107 

107 

Danish  \Vest  Indies                          ... 

132  732 

148  999 

281,731 

Hamburg 

205  970 

7  507  856 

7  713  826 

104,  240 

5,664,323 

5,  768,  563 

Holland  

253  501 

1,293,013 

1,546,514 

Dutch  West  Indies 

49  948 

453  594 

503,  542 

Dutch  Guiana 

162  736 

167  303 

330  039 

Dutch  East  Indies 

230  676 

172  076 

402  752 

Belsrium.  . 

691  156 

1,800,816 

2,491,972 

England            .     ..                  .....   .....    ..... 

24  785  786 

85  679,841 

110  465,627 

Scotland 

605  656 

1  852  230 

2  457  886 

65,  104 

148,  083 

213,  187 

Gibraltar  

31  174 

60,  628 

91,802 

Malta        ...       .         

22  518 

59 

22,  577 

Canada 

14  964  716 

3  849  124 

18  813  840 

Other  British  North  American  possessions  

2,  407,  889 

2,  799,  535 

5,  207,  424 

British  West  Indies  

777  994 

1,300,481 

2,  078,  475 

British  Honduras     .     .       ..         ............ 

119  624 

253  800 

373,  424 

British  Guiana 

110  821 

200  721 

311  542 

1  272,716 

490,  432 

1,763,148 

British  Australia     ..   .          ......    ............ 

3  744 

12,  353 

16,  097 

British  East  Indies                    .                       ..   ... 

4  903  400 

513  299 

5  416  699 

3,182,524 

4,012,492 

7,  195,  016 

France  on  Mediterranean  ......  ......  .......... 

1,327,663 

2,  068,  945 

3,  396,  608 

French  North  American  possessions  .....     ....... 

44  254 

44,  254 

French  \Vest  Indies 

4  382 

17  923 

22,  305 

French  Guiana 

17  016 

17  016 

Spain  on  Atlantic  *.    ......  

150,350 

342  154 

492,  504 

Spain  on  Mediterranean       .             .         . 

892  021 

618  044 

1  510  065 

Canary  islands 

7  152 

3  309 

10  461 

Philippine  islands 

1  806  279 

76  980 

1  883  259 

Cuba  

16,048,052 

5  486  013 

21  ,  534,  065 

944  578 

2  732  476 

Portugal          .....         ..... 

24'  092 

152  175 

176  267 

Madeira 

9  524 

9  524 

13  050 

13,  050 

19  209 

27  490 

46,699 

Sardinia                  .     .........      .. 

105  407 

199  689 

305,  096 

Tuscany                      .   .  . 

637  268 

345  182 

982  450 

Papal  States.., 

21,  196 

21,196 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


13 


Imports  in  American  and  foreign  vessels,  fyc. — Continued. 


Ports. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

Two  Sicilies 

$1  122  522 

$714  415 

$1  836  937 

Austria            ..  -  

21,837 

187,440 

209  277 

Greece                 

28  012 

28  012 

Turkey  in  Europe  ......     .   ...... 

27  928 

27  928 

Turkey  in  Asia                             .       .  .          .... 

631   147 

325  215 

956  362 

Other  ports  in  Africa 

1  193  460 

316  629 

1  510  089 

Hayti 

834  388 

743  668 

1  578  056 

San  Doniinf  o     -    ...          ..................... 

98  993 

201  288 

300  281 

Mexico                                          .          -.-.....---.. 

2,052  415 

2  477  169 

4  529  584 

Central  Republic 

142  707 

41  838 

184  545 

New  Granada 

1  710  846 

248  04;>2 

1  958  868 

Venezuela          .          ..................    ...... 

654,221 

874  870 

1  529  091 

Brazil                                            

5  912  927 

5  032  549 

10  945  476 

Uruguay  or  Cisplatine  Republic 

516  298 

124  712 

641  010 

Buenos  Avres,  or  Argentine  Republic  
Chili       

3,  733,  910 
1,691,467 

767,912 
275  446 

4,501,822 
1  966  913 

Peru  

51  365 

105  296 

156  661 

Sandwich  Islands                         ..... 

628  572 

628  572 

Other  islands  in  Pacific 

26  480 

82  135 

108  615 

61  902 

1  1  '  949 

73  851 

China           .             .     ..           ...  .  . 

9  623  327 

I  337  737 

10  961  064 

\Vhale  fisheries                .  .       .   . 

268  356 

268  356 

Uncertain  places 

103 

103 

Total  

109  744  580 

143  175  340 

252  919  920 

American  and  foreign  tonnage  entering  the  ports  of  the  United  States,  third 
and  fourth  quarters  of  1S63. 


Ports. 

THIRD  QUARTER. 

FOURTH  QUARTER. 

American. 

Foreign. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Eastport,  Passarnaquoddy,  Alaine  .......  

25,967 
11,299 
5,  658 

2,681 
11,790 

3,852 
2,  090 
158,  206 

21,151 
7,612 
2,  242 
165 

2,981 
24,410 
3,  228 
1,471 

Portland,  Maine     .... 

Other  ports  of  Maine 

Portsmouth   New  Hampshire 

Boston  

49,  581 

Other  ports  of  Massachusetts 

15,  944 
4,  809 
5,  056 
218,  901 

15,  898 
8,699 
2,  023 
407,  505 

15,144 
2,  537 

2,  987 
178,  407 
265,  108 

10,862 
4,251 
1,688 
371,809 
192,  962 
704 
19,014 
5,258 

Providence  and  ports  of  Rhode  Island 

New  Haven  and  ports  of  Connecticut 

New  York  

Lake  ports  of  New  York     .     

Ports  of  New  Jersey 

173 

32,  016 
603 
161 
13,455 
1,530 
9,  930 
45,911 
40,075 
28,  045 
57,  474 

714 

14,  809 

8,664 

Philadelphia     . 

19,575 
2,  822 
197 
9,  203 
1,774 
11,414 
150,200 
22,619 
9,  196 
58,  175 

Wilmington,  Delaware  . 

11,001 
591 
15,539 
6,  223 
31  ,  237 
16,  138 
15,418 

16,  920 
2,166 
6,046 
60,700 
17,  062 
5,  003 
15,  489 

Key  West 

Lake  ports  of  Ohio  

Detroit  

Chicacro 

Milwaukie                ...                             . 

Sail  Francisco  and  Oregon  

566,588 

733,  078 

780,  528 

762,  044 

14  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

In  regard  to  the  carnage  of  these  exports,  the  above  tables  disclose  some 
remarkable  facts.  Beginning  with  a  proportion  averaging  less  than  one-fifth 
in  foreign  vessels  for  the  first  ten  or  twelve  years,  the  proportion  in  1862-'63 
is  three-fifths,  and  for  the  two  remaining  quarters,  closing  the  calendar  year 
1863,  the  proportion  is  four-fifths  of  the  whole  carried  in  foreign  vessels,  and 
but  one-fifth  in  American  ;  thus  precisely  reversing  the  relations  of  the  two 
classes  existing  in  1821,  and,  indeed,  continuing  to  exist  to  1831. 

But  it  is  important  to  separate  the  unusual  state  of  affairs  resulting  from  the 
war,  from  the  course  of  events  preceding  it,  and  to  distinguish  the  changes  then 
attained,  in  order  to  decide  upon  all  the  questions  involved.  Taking  the  year 
1860  as  a  fair  representative  of  this  previous  period,  the  proportion  of  the  total 
exports  which  was  carried  in  foreign  vessels  was  29.6  per  cent.,  and  of  the  five 
years  closing  with  I860,  29.5  per  cent.  For  the  first  five  years  of  the  table, 
1821  to  1825,  the  proportion  was  but  16.6  per  cent,  carried  in  foreign  vessels. 

The  change,  therefore,  is  only  in  part  due  to  the  dangers  at  present  incurred 
by  American  shipping.  Not  only  are  the  absolute  values  large  which  fell  to  the 
hands  of  fore;gn  carriers  previous  to  1861,  but  the  proportions  are  doubled  over 
those  existing  in  the  period  first  stated  in  the  above  tables.  Taking  the  com 
parison  further  back  the  disproportion  is  greater,  large  encroachments  having 
been  established  even  in  1821  upon  the  business  of  American  shipping  in  the 
carriage  of  domestic  produce  to  foreign  markets. 

The  imports  exhibit  a  similar  course  of  change  from  American  to  foreign 
hands.  The  average  of  the  first  five  years  was  $5,300,000  in  foreign  vessels, 
out  of  a  total  of  $80,000,000,  only  6.6  per  cent.  In  1832  they  had  risen  to  10 
per  cent,  of  the  total;  in  1848  and  1849  to  an  average  of  20  per  cent.;  in  1853 
to  30  per  cent;  and  in  1859  and  1860  to  40  per  cent.  In  the  fiscal  year 
1861-'62  they  exceeded  the  total  in  American  vessels  by  twenty  millions  of 
dollars,  and  in  1862-'63  by  thirty-four  millions  of  dollars.  In  the  last  six 
months  of  the  calendar  year  1863  they  were  nearly  three  times  the  imports  in 
American  vessels,  being  as  follows : 

In  American  vessels.     In  foreign  vessels 

Quarter  ending  September  30,  1863 $19,  033,  949  $46,  114,  529 

Quarter  ending  December  31,  1863 IS,  935,  399  56,  551,  754 

Six  months 37,969,348  102,666,283 

The  proportions  at  New  York,  the  chief  port  of  entry,  for  these  two  quarters 
were — 

In  American  vessels.     In  foreign  vessels. 

Quarter  ending  September  30 7,  829,  110  38,  210,  593 

Quarter  ending  December  31 5,  994,  785  43,  321,  712 


It  may  be  stated  that  the  loss  of  the  great  carrying  trade  conducted  by 
American  shipping  during  the  European  wars  has  more  than  once  received 
earnest  public  attention.  Two  or  three  European  States,  and  particularly 
France,  almost  immediately  on  the  establishment  of  peace,  built  up  a  severe 
system  of  discriminations  against  all  other  shipping  than  their  own.  These 
discriminations  were  carried  to  a  most  injurious  length,  and  were  the  subject  of 
earnest  remonstrance.  The  effect  of  the  action  of  France  is  still  seen  in  the 
remarkably  limited  amount  of  our  present  direct  trade  with  that  country,  and 
for  other  states  the  results  arc  quite  as  striking.  In  a  forcible  memorial  addressed 
to  Congress  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York  in  1821,  the  first 
decisively  adverse  effects  of  the  new  policy  of  European  states  is  thus  stated: 

''It  is  a  lamentable  fact  that  more  than  half  the  number  of  vessels  lately 
arrived  at  this  from  foreign  ports  are  dismantled,  from  the  absolute  absence  of 
any  advantageous  object  of  commercial  pursuit;  and  this  state  of  commerce 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  15 

seems  the  natural  and  necessary  result  of  the  new  order  of  things  which  has 
prevailed  since  the  pacification  of  Europe.  Every  restraint  that  lately  shackled 
the  navigation  of  the  principal  maritime  nations  of  Europe  has  been  removed, 
whilst  the  general  trade  and  navigation  of  those  states  are,  at  the  same  time, 
regulated  with  a  studious  regard  to  the  interests  of  their  own  subjects,  so  that 
the  United  States  have  not  only  ceased  to  be  the  carriers  for  Europe,  but  are 
deprived  of  the  means  of  entering  into  a  fair  competition  in  the  transportation  to 
foreign  countries  of  the  principal  products  of  their  own  soil." 

This  is  a  just  statement  of  the  adverse  action  of  France,  more  particularly, 
by  which  the  United  States  shipping  was  first  seriously  curtailed  of  its  due 
share  of  foreign  trade.  The  discriminations  then  made  by  France  were  not  iu 
the  form  of  tonnage  dues  and  port  charges  so  much  as  in  specific  charges  im 
posed  upon  American  produce  imported  in  American  ships,  which  charges  are 
stated  in  this  memorial  to  be  as  follows : 

"  The  foreign  or  discriminating  duties  paid  by  American  vessels  importing 
the  following  articles  into  France  are  :  1*J  cent  per  pound  (French)  on  cotton ; 
1^  cent  per  pound  on  tobacco  ;  55  cents  per  100  pounds  on  potashes  ;  which 
extra  duties  exceed  the  whole  freight  now  paid  for  the  transportation  of  those 
articles  from  the  United  States,  whether  in  French  or  in  American  bottoms.  To 
form  an  estimate  of  the  practical  result  of  these  regulations  it  will  be  assumed 
that  a  vessel  of  300  tons  register  will  cany  560,000  pounds  weight  of  tobacco, 
the  difference  of  duty  on  which,  at  1J  cent  per  pound,  would  be  $G,300, 
equivalent  to  twenty-one  dollars  per  registered  ton ;  or,  in  a  vessel  of  the  same 
description  carrying  280,000  pounds  of  cotton  and  220,000  of  potashes,  the 
difference  of  duty  at  1 J  cent  for  the  cotton  is  $4,200,  and  at  55  cents  per  100 
pounds  on  the  ashes,  is  $1,200 — together,  $5,400 — which  is  equivalent  to 
eighteen  dollars  per  registered  ton. 

"  The  aggregate  tonnage  employed  in  the  direct  trade  to  France  is  estimated 
at  50,000  tons,  in  addition  to  which  an  indirect  trade  of  considerable  extent  has 
been  carried  on  by  the  circuitous  channel  of  England,  the  saving  in  the  duties 
by  reshipping  our  cotton  and  tobacco  thence  to  France  in  French  vessels,  in 
stead  of  shipping  them  direct  from  the  United  States  in  American  vessels,  being 
more  than  equivalent  to  the  extra  freight  and  charges  attending  the  additional 
voyage." 

This  apparently  remote  action  is  here  cited  because  it  was  one  of  the  events 
marking  the  beginning  of  a  system  of  diversion  of  our  own  commerce  from 
direct  lines,  which  has  continued  to  increase  to  the  present  time.  The  export 
of  American  produce  passes  through  foreign  distributing  markets  to  a  great 
extent,  as  will  be  subsequently  shown,  and  the  importation  of  the  produce  of 
tropical  and  non-commercial  countries  also  comes  to  us  at  the  hands  of  foreign 
carriers,  and  through  foreign  distributing  markets. 

The  action  of  the  British  government  in  the  same  direction  was  even  more 
frequent  and  persistent,  and  though  interrupted  or  in  other  ways  rendered  nuga 
tory  previous  to  the  peace  of  1815,  the  purpose  was  frequently  and  distinctly 
declared.  In  January,  1791,  the  British  Board  of  Trade,  in  a  formal  report 
on  commercial  relations  with  the  United  States,  announced  the  policy  of  giving 
signal  privileges  in  British  home  ports  to  American  ships,  but  refusing  all  such 
equality  in  the  ports  of  the  colonies. 

"  If  Congress  should  propose  that  this  principle  of  equality  should  be  ex 
tended  to  the  ports  of  our  colonies  and  islands,  and  that  the  ships  of  the  United 
States  should  be  there  treated  as  British  ships,  it  should  be  answered  that  this 
demand  cannot  be  admitted  even  as  a  subject  of  negotiation." 


16 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


"Many  vessels  now  go  from  the  ports  of  Great  Britain  carrying  Britisli 
manufactures  to  the  United  States ;  there  load  with  lumber  and  provisions  for 
the  British  islands,  and  return  with  the  produce  of  those  islands  to  Great  Britain. 
This  whole  branch  of  the  trade  may  be  regarded  as  a  new  acquisition,  and  was 
attained  by  your  Majesty's  orders  in  council  before  mentioned;  which  has 
operated  to  the  increase  of  British  navigation  compared  with  the  United  States 
in  a  double  ratio,  but  (since)  it  has  taken  from  the  United  States  more  than  it 
has  added  to  Great  Britain." 

Various  countervailing  acts  of  the  United  States  aided  to  neutralize  this  policy, 
as  has  been  said,  until  after  the  general  peace  of  Europe  in  1815.  In  a  com 
mercial  convention  with  England,  concluded  July  3,  1815,  the  United  States 
conceded  the  chief  point  in  controversy,  trusting  to  the  great  development  of 
our  trade  with  the  British  colonies,  and  the  energy  with  which  it  had  been  con 
ducted,  to  maintain  it  under  any  circumstances.  The  United  States  agreed  to 
the  equalization  of  all  the  conditions  of  their  commerce  with  the  British  Euro 
pean  ports,  but  left  the  regulations  controlling  trade  with  the  Britisli  West 
Indies  and  American  colonies  without  stipulation.  The  consequences  were  soon 
felt.  The  British  authorities  re-established  their  old  colonial  policy  and  shut 
American  shipping  from  the  West  Indian  ports.  Vigorous  remonstrances  were 
made,  and  in  1818  Congress  enacted  that  the  United  States  should  thereafter 
be  closed  against  British  vessels  coming  from  any  British  colony  or  territory 
that  was  closed  against  American  vessels  by  any  trade  regulation.  Again,  in 
May,  1820,  Congress  further  prohibited  a  circuitous  trade  that  had  grown  up 
in  evasion  of  the  first  act,  bringing  West  India  produce  through  Nova  Scotia 
and  Canada.  The  distress  caused  in  the  West  Indies  by  these  acts  compelled 
the  British  Parliament  to  relax  the  policy  which  originated  them,  and  for  several 
years  following  an  imperfect  and  variable  succession  of  attempts  to  equalize  the 
trade  followed,  the  general  policy  of  which  was  to  preserve  a  fair  share  of  it  to 
the  United  States. 

In  1830  the  British  gained  an  important  advantage,  however,  by  the  con 
struction  placed  on  an  act  of  Congress  of  May  20  of  that  year.  It  was 
claimed  by  the  British  and  colonial  organs  that  they  could  take,  under  this  new 
order,  the  larger  share  of  the  carrying  trade  in  American  products  away  from 
us,  and  it  is  evident  from  the  table  of  exports  of  domestic  produce  previously 
given  that  they  did  so.  From  1830  to  1833  the  exports  in  American  vessels 
did  not  increase  at  all,  while  those  in  foreign  vessels  doubled. 


Year. 

In  American 
vessels. 

In  foreign 
vessels. 

Year. 

In  American 
vessels. 

In  foreign 

vessels. 

1830     

$51,106,190 

$8  355  839 

1832  

$46,  925,  890 

$16,211,580 

1831. 

49  671  239 

11  605  818 

1833 

52  985  446 

17  332  252 

The  increase  of  British  tonnage  in  the  American  trade,  resulting  from  this 
action,  is  shown  in  the  tonnage  entering  the  United  States  from  the  British 
West  Indies  and  the  provinces  for  the  same  years  : 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  17 

Tonnage  from  West  Indies  and  British  Provinces. 


.    Year. 

Tonnage  from  West 
Indies. 

Tonnage  from  British 
provinces. 

American. 

British. 

American. 

British. 

1830                  

22,428 
38,04G 
61,408 
53,  537 
37,  081 

182 

23,  700 
27,  209 
26,  638 

18,  008 

130,  527 
92,  672 
74,  001 
209,  958 
173,278 

4,002 
82,  557 
108,671 
208,  054 
£39,  984 

1831                                                    

183-2 

1833 

1834  

Total  British  tonnage  entering  United  States  ports : 


1829. 


86,  377 


1830 89, 823 

1831 211,270 

1832 288,811 

1833 383,487 

1834 453,495 

1835 529,922 

Of  the  result  of  this  change,  Pitkin  states  that  it  gave  to  foreign  carriers  the 
first  decided  possession  of  the  carrying  trade  in  American  staples.  "  This  great 
increase  in  British  shipping  has  been  occasioned  principally  by  the  circuitous 
trade,  so  long  the  favorite  object  of  British  statesmen,  and  which  the  American 
government  at  last  voluntarily  yielded.  This  has  thrown  into  the  hands  of  the 
British  a  much  greater  proportion  of  the  carrying  trade  of  the  United  States, 
both  in  domestic  and  foreign  articles,  than  they  have  ever  before  enjoyed,  ex 
cept  at  the  commencement  of  the  general  government.  *  *  *  *  The  cir 
cuitous  trade  thus  yielded  to  the  British  has  given  them  the  carriage  of  no 
small  proportion  of  the  bulky  articles  of  the  south,  particularly  cotton." 

This  was  written  in  1835,  and  it  is  evident  that  the  point  then  made  of  the 
introduction  of  a  large  proportion  of  foreign  shipping  into  the  trade  of  the 
United  States  deserved  all  the  attention  it  received.  From  that  time  forward 
no  decided  acts  of  either  government  appear  to  have  modified  the  course  of 
events.  Great  Britain  relaxed  the  navigation  laws  at  home  in  1854,  and  by  so 
much  favored  the  employment  of  American  shipping  in  the  trade  of  the  British 
islands.  The  great  extent  to  which  the  entire  foreign  trade  passed  to  British 
shipping,  and  the  steady  growth  of  their  tonnage  entering  United  States  ports, 
is  shown  in  the  following  table,  which  continues  the  comparison  previously 
begun,  from  1830  to  1863  : 


Ex.  Doc.  55 2 


18 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


National  character  of  tonnage  entering  tlie  ports  of  the  United  States — 1829 

to  1863. 


Year. 

American. 

British. 

French. 

jerman  or 
Hanseatic. 

Total  all 
countries. 

1829 

872  949 

86  377 

14  408 

7,8J5 

1,003  692 

1830  

967,  227 

87,  231 

11,256 

9,940 

1,099,127 

1831      

922,  952 

215,  887 

11,701 

11,487 

1,204,900 

1832 

949,  622 

288,  841 

22,  638 

22,  351 

1  ,  342,  660 

1833 

1  111,441 

383,  487 

20  917 

29,  859 

1  608  146 

1834 

1  074  670 

453  495 

23  649 

26  199 

1  642  722 

1835  

1,352,653 

529,  922 

15,  457 

29,490 

1,993,963 

1836  

1,255,384 

544,  774 

19,519 

43,  254 

1  ,  9;>5,  597 

1837     .... 

1  299,720 

543,  020 

26,  286 

90,  528 

2  065  423 

1838  

1  ,  302,  974 

484,  702 

20,  570 

40,  091 

1,895,084 

1839 

1  49J  279 

495  353 

22  686 

43  343 

2  116  093 

1840  

1  ,  576,  946 

582,  424 

30,701 

42,  424 

2,  289,  309 

1841      

1  631  909 

615,623 

17,  030 

44,918 

2  368  353 

1842 

1  510  111 

599,  502 

15  876 

50  286 

2  242  886 

1843  
1644  

1,143,523 
2,  010,  924 

453,  894 
766,  747 

13,582 
17  257 

40,118 
60,  222 

1,678,275 
2,917,738 

1845  

2  035,486 

760,  095 

11  536 

54  962 

2  946  049 

1846 

2  151  114 

813,287 

13  666 

69  790 

3  110  853 

1847 

2  101  359 

993  210 

30  704 

9'>  291 

3  321  705 

1848  

2,  393,  482 

1  177,  104 

24  970 

92,  178 

3,  798,  673 

1849      

2  658  321 

1  482,707 

31  466 

78,  536 

4  368,836 

1850  r  

2,  573,  016 

1,450,539 

30,  762 

80,  131 

4,  348,  639 

1851 

3  054  349 

1  559  869 

25  252 

116  883 

4  993  440 

1852  

3  235,522 

]'  680,  712 

25  992 

143,  800 

5,  292,  880 

1853   

4  004  013 

1  871,210 

28  813 

163  801 

6  281  943 

1854 

3  752  117 

1  748,380 

21  837 

216  947 

5  884  338 

1855 

3  861  391 

1  738  123 

18  236 

195  576 

5  945  339 

1856  

4  385,484 

2  152,892 

23,  935 

152,  167 

6  872,253 

1857  

1858 

4,721,370 
4  395  642 

2,  070,  926 
1  841,912 

29,  397 
16  416 

201,478 
200  741 

7,  186,  316 
6  605  043 

1859 

5  265  648 

2  055  110 

2->  487 

258  528 

7  806  035 

I860    

5  921  285 

1  918,494 

23,  557 

230,  828 

8  275,196 

1861 

4  889  313 

1  832,971 

15  291 

228,  336 

7  151  355 

1862 

5  117  685 

1  836  096 

17  008 

276  990 

7  362  963 

1863   

4,  447,  261 

2,  096,  612 

22,  312 

333,  354 

7,511,284 

To  render  tlie  above  comparison  accurate  as  regards  transoceanic  commerce, 
a  large  reduction  of  the  American  tonnage  should  be  made  for  the  entries  from 
Canada.  For  the  ten  years,  1854  to  1863,  the  American  tonnage  from  Canada 
rose  from  1,867,489  tons  to  2,307,233  tons — averaging  1,250,000  tons  for  the 
first  five  years,  and  over  2,000,000  tons  for  the  last  five  years.  The  average 
of  British  tonnage  was  about  850,000  tons  for  the  ten  years,  increasing  less 
from  year  to  year.  The  transatlantic  trade  would  therefore  compare,  between 
American  and  British,  as  follows,  taking  out  the  actual  entries  of  each  class 
from  Canada : 

American,  British, 

tons  entered.        tons  entered. 

1858 3,050,925  928,992 

1859....'. 3,283,062  991,544 

1860 3,304,009  1,280,458 

1861 2, 892, 427  1 , 148, 092 

1862 .- 2,630,312  1,194,560 

1863 2,140,028  1,353,476 

In  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States  proper,  therefore,  British  shipping 
approaches  much  nearer  to  equality  with  our  own  than  would  appear  without 
the  separation  of  this  Canadian  trade,  a  large  share  of  which  is  really  ferry 
transit,  ns  has  before  been  explained. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  19 


TONNAGE  AND  TRADE  IN  FIVE-YEAR  PERIODS,  FROM  1821  TO  18G3. 

The  next  following  thirteen  tables  exhibit,  respectively,  the  tonnage  arrivals 
from  all  foreign  ports  severally,  every  fifth  year  from  1821  to  1863,  with  the 
per-centage  of  foreign  to  the  total ;  the  total  tonnage  entered  from  all  foreign 
ports,  exclusire  of  Canada  and  the  other  British  North  American  possession's  ; 
the  like  exhibit  of  the  shipping  engaged  in  the  United  States  trade  with  the 
several  countries  of  Europe,  the  West  Indies,  Mexico  and  South  America, 
Asia,  Africa,  and  miscellaneous  countries,  and  Canada,  respectively ;  and  the 
total  value  of  the  imports  and  exports,  with  the  percentage  of  each  of  the 
great  geographical  divisions  of  our  foreign  commerce,  distinguishing  the  ex 
changes  of  the  precious  metals  from  those  of  ordinary  merchandise.  These  tables 
are  intended  to  exhibit  the  progress  of  our  commerce  during  the  last  forty-two 
years,  the  relative  value  of  our  trade  with  the  several  customer  nations,  and  the 
changed  proportion  of  distribution ;  in  effect,  a  tabled  history  of  our  commerce 
and  navigation  during  the  period  embraced  in  the  statements. 

Two  other  tables  are  added  :  one  showing  the  number,  class,  and  tonnage  of 
vessels  built  in  the  United  States  since  1822,  and  the  other  giving  their  distri 
bution  among  the  various  branches  of  our  foreign  and  home  commerce. 


20 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


General  statement  exhibiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  arriv 

from  1801  to  1863,  with  the  ^proportion  of  the  for 


1821. 

1826. 

Countries. 

1 

<5 

Foreign. 

Per  cent,  of  foreign. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Percent,  of  foreign. 

1 

4 

Russia  

13,  827 

17,  342 

8  931 

1 

7°6 

100  0 

294 

207 

41  3 

700 

\\ 

4 

Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark  
Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  other  Ger- 

12,  193 
14  5°4 

1,168 
4  180 

8.8 
22  3 

14,  781 
14  537 

1,974 
4  859 

11.8 
°5  05 

11,  346 
15  934 

*; 

25  851 

1  403 

5  1 

26  902 

°4  076 

(,' 

112  053 

39  024 

25  8 

172  58d 

39  375 

18  5 

2°3  345 

^r 

4  737 

7  232 

61  3 

5  837 

6  °61 

51  6 

5  674 

g 

9  479 

3  018 

24  1 

13  937 

4  370 

03  g 

4  388 

i) 

France  on  the  Atlantic  

11,  431 

11,  273 

49.6 

51  451 

7  514 

12  7 

40  849 

10 

6  585 

5  483 

6  760 

-\  1 

19  678 

1,015 

4.9 

21  045 

342 

1  6 

5  043 

1° 

11  231 

435 

3  7 

q  3i)8 

3  599 

I'f 

8  pain  on  the  Mediterranean  . 

4  747 

563 

10.6 

5  066 

9  583 

14 

France  on  the  Mediterranean  

3,700 

838 

18.3 

9,426 

13  774 

Iff 

Italy,  Sicily,  and  Malta  

6,573 

9.  095 

12,  763 

16 

2  018 

2  515 

11  9°0 

17 

Turkey,  Greece,  Egypt,  and  the  Le- 

1  661 

192 

10  3 

3  080 

3  918 

18 

'261 

499 

4  169 

18 

90 

376 

465 

929 

"1 

Other  portn  in  Africa  

1,231 

2,  825 

242 

7.8 

2  511 

.» 

2  287 

1  721 

660 

99 

Canary  islands  

2,  329 

1,  931 

1  963 

0< 

4  140 

148 

3.4 

2  546 

2  514 

•'•, 

("ape  de  Verd  islands  

5  038 

92 

1.7 

2,006 

209 

9  4 

875 

'•"•, 

British  East  Indies  

4,548 

5,981 

5,  342 

w 

Dutch  East  Indies  

1,  597 

4,236 

2  533 

98 

China 

5  622 

10  432 

4  316 

29 

Other  Asiatic  ports  

1,  532 

4,  439 

1  171 

••M 

742 

1  41H 

2  938 

•-;] 

39 

Other    British    colonies,   including 
Australia  until  1841 

796 

151 

53 

°6  0 

248 

33 

Islands  of  the  Pacific  and  the  north- 

375 

'l"l 

35 

Other  British  North  American  prov 
inces,    including    Canada,    unti 
]g36                        

111,  269 

405 

0.3 

74,  884 

8,706 

JO.  4 

92  947 

96 

Cuba 

106  826 

4  478 

4.02 

122  600 

2  808 

2  2 

132  830 

•17 

Porto  Hico              -  

14  536 

63 

0.3 

12,  899 

26  963 

38 

4<>  139 

980 

1.9 

26  102 

1  137 

4  1 

26  446 

39 

Swedish  West  Indies  

13,  083 

863 

6.3 

4,  284 

4  793 

10 

Dani^h  West  Indies 

39  407 

1  689 

4.1 

37  347 

1  435 

3  7 

27  501 

41 

British    West    Indies    and    South 

32  631 

97  231 

1 

7  927 

7  5 

38  046 

49 

Dutch  West  Indies  and  American 

16  468 

400 

2.5 

13  591 

1  277 

8  6 

11  296 

« 

French  West  Indies  and  American 

41  729 

|  

37  724 

5  442 

12  6 

26  704 

1  1 

22  870 

1  053 

1     4.4 

•r> 

25  524 

i        6  053 

19  1 

oo  377 

;i  i  ; 

5  111 

246 

4  6 

1  4r>6 

<17 

2,  940 

2  821 

48 

17  014 

3  804 

18  2 

q  174 

49 

Brazil 

10  599 

24,  590 

1  496 

5  7 

29  855 

•VI 

'074 

jj 

3,054 

9  652 

BQ 

Chili 

4  446 

3  7-)9 

r-j 

5  192 

o  577 

-,  | 

1  283 

163 

11  2 

703 

55 

Whale  fisheries  

10,  643 

9,866 

29  581 

v; 

60 

Total                  

765  098 

81,  526 

9.6 

942,  206 

105  654 

10.08 

922  952 

FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


21 


ing  from  each  foreign  country  every  fifth  year  from  1821  to  I860,  and  annually 
tign  to  the  total  tonnage  entered,  at  each  period. 


1831. 

183G. 

1841. 

1846. 

.1 

£ 

Percent,  of  foreign. 

American. 

| 

1 

Per  ceiit.  of  foreign. 

i  -,.  -TV- 

American. 

Foreign. 

Percent,  of  foreign. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Per  cent,  of  foreign. 

577 

6.07 

13,  944 

341 

1,607 
274 

10.3 
44.5 

18,  370 
357 

674 

3.5 

11,  145 

419 

319 
1,375 

2  7 
76.6 

1 
o 

2,999 

12,  175 
349 

84,  324 
11,  008 
7,  020 
8,666 

~"i,45i 

20.9 

43.3 
1.4 
27.4 
65.9 
61.5 
17.5 

22.3 

8,645 

9,908 
14,'jyi 
235,  749 
4.584 
1,926 
75,  217 
7,  563 
7,  435 
3  433 

10,  667 

36,  567 
9,  035 
107,  972 
20,  063 
13,  798 
12,  069 
1,  713 
2,819 
324 

55.2 

78.3 
38.7 
31.4 
81.4 
87.7 
13.8 
18.4 
27.5 
8  6 

7,407 

15,  593 

37,  012 
307,  988 
8,  049 
781 
109,  504 
12,  387 
13,  100 
2  377 

11,  888 

35,  481 
4,  033 
124,  899 
23,  118 
17,  882 
14,556 
716 
2,485 

61.6 

69.4 
9.8 
28.8 
74.1 
95.8 
11.7 
5.4 
15.9 

3,502 

24,  872 
34,  617 
374,  137 
10,  715 
6,  940 
103,  484 
8,112 
5,  128 
2,  750 

10,  219 

61,656 
1  1,  552 
IBS,  373 
28,  894 
28,  279 
10,  722 
383 
2,037 

74.4 

71.3 
25.  02 
34.6 
72.  9 
80.2 
9.4 
4.5 
28.4 

3 

4 
5 
6 

7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 

13,841 

2  778 

16.7 

14,  380 

2  835 

16.4 

9,889 

5,248 

34.6 

13 

493 

159 

3.4 
1.2 

12,  166 
21,222 
6  426  \ 

9,  661 
4,  408 
3  938 

44.2 
17.2 
37  9 

12,  230 
26,542 
5  259 

4,  302 
5,854 
1  961 

26.  02 
18.06 
27  1 

10,  070 
25,  974 
5  019 

2  992 
6,  622 
592 

22.9 
20.3 
10.5 

14 
15 
16 

4  796 

2  449 

33  8 

4  168 

704 

14  4 

7  398 

1,477 

16.6 

17 

2  020 

3°  6 

18 

203 

100  0 

19 

1,374 

543 

994 

20 

6  632 

1  499 

18  4 

6  131 

1  036 

14  4 

9  418 

2  431 

20.5 

21 

397 

36.6 

1,397 

1,614 

1,  612 

202 

11.1 

22 

2  577 

192 

6  9 

2  161 

1  428 

39  8 

1  683 

791 

32.0 

23 

1,696 

242 

12  3 

2  504 

148 

5.6 

1.060 

396 

27.2 

24 

157 

926 

107 

sr> 

/  

9,638 
10  303 





6,408 
507 

10,  684 
3  226 





26 
P7 

16,  445 

11  986 

18,  937 

306 

1.5 

28 

624 

2  279 

1  055 

99 

4,977 

4  366 

8,297 

30 

1  850 

31 

32 

194 

693 

1  268 

231 

15  3 

33 

222  7G%> 

233  560 

51  1 

3°8  685 

°60  110 

44  ° 

34 

83,293 
19,639 
3,117 
699 
262 

47.2 
12.8 
10.3 
2.5 
5  1 

55,  888 
155,  572 

4  1  ,  996 
27,  872 
296 

143,  963 

10,  284 
1,  196 
832 

72.  03 
6.2 
2.7 
2.8 

80,  070 
199,  685 
51,  162 
35,  899 
1  082 

132,  501 
11,  920» 
443 

748 

62.3 
5.6 
0.9 
2.04 

850,  784 
15(5,  905 
51,  395 
30,  264 
653 

515,  879 
3,  404 

487 
803 

37.7 
2.1 
.9 
2.5 

35 

36 
37 

38 
3«> 

2,  827 
23,760 
31° 

9.3 

38.4 
2  6 

22,040 
51,308 
15  010 

1,351 
25,739 
76 

5.7 
33.4 
0  5 

23,667 
71,197 
17  3°4 

2,957 
52,543 
939 

ii.i 

42.4 
5  1 

29,  018 
97,  783 
19  048 

969 
39,  a32 

3.2 

28.9 

40 
41 
49 

2,  793 

9.4 

15,  696 

6,572 

29.5 

14,  445 

3,394 

19.02 

22,603 

5,275 

18.9 

43 
44 

11,  498 
600 

33.  9 
27.1 

27,  403 
6,804 
1,502 

5,  745 
2,187 
357 

17.3 
24.3 
19  2 

48,  786 
4,  355 
2  223 

5,469 
1,  030 
145 

10.08 
19.1 
6.1 

44,318 
5,359 
2  423 

7,598 
64 
107 

14.6 

1.1 
4.  2 

45 
46 
47 

56 
1,360 

0.6 
4.3 

12,  484 
39,  259 
2  175 

1,216 
4,341 

8.8 
10.0 

15,  251 

41,034 
4  427 

2,380 
4,503 
540 

13.  5 
9.7 
10  8 

15,  069 
61,014 
1  214 

1,399 
4,  952 

8.5 
7.5 

48 
49 
50 

5,  201 

208 

3  8 

13  7v!6 

2,319 

14.4 

5,988 

987 

14.1 

51 

2,487 

3,  072 

300 

8.1 

6,560 

2,281 

25.8 

52 

94 

3  5 

605 

1°9 

496 

53 

736 

214 

605 

73.8 

54 

51,349 

36  832 

47,  327 

55 

174 

511 

74  6 

167 

flfi 

* 

281,  948 

23.4 

1,  255,  384 

680,  213 

35.1 

1,631,909 

736,  444 

31.1 

2,151,114 

959,  739 

30.8 

22  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

General  statement  exhibiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  foreign  vessels 


1851. 

1856. 

Countries. 

American. 

1 

Per  cent,  of  foreign. 

American. 

a 

i 

Per  cent,  of  foreign. 

American. 

9  817 

3  °66 

05  o 

7  874 

769 

8  8 

10    fJCO 

1 

Prussia    

262 

704 

72  8 

1*091 

389 

26  ° 

3 

4 

Sweden.  Norway,  and  Denmark.  .  .  . 
Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  other  Ger- 

2,669 
°1  734 

25,  769 
90  539 

90.6 
80  6 

9*.  477 
37  °93 

4,278 
1°1  701 

3L2 

76  'j 

6,315 
4  033 

5 

Ilolland  itnd  Belgium  

27  905 

25  786 

47  9 

56  5°6 

23  983 

°9  7 

40  904 

411  611 

39  9 

1  006  405 

350*  137 

°5  8 

844  0°° 

s 

Scotland  

18  210 

46  215 

71.7 

26  370 

54  170 

67  2 

10  800 

i 

5  488 

74  021 

93  1 

3  630 

11  163 

68  7 

1  989 

9 

France  on  the  Atlantic  

135  606 

26  498 

16  3 

211  353 

04  743 

10  4 

236  4°6 

9  940 

5  547 

35  8 

17  0°6 

3  530 

17  1 

16  ^56 

1  1 

Portugal   

961 

5  175 

84  3 

10  870 

7  434 

40  5 

985 

r' 

509 

1  114 

68  6 

5  °05 

4  9°° 

48  6 

3  315 

12 

Spain  on  the  Mediterranean  

15  101 

19  590 

56  4 

20  710 

°6  1°8 

55  8 

16  777 

14 
15 

France  on  the  Mediterranean  
Italv,  Sicily,  and  Malta  

7,146 
32  856 

14,  656 
28  391 

67.2 
46.3 

29.  957 
108  055 

7,062 
34  807 

19.1 
24  3 

23,  488 
9°  038 

"i  <; 

814 

6  281 

88  5 

4  087 

2  78° 

40  5 

2  460 

17 

Turkey,  Greece.  Egypt,  and  the  Le- 

7  757 

2  109 

21  3 

17  768 

4  809 

°1  3 

10 

Europe  gene-rail  v  

French  African  Possessions  

5  182 

90 

1  2°3 

238 

16  3 

5  3°0 

403 

8  4 

13  950 

2] 

12  675 

1  035 

7  5 

14  157 

509 

3  e 

oy  055 

•N» 

1  864 

678 

26  6 

4  556 

541 

10  6 

5  061 

300 

746 

70  7 

J  180 

576 

3°  8 

o  340 

"1 

Madeira  

1  068 

137 

11.3 

284 

100  0 

'250 

o- 

111 

2  696 

1  307 

3°  6 

2  885 

British  East  Indies.  .  .-.  

29  907 

2  813 

8.6 

65  619 

1  328 

10  8 

106?  7V)4 

iV7 

Dutch  East  Indies  . 

3  320 

150 

4  3 

9  169 

373 

3  9 

6  6°1 

-.v 

China 

27  587 

11  327 

°9  1 

69  104 

9  S81 

1°  6 

Yl  °>1 

Other  Asiatic  ports  

545 

l'  601 

"  i 

Philippine  islands 

q  1)33 

o  549 

°0  4 

04  ex)-} 

2  11° 

8  0 

29  142 

•M 

Australia 

6  381 

27  168 

80  9 

3  0°5 

1  103 

0(5  7 

8  570 

:j-j 

Other    British    colonies,    including 
Australia,  until  1641  

33 

Islands  of  the  Pacific  and  the  north- 

21  676 

4  255 

16  4 

17  774 

1  09° 

5  8 

33  507 

•;  J 

1  013  °75 

514  383 

33  6 

1  191  716 

1  °17  71° 

50  5 

35 

Other  British  North  American  prov 
inces,    including   Canada,    until 
1836                                   

62  458 

362  218 

85  2 

187  754 

40°  441 

68  2 

184  06° 

M 

Cuba  

355  515 

53,  162 

13.0 

516  050 

56  082 

9  7 

670  016 

•!~ 

Porto  Rico 

48  336 

7  874 

14  0 

40  301 

1°  040 

03  y 

55*  708 

38 

Hay  ti  and  San  Domingo  

39  940 

7,820 

16.3 

46  776 

6  620 

12  4 

40*  605 

•  .,, 

278 

961 

1  418 

40 

Danish  West  Indies  

10,  386 

5,052 

32.7 

13  451 

2  163 

13  8 

14  908 

41 

British    West    Indies    and    South 
American  colonies  

61,134 

44,  882 

42.3 

64  819 

38  770 

37  4 

107  909 

42 

Dutch  West  Indies  and  American 
colonies    

20,145 

8,  426 

29.4 

12,  272 

1  997 

14  0 

20  064 

4:; 

French  West  Indies  and  American 
colonies  

4,661 

2,353 

33.5 

9  700 

4  645 

32  3 

6  300 

1  1 

Spanish  American  colonies  until  1824 

4  -, 

20  407 

12  701 

30  1 

40  4Qi 

8  387 

17  ° 

40  °7° 

British  Honduras 

3  055 

2  524 

45.2 

5  173 

2  718 

34  4 

10  147 

49 

Central  America  

8  550 

209 

2.3 

85  544 

796 

0  9 

2  451 

New  Granada  and  Venezuela 

183  478 

12  698 

6.4 

152  550 

5  0°5 

37  4 

°15  212 

19 

Bra7il 

63  663 

22  4x!8 

26  05 

100  ()~>4 

1°  688 

11  2 

115  019 

50 

Uruguay     

154 

1  992 

92.8 

i'eoi 

255 

1°  4 

1  002 

-  1 

13  382 

11  005 

18  544 

356 

2  ? 

23,  9(>6 

55 

Chili  

30  068 

23,  396 

43.  7 

15  266 

3  536 

18  8 

17  4x?8 

••• 

Peru 

20  102 

5  751 

22  2 

50  048 

6  6°0 

11  5 

77  330 

54 

Other  South  American  ports  

1  214 

1,849 

60.3 

l'  062 

55 

Whale  fisheries  

52,  424 
102 

43,  331 
67 

492 

1.1 

36,  077 
395 

Total             

3  054  349 

]  939  091 

38.8 

4  385  484 

o  486  796 

36  2 

5  9°1  285 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  23 

arriving  from  each  foreign  country  every  Jifth  year,  fyc. — Continued. 


I860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

£ 

1 

o 
«J 

1 
I 

$ 
| 

<J 

1 

c 
bo 

1 

<£ 

*0 

*s 

1 

1 

g 

•s 

1 

| 

1 
g 

1 

? 

| 
1 

1 
< 

i 

1 

& 

i 

£ 

*0 

§ 
& 

3,141 

310 

18.6 
100  0 

8,  220 

3,  9H7 

400 

32.4 
100  0 

6,848 

2,701 

28.3 

6,504 

4,778 

42.3 

1 

0 

3,678 

170,  222 
17,  305 
507,  003 
62,  485 
28,  318 
18,  785 
3,015 
2,  P69 
2,820 
20,  451 
19,  737 
47,  429 
3  730 

36.8 

95.9 
29.  7 
37.5 
75.  9 
93.4 
7.3 
15.4 
74.4 
45.9 
54.9 
45.6 
33.8 
60.2 

8,460 

8,298 
41,  639 
822,  685 
31.  158 
1,136 
178,  187 
9,  662 
2,  268 
221 
21,  537 
14,  276 
72,514 
3,274 

6,273 

161,  005 
20,  883 
479,  068 
54,  724 
54,  208 
16,835 
2,186 
5,  149 
1,291 
11,  396 
5,  289 
20,  612 
1,253 

42.6 

95.1 
33.4 
36.8 
63.7 
97.9 
8.6 
18.4 
69.4 
85.4 
34.  6 
27.03 
22.1 
27.6 

1,916 

7,361 
54,  342 
821,447 
41,  589 
25,  987 
227,  703 
23,  026 
3,050 
3,  831 
18,  434 
23,  572 
80,  440 
361 

3,294 

1S9,  604 
36,  722 
475,  029 
27,  355 
58,  506 
30,610 
5,508 
8,  735 
1,640 
8,  232 
1,627 
17,  067 

d3.2 

96.2 
40.3 
36.6 
39.7 
69.  2 
11.8 
19.3 
74.1 
30.0 
30.8 
6.4 
17.5 

470 

9,018 
29,  816 
720,  960 
3!f,  139 
25,  396 
51,  402 
14,410 
6,  971 
3,  385 
21,310 
15,  361 
66,  017 

7,528 

179,  594 
41,228 
628,  435 
4!),  204 
7!),  647 
29,  091 
10,020 
13,  171 
3,804 
11,556 
17,  734 
32,  926 
3  130 

94.3 

95.2 
58.  3 
46.5 
55.  6 
75.8 
36.1 
41.0 
65.4 
52.9 
35.1 
53.6 
33.2 
100.0 

3 

4 
5 

6 

8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

5,202 

35.4 

10,281 

2,158 

17.3 

6  715 

5  919 

3  069 

34.1 

17 

18 

1,  474 

22.1 

288 

553 

563 

50.4 

19 

4,  889 
1,  960 
1,415 

1,  039 

677 

25.  9 
8.8 
21.8 
30.7 
27  6 

10,  965 
19,126 
3,  800 
1,  027 
159 

1,  137 
2,256 
504 
985 
976 

9.3 
10.5 
11.7 
48.9 
86  0 

10,  04  (i 
13,  784 
3,318 
692 

836 
1,  715 
552 

480 

7.6 
11.06 
14.3 
40.9 

10,  831 
12,591 
1,954 
679 
3  04  3 

3,  020 
4,246 
1,  569 
273 
445 

21.7 
25.  2 
44.5 

28.6 
12  07 

20 
21 
22 
23 
°4 

1  6(50 

36  5 

1  239 

1  1°1 

47  7 

1  647 

1  1°7 

1  435 

56  0 

25 

8.  2U3 
'960 
4,  213 
'  3,774 

7.4 
12.8 
5.1 
70.2 

68,  25!) 
5,447 
70,  295 
2,  425 

10,  322 
2,570 
5,655 

13.1 
32.  05 
7.4 

27,  405 
1,216 
41,900 
1  751 

2,874 
430 
19,  607 
523 

9.4 
25.1 
31.8 
23  0 

45,  854 
2,  089 
56,  382 
1  819 

3,  564 
1,194 
12,  137 

7.2 
36.3 

17.7 

26 
27 

28 
W 

1,286 
12,  692 

4.2 
59.6 

33,  452 
4,078 

1,070 
6,905 

3.4 
62.8 

13,  259 
6,112 

710 
5,  206 

5.1 
46.0 

25,  276 
9,000 

1,533 
5,554 

5.7 

38.1 

30 
31 

3n 

1,736 
658,  036 

475,  051 
91,  796 
15,  173 
7,756 
122 
9,113 

59,  544 

7,483 
5,415 

4.8 
20.  1 

72.7 
12.  03 
21.4 
16.  03 
8.0 
37.9 

35.5 
27.1 
46.2 

20,  031 
1,  996,  892 

196,709 
61H,  785 
52,  209 
40,  727 
1,  544 
10,411 

93,  684 
21,297 
2,966 

1,  834 
684,  879 

465,  141 
53,  1  10 
9,  899 
5,  460 
140 
3,105 

53,835 
12,  132 
4,024 

8.4 
25.5 

70.3 
7.9 
15.9 
11.8 
8.3 
22.9 

36.5 
36.3 
57.5 

11,  809 
2,  487,  373 

246,  821 
37!),  517 
42,  377 
30,  305 
1,854 
25,  039 

69,201 
7,905 
2,680 

593 
683,  411 

397,  702 
68,  5:?3 
21,360 
23,  029 
1,359 
3,715 

72,  724 

7,812 
2,839 

4.8 
21.5 

61.7 
15.3 
33.  5 
43.1 
42.3 
12.9 

51.2 
49,7 
51.4 

9,322 

2,  307,  233 

213,  251 
388,  213 
37,  294 
30,  435 
576 
12,  641 

79,  972 
6,692 
1,723 

1,052 
743,  136 

420,  961 
87,  466 
17,  293 
31,  524 
527 
11,  938 

77,048 
11,640 
7,  426 

10.1 
24.3 

66.3 
18.4 
31.7 

50.  8 
47.7 

48.5 

49.7 
63.5 
81.1 

33 
34 

35 
36 
37 

38 
39 
40 

41 
42 

43 
44 

12,  748 
2,  145 
879 
5,  090 
33,444 
417 

20.5 
17.4 
26.4 
2.3 
22.5 
5.0 

27,241 
3,]  65 
3,  063 
149,  309 
83,  829 
6  319 

5,  509 
684 
414 
2,441 
22,  173 

16.8 
17.7 
11.9 
1.6 
20.9 

30,  284 
1,563 
1,  735 
154,  857 
70,  915 
13  06(> 

8,  074 
2,871 
1,703 
9,  396 
31,  425 
677 

20.7 
64.7 
49.5 
5.7 
30.7 
4  9 

42,  883 
1,  308 
12,  078 
166,  742 
46,  :523 
4  56') 

1!),  646 
4,  458 
2,  193 
13,  857 
30,  229 
1  00*) 

31.4 
77.3 
15.3 
7.6 
39.5 
IF  09 

45 

46 
47 
48 
49 
V) 

3,  467 
1,316 
2,418 

12.6 
7.02 
3.3 

22,  667 
2:»,  268 
153,  656 
348 

1,058 
6,331 
5,197 

4.4 
17.7 
3.3 

16,  177 
15,  193 
6,685 

4,366 
1,269 
2,857 

21.2 
7.7 
30.0 

18,835 
15,  738 
5,  031 

3,  772 
3,078 
1,654 

16.6 
16.3 
24.7 

51 
52 
53 
54 

34,  752 

34,  095 

26,363 

55 

957 

191 

56 

2,  353,  911 

28.4  ! 

5,  023,  917 

2,  217,  554 

30.6 

5,  117,  685 

,  245,  278 

30.5 

1,  614,  698 

>,  640,  378 

36.4 

24 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Statement  exhibiting  severally  the  tonnage  of  vessels  from  all  foreign  countries, 
exclusive  of  Canada  and  the  other  'British  North  American  possessions,  from 
Canada  and  the  other  British  North  American  possessions,  and  from  all  for 
eign  countries,  every  fifth  year,  from  1821  to  1860,  and  annually  from  1861 
to  1863,  with  the  per-centage  of  the  total  foreign  tonnage  entered  at  each 
period. 


§  5 

il  1 

•  IJ 

a  2 

'1  «  1 

"3   »-   8 

a 

& 

1  1  1 

| 

Years. 

•o   °   | 

1 

0 

•£  *  1 

| 

1  1  'i 

"5*8 

IM 

O 

!!? 

<4H 

o 

ro       C3 

d     ^^ 

fcc 

O    r$ 

O        £      ,Sn 

O    r^      ,_ 

g 

flC  1  1 

§ 

*  fa  a 

§ 

^       C3       SH 

S3     e3     O 

§ 

a  o  & 

2 

C  ^  <J 

g 

n  o  ^ 

J^ 

O    ^    F 

0 

0     <3    -S 

o 

o  ^  F 

o 

H 

H 

H 

Hi 

1821 

734  950 

11.3 

111  674 

0.3 

846,  624 

9.6 

1826  

964,  270 

10.05 

83,  590 

10.4 

1,047,860 

10.08 

1831 

1  028  660 

19  2 

176  240 

47.2 

1,204,900 

23.4 

1836      

1,279,424 

23.6 

656,  173 

57.5 

1,935,597 

35.1 

1841 

1  566  987 

21  9 

801  366 

48.9 

2,  368,  353 

31.1 

1846                               

1,744,270 

25.4 

1,366,583 

37.7 

3,110,853 

30.8 

1851  

3,041,106 

31.6 

1,952,334 

44.9 

4,993,440 

38.8 

1856                              

3,  872,  630 

22.3 

2,  999,  623 

54.0 

6,  872,  253 

36.2 

I860  

4,340,771 

28.1 

3,  934,  425 

28.8 

8,275,196 

28.4 

1861                              

3,  897,  850 

27.4 

3,  343,  621 

34.3 

7,241,471 

30.6 

1862  

3,  547,  646 

32.8 

3,  815,  307 

28.3 

7,  362,  953 

30.5 

1863                              

3,  570,  495 

41.3 

3,  684,  581 

31.6 

7,255,076 

36.4 

1^ 


?p    »    *• 

2 


o"^  t. 

Ill 


rf  S 

^§4 

<V    rH   ^ 

««  8 
.!'3< 

•"S  20  ^8 


S; 

45 

I 


France  on  tho 
Atlantic. 

FOREIGN   AND 

•n3tajoj  jo  o3u^nooj.i  j 

DOMESTIC 

(O      t»      IQ      00 

cJ      ci      t^      rj 

COMMERCE. 

-4     ci     «     o     i-: 

to 

-/_' 

CO       ^       [ 

5    8 

— 

g 

gf 

»Q        O 

'L 

« 

1 

" 
g 

1       § 

195,022 

S    1 

1"  s- 

1 

1 

•a3iojoj  jo  33u;uoDjo  j 

i 

OD        ITS 

Si    G 

S5 

00 

G* 

1 

i 

8    S 

o> 

g 

CJ        CO 

8    £ 

•o3unno^  JEJOX 

i 

cf 

g    8 

oo"     ^-T 

g 

i 

co" 

e> 

~'i 

9 

II 

§ 

£ 

i  g 

V     o" 

GO       C 

Scotland. 

•w,»«m* 

n 

CD         O 

So 

£ 

0) 

': 

CJ       CJ 

t~-     »o 

CO        I- 

d 

r,      co 

8    8 

•o3tjuao;  \inox 

1 

CO        C* 

S    8 

cf     co- 

S 

g 

CO 

8" 

3 

S  g 

o"     cf 

QO        OO 

i 

8 

5     " 

no"     co" 

0       03 

England. 

•uSpjoj  jo  oSBjnooaoj 

00 

O           TJ< 

S     cl 

CO 

CD 

§1 

to 

S 

S 

00       kO 

CO 

co     o 

CO        CO 

— 

r- 

1  i 

g 

g 

o 

g 

i  § 

g 

CO        O 

CJ      S 

5 

51  8 

s 

s 

g 

S 

s  a 

s 

Holland  and  Bol- 
gium. 

•a3paoj  joo3u^noojaj 

0 

:    j 

s 

oo 

CJ 

8 

* 

i  i 

i 

i  i 

•oSuuno;  {njoj, 

1 

8    3 

CJ        -V 
CJ       C* 

11 

H 

Ci 

o 

s 

i 
dj 

s 

o-     co- 

00        « 

1 

i  I 

CJ        t- 

Hamburg,  Bremen, 
audothcr  Gorman 
ports. 

•n3paoj  jo  o3c;aooao  j 

ro 
Si 

O         CO 

0      co 

CO 

i 

3 

<o 

"    °! 

"2 

CJ       d 

—  ~ 

oo~ 

1  §- 

i 

i 

0 

§ 

J 

1  § 

8j 

i  1 

co"     ccT 

Sweden,  Norway, 
and  Denmark. 

•a^o}i^a^ 

00 

OO        CJ 

ev 

CO 

CO 

^ 

«B 

8 

CJ        00 

<o 

Ci       CO 

d  a 

J 

g  s 

co"     •*£ 

CO 

pi 

cf 

g 

jj 

i 

g  1 

[1 

«•  ^ 

i 

•tl3pJOJ  JO  OSUJODOJOJ 

0 

co 

'*'        ! 

V) 

-• 

j 

! 

00 

CJ       0 

CO*        O 
CJ       O 

o 

1 

•o3uuuo;  rtj;o  x 

-.1 

S    t- 

g 

§ 

5 

8 

g    2 
*    « 

s 

4 
I 

•a3pjoj  jooSBjnaojod 

; 

!     cd 

n 

d 

m 

CO 

** 

o 

oo      co 

5 

i  i 

•oSuanoj  prjox 

§ 

rf 

K     cT 

a 

tri 

I 

cf 

! 

n 

S  i 

OQ-       CO" 

g 

D[ 

!! 

I 

si 

cb     oo 

< 

00 

S 

7. 

'A» 

jj 

s 

i  i 

25 


26 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


•n3iojoj  jo  aaujuoDJOti 

ci    S    *    0    Si    S    §    g    §    «    ?3    E4 

Total  tonnage. 

•uSlSJOJ 

P    S    g    |    S 

II 

S        Cl        00        CO        i-H 

•mJOUaUIV 

1  g  g  S  i 

S  § 

co*     co"     co"     to     «T 

«    8    S    S    S 

1  i  1  5  g 

3    S 

Turkey,  Greece, 
Egypt,  and  the- 
Levaiit. 

•uStajoj  jo  o3n;uoojo  j 

o        loQO-r^c-n^o        Ir-. 

0     :    §    8    S 

S    S 

S    S?    5      :    Z 

•o38uuoi  rcjoj, 

3    PJ    'o    i?    g! 

r-l          0         rl         C*          CO 

g    1 

E  S  8  8  1 

?f     •v"     cf     to"     co~ 
i        r-l        r-* 

cj      ro      o      r-      TJ- 

CO        CI 

Austria. 

•oSiajoj  jo  oSn^uoDaoj 

I             .          C5         r-l 

i  i 

in      ct     to        '.      o 

§  s  si    is 

'•'•'•     n     ci 

•o3cuuo;  IUJOJL 

c     o     c>     K  .  SI 

0       0 

CO          rH         LO         O         ^ 

«"        Cf        JM          0         t>T 

R 

.O^O^^M 

j        j     cj     cj     5 

i      ;    M    ^    S 

1  i 

CO          00          rH          IO         CJ 

CJ       CO       ?J       rn"       £2 

CC  j3 

•oScnao;  rojoj. 

^     «     f[     cl     ?l 

gf  s" 

cf     cf     co"     i-"     cc~ 

•^r        CO       Oi       O       Ci 

France  on  the 
Mediterranean. 

.^o^,,,^ 

CO                    -«<        CJ        O 

cd        \      ci      *f      <c 

|H           J                    -^        CJ 

§i  0 

§  i  i  3  i 

,,™ 

CO        CO        t-        l^        C! 

8   8   S   S   S 

S"     ef 

§881  i 

co"     5"     g"     ct     cf 

Gibraltar  and 
Spain  on  the 
Mediterranean. 

•uSiajoj  jooSujaooaoj 

s  |  i  s  : 

S    g 

S    R    i    8'    i 

•oSttunoj  IHJOJ, 

'-o"     w"     CT"     c"     cf 

M       iH       rl       C<       |H 

£  $ 

ISII! 

Portugal. 

•n3pjoj  jo  o3u}aaoja  j 

•^         r-5         C!         f-'         LO 

c<      c<      M 

$  s 

i  I 

t-"     «c" 

i  pi  i  S  i 

— 

o"     r-T     «T     o      «rf 

Ci        C<                    r-H        r-i 

CO          GO          5<          t^-          rH 

co"     co"     t-"     r-T     o" 

c 
ja 

•nSpJoj  jo  aSn^naoaod 

:       :       |«Vioi«»4««me 

•      oo      >o 

r7 

t-        LO       CO       C5       i—  i 

BO 

—  r- 

LO         CO         O         tO         C7 
QD        CO        05        £•        Q 

<c"     irf     cs"     ci"     c?" 

10      r- 

Cl        QO 
00"      0 

g  g  1  S  1 

8"    S'    s    ?{   S5" 

.« 

8  S  g  8  S 

00         CO 

§    §    g    i    i 

FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


27 


Statement  exhibiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  arriving  from 
the  West  Indies  every  fifth  year  from  1821  to  I860,  and  annually  from  1861 
to  1S63,  with  the  proportion  of  the  foreign  to  the  total  tonnage  entered  at  each 
period. 


Yeurs. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Percentage  of 
foreign. 

1801 

313  819 

8  49") 

o  g 

1806 

351  8<>8 

20  0°6 

5  3 

1831  

g<)4  579 

53  409 

15  3 

1836 

30()  7')0 

46  050 

JO  O 

1H41 

414  461 

7°  ('44 

14  9 

1846.  . 

407  (j(j() 

50  770 

11  0 

1851  

540  3l>8 

120  569 

1(>  3 

1856. 

704  030 

]Q->  'J17 

14  8 

1860  

917  828 

106  402 

17  6 

1861 

841  6°3 

14  1  705 

14  4 

18(12  

558  878 

201  371 

26  5 

1863  

557  546 

°44  8(J° 

30  5 

Statement  exhibiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  arriving  from 
Mexico  and  South  America  every  fifth  year  from  1821  to  I860,  and  annually 
from  1861  to  1863,  with  the  proportion  of  the  foreign  to  the  total  tonnage 
entered  at  each  period. 


Years. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Percentage  of 

foreign. 

1821... 

30  879 

1  or)9 

3  ° 

18:26 

84  04'3 

11*  516 

1°  0 

1831  

go  (jig 

13  608 

14  1 

1836  . 

97  0°0 

14'  054 

13  4 

1841  

134  "389 

16  686 

11  0 

1846. 

14°  (555 

17*  9()3 

11  ° 

1851  

353  073 

94  553 

°0  7 

1856        .  . 

466  3  53 

41  418l 

8  1 

I860  

518  817 

6l"  4°4 

30  6 

1861  

478  865 

43  8')7 

8  3 

1862  

310  478 

(!•'  fi  H 

16  6 

1863   

313  507 

OQ  3 

Statement  exhibiting  the  tonnage  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  arriving  from 
Asia,  Africa,  and  miscellaneous  countries  every  fifth  year  from  1821  to  1860, 
and  annually  from  1861  to  1863,  with  the  proportion  of  the  foreign  to  the 
total  tonnage  entered  at  each  period. 


Years. 

American. 

Foreign. 

Percentage  of 
foreign. 

1821  

30  582 

240 

0  8 

1826 

48  135 

504 

1  0 

1831  

46  03$ 

307 

0  8 

1836 

107  r>37 

o  444 

o  2 

1841  

78  790 

o  £i5 

3  4 

1846 

105  <U5 

4  357 

3  9 

185'  

If  8  589 

51  046 

23  2 

1856 

260  03  5 

OQ  0  |  [ 

7  2 

I860  

349  825 

4i  <)'18 

11  6 

1861 

276  01° 

35  335 

11  3 

1862  

167  513 

33  5°6 

16  6 

1863 

207  083 

36  608 

15  0 

28 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Statement  exhibiting  the  total  imports  and  exports  of  the  United  States  in  the 
respective  years  given,  and  the  proportions  of  the  total  trade  with  the  several 
designated  geographical  divisions  of  the  world. 


Percentage. 

Europe. 

West  Indies. 

Canada,  &c. 

Mexico  and 

Asia,  Africa, 

So.  Amer 

and  miscel 

Years. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

ica. 

laneous. 

•j 

ri 

J 

5 

•j 

• 

g 

3 

« 

I 

1 

0 

s 

a 

| 

I 

I 

1 

1 

1 

S 

£ 

a 

H« 

£ 

S 

u 

H 

S 

i 

1821 

$6°  585  7°4     $64  074  '38° 

64 

53 

23 

18 

0  8 

3 

3 

4 

9  2 

22 

1856  

84974*477      77  5r>5  322 

55 

55 

18 

18 

0.8 

3 

13 

18 

13.2 

6 

1831 

103  191  1°4       81  310  583 

68 

62 

15 

12 

1  0 

5 

14 

4  0 

7 

1836  

189  980  035     128  6(53  040 

71 

11 

11 

1.3 

o 

9 

9 

7.7 

3 

1841  .. 

1*27  946  177     121  851  803 

65 

72 

14 

11 

1  5 

5 

13 

9 

6  5 

3 

1346 

1°1  641  7(>7     113  4^8  516 

66 

69 

1° 

1° 

1  5 

7 

11 

9 

q  5 

3 

1851  ... 

216  224  c)32    218  388  Oil 

69 

78 

11 

7 

3 

6 

11 

6 

6  0 

3 

1856  

314639.942     326.964.908 

63 

75 

10 

5 

7 

9 

12 

7 

8 

4 

1860  

362,163,941  i  400,122.2% 

60 

78 

12 

6 

6 

6 

12 

5 

10 

5 

1861  

334,350.453  ;  249.344.913 

60 

68 

12 

10 

7 

9 

12 

7 

9 

6 

1862..     . 

205  819  823 

229  790  280 

56 

69 

14 

10 

8 

9 

1° 

7 

8 

5 

1863 

252,919,920 

331,809,459 

59 

68 

12 

9 

9 

9 

11 

9 

9 

5 

European  trade. 


Years. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Trade,  exclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Total. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1821  
1826  

$4,  380,  396 
713,  036 
321,  224 
7,179,414 
934,  771 
614,256 
1,  657,  976 
638,  582 
173.  172 
37,403,715 
12,  505,  044 
254,  931 

$1,  978,  180 
912,748 
5,974,751 
207,  775 
6,  974.  984 
2,  263,  407 
25,271,602 
42,  835,  62? 
60,  849,  153 
23,  528,  342 
30,  684,  483 
54,  231,  231 

$34,  986,  984 
46,  023,  725 
68.  964,  G87 
127,  094,  982 
82,  589,  489 
80.  092,  338 
147,906,150 
199,316,  132 
217,  629,  483 
167,031,  J40 
105,  054,  686 
148,  956,  705 

$32,  409,  408 
42,  326,  403 
44,  4:50,  445 
96,  362,  578 
80,  066,  439 
76,  170,  569 
145.  615,  280 
204,833,941 
249.  821,  763 
147,  271,  941 
127,  351.  991 
173,  769,  807 

$39,  367,  380 
46,  736,  761 
69,285,311 
134,  274,  396 
83,  524,  260 
80,  706,  594 
149,  564,  126 
199,954,714 
217,  802,  655 
204,  434,  855 
117,559,730 
149,211,636 

$34,  387,  588 
43,  239,  151 
50,  425,  19« 
96,  570,  353 
87,041,423 
78,  433,  976 
170,  860,  882 
247,  669,  568 
310,670,916 
170,  800,  283 
158.  036,  474 
228,  001,  038 

1*31 

1836  

1841 

1846  

1S51 

1856  

I860  . 

1861  

1862 

1863  

India  trade. 


• 
Years. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Trade,  exclumve  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Total. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1821  
1826  

$3,  253,  083 
1,613,518 
1,  268,  364 
538,  4.  77 
703,  335 
1,  504,  523 
60(5,  095 
167,  577 
1,708,563 
3,  376,  781 
166,  573 
638,  227 

$318,203 
426,  9!J3 
410,571 
1,  020,  487 
417,173 
546,  470 
2,312,385 
575,  107 
1,  058,  321 
3,411,999 
2,  028,  51  9 
2,  081,  744 

$11,681,701 
14,298,712 
14,  464,  359 
21,  344,  251 
17,  882,  221 
12,813,080 
22  701,029 
33,176,814 
41,601,  134 
38,216,569 
28,395,091 
28,  424,  998 

$11,818,767 
13,  730,  777 
11,  236,  205 
12,  240,  295 
12,  500,  428 
14,  056,  622 
13,  163,  551 
16,  757,  615 
23,  5C6,  063 
20,841,701 
21,  923,  074 
29,  526,  258 

$14,  934,  784 
15,912,230 
15,  732,  723 
21,  882,  708 
18,  585,  556 
14,  317,  603 
23,  307,  124 
33,344,391 
43,  399,  697 
41,  593,  350 
528.561,664 
29,  063,  225 

$12,  136,  970 
14,  157.710 
11,  646,  776 
13,  260,  782 
12,917,  (iOl 
14,  603,  092 
15,475,936 
17.  332,  722 
24,  584,  :J84 
24,  253,  700 
23,951  593 
31,608,002 

1831 

1836 

1841  
1846  

JRjL              

1856 

I860  

1861 

1862  

1863 

FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


29 


Trade  of  the  several  West  India  islands  in  the  years  1860  and  1863,  showing 
the  change  of  the  balance  of  trade  in  the  respective  years. 

1860. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Swedish  West  Indies  

$18  793 

$97  218 

Cuba          

$34  032  276 

$1°  38°  P69 

Danish  West  IndlM  

200  416 

1  263  424 

4  f-,10  93.  -j 

1  781  750 

British  West  Indies  

1,934,459 

5,368  47!) 

1  Dutch  West  Indius 

3%  644 

303  431 

French  West  Indies  

18,353 

544,  231 

San  Domingo  

283  098 

169  300 

Ilayti 

2  002  7123 

2  673  68° 

Total     .... 

4  174  744 

9  947  034 

Total 

39  °°4  953 

14  637  350 

Excess  of  exports,  $5,772,290.  Excess  of  imports,  $24.587,603. 

Percentage  of  imports  to  total,  29  per  cent  Percentage  of  imports  to  total,  73  por  cent. 

Percentage  of  total  imports  to  total  trado,  64  per  cent. 


1863. 


Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Danish  West  Indies  

$281,  722 

$1,214,612 

Swedish  West  Indies 

$3°  303 

87  575 

British  West  Indies  

2  078  475 

7  555  321 

Dutch  West  Indies 

503  54"' 

35°  598 

French  West  Indies  

22,  305 

901  244 

Cuba.. 

21  534  06") 

14  811  °89 

Hayti  

1  878  337 

3  Q88  731 

2  73'  >  47U 

2  217  7"3 

300  281 

480  340 

Total  

4,  561,  120 

14,  140  258 

Total 

24  802  386 

17  389  185 

£. 

Excess  of  exports,  $9,579,138.  Excess  of  imports,  $7,413,201. 

Percentage  of  imports  to  total,  24  per  cent.  Percentage  of  imports  to  total,  58  per  cent. 

Percentage  of  total  imports  to  total  trade,  48  per  cent. 


Canadian  and  other  British  provincial  trade. 


Year. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Trade,  exclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Trado,  inclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Export*. 

1821  

£89,  415 
224,  994 
277,  197 
546,  474 
475,891 
623,  043 
44,  677 
33,  807 
278,  585 
338,  444 
788,  970 
6,  536,  478 

$406,  027 
428,  9.56 
587,  712 
1,  881,  097 
1,  492,  296 
1,314,674 
6,  648,  445 
21,276,614 
23,  572,  796 
22,  724,  489 
,18,511,025 
17,  4d4,  786 

$2,  010,  004 
2,  126,  545 
3,  079,  838 
2,  586,  828 
6,  458,  463 
7,  154,  533 
12,  014,  893 
29,  025,  349 
22,  6!)5,  928 
22,  676,  513 
2),  573,  070 
27,  619,  814 

$495,  442 
653,  950 
864,  909 
2,  427,  571 
1,  968,  187 
1,937,717 
6,693,122 
21,310,421 
23,851,381 
23,  062,  933 
19,  2:)D.:)!):. 
24,  021,  264 

$2,  010,  004 
2,  588,  795 
4,  061,  8.-J8 
2,651,266 
6,  656,  5«3 
7,  406,  433 
12,  014,  923 
29,  029,  349 
22,  706,  328 
22,745,613 
21,079,115 
31,  281.  030 

1826 

$462,  250 
982,  000 
64,  438 
198,  100 
351,  900 
30 
4,000 
10,  400 
69,  100 
5!)6,  045 
3,  661,  216 

ie:u  

18:56 

1841  

1846  ' 

18.-)!  

1836 

I860  

1861 

1862  

18(53  - 

NOTES.  —  The  reciprocity  treaty  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain,  concluded  5th  of  June,  1854, 
went  into  operation  in  the  trade  with  Canada,  October  18,  1854  ;  with  New  Brunswick,  November  11,  1854  : 
with  Prince  Edward's  island,  November  17,  1854;  with  Newfoundland,  November  14,  1855;  and  with  regard 
to  fish  from  all  the  provinces,  on  the  llth  of  September,  1854. 

The  aggregate  exports  (inclusive  of  specie  and  foreign  merchandise)  to  Canada  and  the  other  British  North 
American  possessions  for  the  three  years  1852-'53-'54,  amounting  to  $48,216,518,  exceeded  the  aggregate  imports 
113.4  per  cent.  The  aggregate  exports  of  the  five  years,  from  the  30th  of  June,  1854.  (which  period  covered 
the  tirst  four  and  a  half  years  of  the  operation  of  the  reciprocity  treaty.)  amounted  to  $132,903,752.  exceeding 
the  imports  of  the  same  period  4i  3  per  cent.  The  aggregate  imports  of  the  two  years,  1860  and  1661,  imme 


period  4i  3  per 

diately  preceding  the  rebellion,  amounted  to  $46,914,314,  exceeding  the  exports  3.2  per  cent.  In  the  year  1862, 
the  tirst  full  fiscal  year  of  the  rebellion,  the  exports,  amounting  to  $21,079,115,  exceeded  the  imports  9.2  per 
cent;  and  in  the  year  ending  June  30,  1863,  the  exports  ($31,261,030)  exceeded  the  imports  30.2  per  cent 

In  the  trade  with  the  British  North  American  possessions  other  than  Canada,  in  the  year  1851,  the  exportg 
amounted  to  $4,085,783,   the  imports  to  $1,736,651.     This  commerce  had  gradually  grown  to  doublo  these 
amounts  in  1860;  the  exports  and  imports  holding  about  the  sa 
of  the  latter.     In  the  year  1863  the  exports  were  $10,998,505,  the  imports  $ 


e  ratio,  say  the  former  about  double  the  value 
,,  imports  $5\207,424.     The  Canada  trade  of  1851 

amounted  to  $12,885.611,  of  which  the  exports  were  61.5  per  cent.  In  1860  the  total  trade  was  $32,944,787,  of 
which  the  exports  were  43  per  cent;  in  1863  the  total  trade  rose  to  $39,096,365,  of  which  the  exports  were  52 
per  cent.  In  1856,  the  year  of  the  greatest  trado  with  Canada  previous  to  1863,  the  total  amount  wan 
$38,371,438,  of  which  the  exports  were  54  per  cent 


'30 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 
Mexican  and  South  American  trade. 


Tears. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Trade,  exclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Trade,  inclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

1821 

$229,  552 
54-2,  716 
5,  307,  C04 
5,  019,  922 
2,  738,  863 
973,  328 
1,  692,  3C6 
3,  160,  343 
6,  154,  434 
4,  744,  229 
2,  641,  932 
1  997  60(3 

fcni,  892 
373,  553 
362,  283 
1,  104,  223 
481,  844 
443,  359 
1,  466,  370 
1,  234,  580 
1,  077.  030 
550,  857 
288,  153 
308,  865 

$1,  705,  760 
9,  892,  453 
5,  949,  604 
12,  063,  237 
13,  6G8,  858 
12,  860,  702 
21,  431,  31-0 
32,  662,  769 
37,  452,  523 
32,  764,  003 
22,  274.  904 
25,  448,  385 

$2,414,328 
12,  581,  757 
10,  996,  404 
10,  696,  035 
9,  561,  122 
9,  020,  083 
12,499,811 
18,  974,  559 
21,  513,  294 
16,  349,  7G8 
15,  205,  445 
25,  888,  8S5 

$1,  935,  318 
10,435,169 
11,  257,  268 
17,083,159 
16,  407,  721 
13,  834,  030 
23,123,696 
35,  823,  112 
43,  606,  957 
37,  508,  232 
24,  916,  836 
27,  445,  991 

$2,  626,  220 
12,  9.15,  310 
11,  358,  687 
11,800,238 
10,  C42,  966 
9,  463,  442 
13,  966,  181 
20,199,139 
22,  500,  324 
16,  900,  625 
15,  493,  598 
26,  197,  750 

1826  

1831 

1836  ...     . 

1841 

1846  

1851 

1856  

1860  . 

1861  

1862  

1863 

Asiatic,  African,  and  miscellaneous  trade. 


Years. 

Gold  and  silver. 

Trade,  exclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Trade,  inclusive  of  gold  and 
silver. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

•1821 

$112,  444 
3,  786,  702 
131,  556 
116,614 
135,  873 
62,  582 
1,  452,  538 
207,  323 
145,  381 
476,  442 
312,  533 
128,  406 

$7,  969,  689 
2,  529,  049 
1,  285.  3-26 
1,927,413 
1,  962,  231 
400,  132 
422,  365 
1,  106,  171 
3,  551,  335 
2,  231,  782 
3,  379,  756 
3,  873,  544 

$5,  740,  356 
7,  449,  665 
5,  919,  357 
14,  195,  587 
7,  324,  580 
10,  833.  271 
12,  084,  326 
23,  999,  981 
33,  357,  870 
27,274,641 
15,  169,  065 
22,  317,  065 

$5,843,911 
2,  125,  307 
2,  532,  760 
2,  452,  988 
2,  407,  632 
3,181,441 
5,  621,  724 
11,  627,  959 
16,019,009 
12,  412,  910 
7,  849,  744 
10,  848,  095 

$5,  852,  800 
11,  236.  367 
3,  818,  C86 
14,312,201 
7,  460,  453 
10,  895,  853 
13,  536,  864 
24,  207,  304 
33,  503,  251 
27,  751,  083 
15,  481.  5!>8 
22,  445,  471 

$13,  813,  6CO 
4,  654,  356 
6,  050,  913 
4,  380,  401 
4,  369,  863 
3,  581,  573 
6,  044,  8tf9 
12,  734,  130 
19,  570,  344 
14,  644,  692 
11,  229,  500 
14,  721,  639 

1826  
1831  

1836  

1841 

1846  

]851 

1856  

I860 

1861  

1862 

1863  

SHIPPING  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

The  number,  class,  and  tonnage  of  vessels  built  in  the  United  States,  1822  to  1863.* 


Years. 

Class  of  vessels. 

Total  number 
of  vessels. 

Total  tonnage. 

Ships.  1  Brigs. 

Schooners. 

Sloops  and 
canal  boats. 

Steamers. 

18°2 

64      131 
55      127 
56      156 
56      1!V7 
71      187 
55      153 
73      108 
44       58 
25       56 
72       95 
132      143 
144      169 
98  ;     94 
25       50 
93       65 
67       72 
66       79 
83       89 
97      109 
114      101 
116       91 

260 
260 
377 
538 
482 
464 
474 
395 
403 
416 
568 
625 
497 
301 
444 
507 
510 
439 
378 
311 
273 

168 
165 
166 
168 
227 
241 
197 
132 
116 
94 
122 
185 
180 
.100 
164 
168 
1.53 
122 
224 
157 
404 

""is  ' 

26 
35 
45 
38 
33 
43 
37 
34 
100 
65 
88 
30 
124 
135 
90 
125 
63 
73 
137 

623 
622 
781 
994 
1,012 
934 
885 
672 
637 
711 
1,  065 
1,  188 
957 
507 
890 
949 
898 
858 
871 
7(51 
1,021 

75,  347 
75,008 
90,  939 
119,  997 
126,  43H 
104,342 
98,  375 
72,  226 
58,  084 
85,  963 
144,  539 
161,  626 
118,  330 
46,  23fi 
113,628 
122,  987 
113,  135 
120,  96b 
118,3f»9 
118.  8!  (4 
12i»,le4 

1823 

1824  

1825          

1826 

1827 

1828 

18-">9       

1830 

1831       

1832 

1833        

1834 

1835        

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839         

1840              -  . 

1841 

1842... 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


31 


The  number,  class,  and  tonnage  of  vessels,  Sfc. — Continued. 


Years. 

Class  of  vessels. 

Total  number 
of  vessels. 

Total  tonnage. 

Ships. 

Brigs.     Schooners. 

i 

Sloops  and 
canal  boats. 

Steamers. 

1843                       

58 
73 
124 
100 

34 
47 
87 
364 
168 
174 
148 
117 
65 
79 
95 
112 
126 
103 
58 
46 
28 
36 
38 
17 
34 

138 
204 
322 
576 
689 
701 
623 
547 
502 
584 
681 
661 
605 
594 
504 
431 
297 
372 
360 
207 
212 

173 
279 
342 
355 
392 
547 
370 
290 
326 
267 
394 
386 
6fi9 
479 
258 
400 
284 
289 
371 
397 
1,113 

79 
163 
163 
225 
l'J8 
175 
208 
159 
233 
259 
271 
281 
253 
221 
263 
226 
172 
264 
264 
183 
367 

482 
766 
1,  038 
1,  420 
1,  5'.:8 
1,  851 
1,547 
1,  360 
1,  367 
1,444 
1,710 
1,774 
2,  034 
1,703 
1,  334 
1,225 
870 
1,071 
1,143 
864 
1,823 

63,618 
103,  527 
146,018 
188,204 

243,  7:33 

318,076 
256,  577 
272,318 
2118,  203 
351,493 
425,371 
535,610 
583,  450 
469,  304 
378.  805 
242,  287 
156,601 
212,893 
233,  149 
175,076 
310,  884 

1844 

1P45                     

1846 

1£4*< 

254 
198 
247 
211 
255 
269 
3.'14 
381 
306 
251 
122 
89 
110 
110 
60 
97 

184<)  

1  830 

1851  

1  852 

lg.>3  

1854 

1855  

1856 

1857  

1858 

1859  

1860 

1861  

1862 

1363  

*For  calendar  years 
subsequently. 


to  1833,  fiscal  years  ending  September  30,  from  1834  to  1843,  and  ending  June  30 


SHIPPING   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 

A  comparative  view  of  the  registered  and  enrolled  tonnage  of  the  United  States, 
showing  the  registered  tonnage  employed  in  the  whale  fishery,  the  proportion  oj 
the  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  and  fisheries, 
and  the  tonnage  employed  in  steam  navigation,  from  1815  to  1863  inclusive. 


Years. 

Registered  tonnage. 

Enrolled  tonnage. 

Total  tonnage. 

Registered  tonnnge 
in  the  vvhalo  fish 
ery. 

Tonnage  employed 
in  steam  naviga 
tion. 

Enrolled  tonnage 
in  coasting  trade 
uiid  fisheries. 

..  i 

Tons. 

18'  r> 

854,  294 
800,  760 
809,  725 
6.06,  089 
612,  930 
619  047 

513,  833 
571,  458 
590,  186 
619,  095 
647,  821 
601,119 
679,  062 
696,  549 
699,  645 
729,  190 
722,  323 
796,  212 
873,  437 
928,  772 
610,655 
615,311 
647,  394 
752,461 
856,  123 
901,  4(59 
939,  118 
984,321 
1,  086,  238 
,  173,  047 
1  262  234 

1,  368,  127 
,372,218 
,399,911 
,225,  184 
,  260,  751 
,280,166 
,  298,  958 
,  324,  699 

,  336,  5t;<; 

,389,  1C3 
1,423,110 
1,534,190 
1,  620,  607 
1,741,391 
1,260,797 
1,191,776 
1,  267,  8J6 
1,439.450 
1,  606,  149 
1,  758,  907 
1,  824,  940 
1,882,101 
1,  896,  685 
1,  995,  639 
2,  096,  478 
2,  180,  7(J4 
2,  130,  744 
2.  092.  390 

462,  807 
519,026 
535,  798 
562,  30fi 
589,  287 
600,  976 
612,711 
634,  618 
634,  615 
657,  822 
657,  899 
730,  408 
807,  315 
834,  050 
610,654 
615,299 
649,  303 
751,454 
856,  123 
899,  468 
929,  118 
1,001,329 
1,  08(i,  238 
1,  173,047 
1,362,234 
1,280  99U 
1,  184,940 
1.  117.0J1 

1816 

1817  

4,871 
16,  134 
31,  700 
35,  391 
26,  070 
45,  499 
39,918 
33,  166 
35,  379 
41,  757 
45.  623 
54,  621 
57,  284 
38,911 
82,  315 
72,  868 
101,  158 
108,  060 
97,  640 
144,680 
127,242 
119,629 
131,845 
136,926 
157,  405 
151.  621 

H18 

1819  

1820  

1821  

619,896 
628,  150 
639,  921 
669  973 

1822      - 

1823  

28,  879 
21,609 
23,  061 
34,  058 
40,  197 
39,418 
54,  036 
64,  471 
34,  435 
90,  813 
101,849 
122,815 
122,815 
145,556 
154,7(i4 
193,413 
204,  938 
201,339 
175,  088 
229.  661 

1824  

1825  

700,  787 
737,  978 
747,  170 
812,619 
650,  142 
576,  675 
620,  452 
686,  989 
750,  026 
857,  438 
885,  822 
897,  774 
810,  447 
822,  592 
834  244 

1826 

18°7 

1828 

1829  

]830 

1831  

1832 

1833  

1834 

1835  

1836 

1837  

1838  
1839*.  

1840  .. 

845.  803 
975.  359 

,  280,  999 
,  184,  941 
1.  117.  031 

1841  

1842  .  .  . 

32 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


A  comparative  view  of  the  registered  and  enrolled  tonnage,  $c. — Continued 


Years. 

Registered  tonnage. 

Enrolled  tonnago. 

Total  tonnage. 

Registered  tonnage 
in  Ihe  whale  fish 
ery. 

Tonnage  employed 
hi  fiteam  naviga 
tion. 

Enrolled  tonnage 
in  eoapting  trade 
and  libheries. 

1 

Tons. 

1843         

1,  009,  315 
1,  068,  765 
1,  095,  173 
1,  130,  286 
1,241,313 
1,  360,  887 
1,  438,  942 
1,  585,  711 
1,  726,  307 
1.  899,  448 
2,  103,  674 
2,  333,  819 
2,  535,  136 
2,  491,  402 
2,  463,  967 
2,  499,  742 
2,  507,  402 
2,  546,  237 
2,  642,  628 

1,  149,  297 
1,211,330 
1,  321.  829 
1,  431,  798 
1,  597,  732 
1,  793,  155 
1,  895.  073 
1,  949,  743 
2,  046,  132 
2.  238,  992 
2,  303,  336 
2,  469.  C83 
2,  676,  864 
2,  380,  249 
2,  476,  875 
2,  555,  066 
2,  637,  635 
2,  807,  631 
2,  897,  185 
2,  820,  913 
3,  125,  941 

2,158,602 
2,  280,  095 
2,  417,  002 
2,  562.  084 
2,  839,  045 
3,  154.  042 
3,334,015 
3,  535,  454 
3,  772,  439 
4,138,440 
4,  407,  010 
4,802,902' 
5,  212,  001 
4,  871,  652 
4,  940,  843 
5,  049,  8!,'8 
5,  145,  037 
5.  353,  868 
5,  539,  812 
5,112,164 
5,  155,  055 

152,  374 
168,  2P3 
190.  605 
169,  980 
193,  858 
192,  180 
180,  186 
146,  016 
181,644 
193,  798 
193,  202 
181,  901 
186,  773 
189,  213 
195,  771 
198,  593 
1«5,  728 
160,  841 
145,  734 
117,713 
99,  225 

226.  867 
273,  179 
3'26,  0  !  8 
347,  693 
404,  841 
427,  S'Jl 
4G2,  3'M 
525,  946 
S?3,  607 
643,  240 
514,  097 
C76,  607 
770,  285 
673,  077 
705,  784 
7-29,  390 
7G8,  436 
867,  937 
877,  203 
710,  462 
575,  518 

1,  14",  2P8 
1,211,331 
1,  282,  344 
1,  3!  9,  289 
1,  554,  252 
1,  747,  631 
1,  847.  234 
1,  899,  554 
1,  983,  332 
2,  183,  227 
2,  303,  334 
2,411,135 
2,  515,  730 
2,  3:>7.  885 
2,  4:33.  370 
2,  50'2,  (;86 
2,  628,  576 
2,  807,  631 
2,  839,  398 
2,  772,  005 
3,  128,  939 

1844 

1845  

1846               

1847 

1848           .     

1849 

1851 

1852           .     

1853           i 

1854           .     

1855 

1856           

1^57 

1858           

1859 

I860           

1861  

1862           

2,  291,  251 
2,  026,  114 

1863 

STATISTICS  OF  GENERAL  TRADE  WITH  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  great  extent  to  which  the  course  of  foreign  commerce  has  been  diverted 
in  recent  years  from  direct  lines  to  and  from  the  countries  of  production  and 
consumption  gives  a  constantly  increasing  degree  of  importance  to  the  statistics 
of  trade  with  the  countries  in  whose  hands  the  carrying  trade  is  being  absorbed. 
The  first  and  chief  of  these  intervening  countries  is  England.  The  statements 
annually  published  by  that  government  are  very  full  and  comprehensive,  and 
may  be  taken  as  the  best  available  illustration  of  the  commerce  of  the  world. 
There  are  few  articles  the  produce  of  any  country  which  are  not  now  largely 
carried  through  British  ports,  and  whose  quantities,  values,  and  destination  do 
not  appear  in  the  British  statistics. 

In  the  year  1862  the  total  value  of  British  exports  to  the  United  States  was 
c£19, 173, 907—892, 801, 710,  of  .which  more  than  one-fourth  was  articles  wholly 
of  "  foreign  and  colonial  produce,"  their  value  being  664,846,037,  or  $23,454,819. 
The  manufactures  designated  as  the  produce  of  the  United  Kingdom  were  also 
made  up  in  great  degree  of  foreign  staples,  imported  crude  from  the  -countries 
of  their  origin.  The  comparison  of  British  exports  to  the  United  States  for 
several  years,  distinguishing  those  of  foreign  origin,  strikingly  illustrates  the 
progress  of  this  carrying  trade. 

Exports  from  Great  Britain  to  the  United  States. 


1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Of  the  produce  and  manufac 

ture  of  the  United  Kingdom- 

£18,985,939 

£14,491.448 

£22,553,405 

£21,667,065 

£9,064,504 

£14,327,870 

Of  ibrdgn  and  colonial  produce 

1,090,956 

1,302,253 

1,864,487 

1,240,016 

1,961,179 

4.846,037 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


33 


In  values  of  the  United  States. 


1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Of  the  produce  and  manufac 
ture  of  the  United  Kingdom. 
Of  foreign  and  colonial  produce 

$91.891.945 
5,280,237 

$70.138.608 
6,302,904 

$109,158.480 
9,024,117 

$104,868,595 
6,004.581 

$4.1.872,199 
9,492,106 

$69,346.891 
23,454,819 

Totals 

97  172  172 

76,441,412 

118,182,597 

110,873,176 

83,364,305 

92,801,710 

The  increasing  proportion  of  foreign  articles  to  the  total  export  in  the  last 
two  years  corresponds  with  the  changed  direction  of  commerce  noted  in  the 
shipping  accounts.  For  1863  the  value  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  exported 
cannot  be  obtained,  but  the  value  of  the  produce  of  the  United  Kingdom 
sent  to  the  United  States  is  nearly  the  same  as  in  1S62 — oC15,351,626,  or 
$74,301,869. 

The  crude  staples  of  British  manufactures  are  now  in  great  proportion  of 
foreign  origin.  Wool  from  South  America,  South  Africa,  Australia,  and  other 
colonies,  and  also  from  various  continental  states  of  Europe,  is  imported  in 
immense  quantities.  Flax,  undressed,  from  Russia,  enters  equally  with  the 
flax  of  Ireland  into  linen  manufactures.  The  quantities  of  flax  and  hemp 
imported  into  England  from  Russia  for  six  years  amount  to  the  following: 


Years. 

FLAX. 

HEMP. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Tons. 

Value. 

1857     ...             

63,  745 
46,  544 
53,723 

52,  482 
47,628 
61,728 

$10,695,494 
10,  070,  564 
12,870.054 
12,485,501 
10,913,769 
16,  367,  147 

29,  035 
30,  281 
35,460 
29,  472 
23,  043 
30,  450 

$4,  633,  574 
4,  264,  263 
5,075,311 
,4,  35:},  018 
3,444,245 
5,  394,  412 

1858                                 

1859 

I860  

1861   

1862                     

These  are  but  single  examples  among  many,  showing  the  vast  quantities  of 
raw  materials  imported  into  England  for  manufacture,  the  final  products  of 
which  constitute  the  exports  designated  as  the  "  Produce  and  Manufactures  of 
the  United  Kingdom."  It  is,  therefore,  but  reasonable  to  estimate  that  a  large 
share  of  those  values  are  in  a  certain  sense  a  portion  of  the  indirect  commerce 
between  the  real  countries  of  production  and  those  of  consumption. 

The  carriage  of  foreign  produce  not  manufacture4  in  this  manner  is  tending 
towards  concentration  in  a  few  hands  with  great  rapidity,  and  England  far 
exceeds  the  German  states  and  all  others  combined  in  the  volume  of  this 
business.  Taking  tropical  articles,  or  staples  of  almost  universal  consumption, 
and  particularly  those  produced  by  distant  countries,  such  as  were  for  twenty 
or  thirty  years  from  the  commencement  of  the  great  European  wars  the  especial 
commerce  of  vessels  of  the  United  States,  the  results  become  very  decided  and 
conspicuous.  The  following  table  compares  the  quantities  of  such  articles  re- 
exported  by  England  for  five  years  to  1863  : 


Ex.  Doc.  55- 


34 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Exports  from  England  of  certain  articles  of  foreign  production. 


Articles. 

1859. 

I860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Cocoa..        .                                  .    Ibs.... 

2.  819,  248 
29,  586.  054 
175,  137,  636 
1,  948,  240 

2,  421,  350 
45,661,220 

250,  428.  640 
1,  878,  800 
6,  648,  992 
455,  392 
2,189 
699 
1,048 
97,  365 
91,  596 
20,  459 
57,  481 
42,  511 
141,169 
110,402 
184,211 
141,  459 
28,  120 

4,  508,  297 
46,  800,  365 
298,  287,  920 
1,  691,  088 
7,  552,  720 
392,  896 
3,847 
1,578 
973 
63,  991 
41,  848 
12,  403 
68,  958 
89,  459 
198,  598 
88,  266 
175,  070 
218.  654 
26,  880 
20 
78,  459 
]9,  173 
1,  317,  039 
1,722,188 
18,  644 
778,  376 
614,  508 
4,  096.  992 
835 
82,  870 
134.  849 
784;  977 
8,  065,  954 
636,  458 
306,  057 
170,  470 
801,  360 
2,  848,  560 
471,  998 
35,  918 
105,  548 
157,  650 
12,  847,  026 
7,  554,  218 
1,  292,  080 
1,  923,  255 
44,  748,  508 
9,  576,  962 

1,  450,  814 
56,  899,  830 
214,  714.  640 
2,037,616 
5,  914,  496 
Not  given. 
do  

6,  156,  100 
71,  385,  233 
241,  750,  992 
2,  288,  560 
6,  122,  256 
Not  given, 
do  

Coffee                                                     do 

Cotton  do  
Cochineal  -  do  

Indigo  do  

G,  442,  464 
404,  7C8 
3,733 
324 
765 
117,  848 
76,  377 
28,381 
Not  given. 
do  

Logwood  .       tons  -  .  - 

....do  
do 

....do  
do 

Cutcb                                                      do 

Currants                           cwts  

102,  919 
52,  851 
16,224 
73,  841 
116,  638 
220,  714 
65,  671 
231.  948 
165!  778 
20,  360 
63,  860 
173,  571 
21,  668 
1,  027,  393 
1,  272,  049 
78,  688 
735,  224 
246,  056 
5,  205,  861 
4,  228 
137,  995 
128,  854 
813,  591 
12,  623,  463 
Not  given. 
do  

97,093 
38,  988 
7,076 
104,018 
168,  388 
239,  744 
79,  864 
202,  169 
197,  309 
38,360 
163,  480 
125,  641 
22,  701 
1,  840,  658 
1,  605,  701 
26,  312 
723,  976 
476,  112 
3,  852,  919 
1,087 
216,  903 
77,  798 
812,  533 
10,  911,  684 
Not  given. 
do  

Guano           tons  

Jute   and  the  like..  do.... 

144,  455 
109,  814 
156,  475 
134,  748 
30,  G80 

wet  do.  

Oil  palm                                                do 

cocoa-nut  .  do  . 

47,  036 
7,  908 
2,  335,  936 
1,  155,  075 
100,  547 
863,  616 
1,  364,  272 
2,  152,  327 
1,505 
254,  297 
249,  360 
703,  678 
6,  651,  824 
867,  799 
893,  249 
2°  I  103 

73,  516 
10,  163 
2,  364,  566 
1,  173,  090 
28,825 
990,  592 
955,  584 
3,  153,  993 
1,506 
426,  866 
112,  993 
691,  816 
9,  131,  827 
619,  857 
709,  854 
64,  237 
701,  456 
2,  692,  816 
286,  333 
30,  839 
49,  972 
9,127 
8,  388,  530 
8,371,314 
1,  482,  581 
2,  275,  306 
25,  854,  041 
4,  882,  662 

tin                                             do 

Ouioksilver                                             Ibs.   . 

Kice  cwts  

Saltpetre                                                     do.. 

Seeds  •  flax  and  linseed  bush  

Silk,  raw  Ibs.... 

"waste                                    .  .       cwts  . 

thrown  Ibs.  .  .  . 

manufactures  of  India  pieces  .  . 

do    . 

do    .     . 

1,  131,  648 
2  251  648 

do  

do  . 

.  do    . 

do    . 

Sugar  brown                          cwts.. 

215,  937 
68,  874 
60,  150 
6,783 
6,  418,  794 
11,  171,  184 
1,  509,  319 
2,  132,  738 
20,  616,  278 
8,  213,  702 

241,  470 
22,  711 
51,  399 
132,  851 
27,  342,  603 
12,  605.  155 
946,  865 
2,  110,  423 
37,  441,  617 
10,  653,  811 

428,  360 
26,  309 
42,  206 
33,554 
26,219,654 
10,  412,  328 
2,  102,  531 
2,  299,  773 
49,  344,  277 
14,  582,  540 

Molasses                              do  

Tea  Ibs  

manufactured  -  do.... 

Wines  galls  .  .  . 
"Wool*                               Ibs  

other  do  

*  Of  British  possessions. 

The  designations  of  quantity  given  here  to  some  extent  mask  the  magnitude 
of  a  portion  of  the  entries — sugar,  rice,  oils,  dried  fruits,  tallow,  and  many  other 
items,  being  designated  in  hundred-weights  and  tons,  instead  of  pounds  and 
gallons.  In  coffee,  sugar,  cocoa,  indigo,  wool,  and  others,  the  increase  in  1863 
is  very  great  even  over  1862,  and  the  quantities  are  more  than  twice  as  great  as 
those  carried  in  1859.  In'  1863,  41,842,311  pounds  of  wool  were  re-exported 
to  the  United  States.  In  1862  the  following  items  are  conspicuous  among  the 
foreign  exports  to  the  United  States,  which  may  also  be  found  in  the  general 
table  of  exports  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce,  which  follows  in  another  place. 
They  are  here  contrasted  with  1860: 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


35 


Articles. 

1860. 

1862. 

Coffee              

..Ibs. 

1,991 

902,  354 

Ibs. 

73,  808 

21,507  360 

Ibs. 

186,  592 

1,435  392 

Hemp                                 ................. 

cwts- 

304 

31  440 

Indigo                                           ...... 

Ibs 

529  648 

1  722  000 

Rice   

Ibs. 

58,  912 

24,  147,  200 

Silk,  raw          

Ibs 

66,994 

101,  128 

Ibs 

3  808 

277  312 

Skins    sroftt                                          ......  . 

.     .            No 

171  555 

385  893 

Ten  

Ibs. 

89,  820 

2,  539,  508 

Tobacco    manufactured 

Ibs 

3  392 

20  864 

\Vool                

Ibs 

2  841  200 

11  578  426 

The  corresponding  quantities  for  1863  cannot  be  obtained,  except  for  wool 
and  one  or  two  other  items.  Many  other  articles  increase  in  greater  or  less 
degree,  as  can  be  seen  by  reference  to  the  general  table  of  exports  of  foreign 
produce  to  the  United  States. 

Before  proceeding  to  the  general  statistics  of  British  trade  with  the  United 
States,  as  prepared  from  the  official  publications  of  that  government,  the  relation 
of  the  United  States  to  the  distant  tropical  carrying  trade,  and  to  the  carrying 
trade  generally,  may  be  further  illustrated.  The  India  trade  was  for  a  long 
time  in  American  hands,  and  most  cargoes  arriving  from  the  east  for  any  port 
of  the  Atlantic  markets  broke  bulk  first  in  our  own  ports,  and  were  re-exported 
in  United  States  vessels  to  the  west  of  Europe.  This  India  trade  also  laid  the 
foundation  of  many  manufactures,  among  them  those  of  morocco  leather,  silk 
spinning  and  silk  finishing  of  piece  goods,  dyeing,  &c.  The  Calcutta  trade 
continued  longest  in  the  possession  of  United  States  vessels,  being  first  for  a 
long  period  carried  to  Philadelphia  with  the  China  trade,  and  for  the  last  ten 
years  controlled  at  Boston.  It  ceased  nearly  with  the  breaking  up  of  sailing 
lines  in  the  east,  in  1862  and  1863,  through  the  piracies  conducted  in  the  interest 
of  the  rebellion. 


CARRIAGE  OF  FOREIGN  PRODUCE  BY  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Of  the  total  value  of  the  exports  of  the  United  States,  a  proportion  varying 
from  one-half  in  the  earlier  years  to  one-fifteenth  in  1860  was  of  articles  of 
foreign  origin.  For  fifteen  years,  from  1796  to  1810,  the  exports  of  domestic 
produce  and  of  foreign  produce  were  nearly  the  same;  the  aggregate  for  this- 
period  being  $547,525,900  of  domestic  and  $514,489,291  of  foreign  exports. 
In  some  single  years  the  value  of  foreign  articles  carried  became  very  large :  in 
1799,  $45,500,000;  in  1801,  $46,642,000;  in  1806,  $60,283,000,  and  in  1807, 
859,643,000.  The  average  for  periods  of  five  years  each,  from  1796  to  1860, 
shows  a  large  excess  in  the  early  periods  over  those  of  recent  years : 

Annual  average,  1796  to  1800 $34,190,775 

1801  to  1805 37,084,476 

1806  to  1810 35,622,607 

1811  to  1815 6,818,860 

1816  to  1820 18,619,327 

1821  to  1825 25,812,023 

1826  to  1830 20,114,944 

1831  to  1835 21,542,608 

1836  to  1840 18,347,791 

1841  to  1845 ,..           .  12,115,013 


36 


FOREIGN    AXD    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Annual  average,  1846  to  1850 $13,705,293 

1851  to  1855 21,968,924 

1856  to  1860 23,813,687 

Single  year  1861 , 21,145,427 

Single  year  1862 16,809,641 

Single  year  1863 25,959,248 

Average  of  first  ten  years $35,637,626 

Average  of  last  ten  years 22,891,306 

A  previous  table  snows  the  leading  articles  of  foreign  produce  exported  from 
Great  Britain,  and  approximately  the  extent  of  the  present  carrying  trade  of 
that  country.  The  same  articles  now  mako  up  the  chief  part  of  the  trade  of 
the  United  States  in  articles  of  foreign  origin  exported,  and  they  have  been  the 
conspicuous  elements  of  that  trade  from  the  beginning.  A  rapid  increase  in  the 
quantities  carried  by  England  is  observable,  and  a  decline  in  those  carried  by 
the  United  States.  To  illustrate  this  tendency  fully,  as  regards  the  United 
States,  a  comparison  of  periods  of  four  or  five  years  each,  separated  by  a  con 
siderable  interval  of  time,  may  be  made,  the  first  period  being  from  1824  to 
1828,  and  the  last  five  years  ending  with  I860.  The  first  division  of  articles 
embraces  crude  staples  of  tropical  or  semi-tropical  origin,  with  a  few  manufac 
tures  peculiar  to  remote  countries,  and  subsequently  a  list  of  leading  articles 
not  of  tropical  origin  is  given: 


Articles  of  tropical  or  semi-tropical  origin  exported  from  the  United  States. 


Articles. 

1824. 

1825. 

1826. 

1827. 

1828. 

Cocoa 

$377  936 

$495  082 

$419  577 

$441  2°1 

$345  874 

Coffee 

2  923  079 

3  254  936 

1  44C>  022 

2  324  784 

1  497  097 

Cotton       

30,311 

88,  360 

28  852 

9  875 

22  810 

Cotton  manufactures  of  India* 
Dye-woods 

321,204 

545  391 

443,271 

884  448 

336,  295 
459  600 

230,  448 
350  448 

324,  274 

419  981 

Fruits  

36,813 

55,713 

29,  522 

54,  739 

39  204 

Indigo 

513,271 

891,974 

712  080 

864  951 

362  768 

Opiumt. 

394  290 

139  799 

Silk   raw 

1  407 

21  639 

132  295 

181   150 

47  277 

Silk  manufactures  of  India.. 
Silk  manufactures,  all  other.  . 
Spices 

1,816,325 

not  named. 
600  171 

1,380,237 
1,235,399 
705  120 

1,651,492 
1,  583,  228 
578  729 

891,975 
814,676 
363  129 

713,610 
512,  974 
181  307 

Spirits,  West  India  

210,951 

263,  857 

253,  626 

208,  836 

241,773 

Sugar  .  

999,  093 

1,614,697 

1  742  034 

1  191  506 

828  499 

Tea            

562,  109 

1,482  141 

1  308  694 

772  443 

672  924 

Cigars    Havana 

41  336 

33  175 

41  466 

49  c)77 

39  945 

Sulphur  

2,  653 

3,704 

696 

1  512 

4  311 

\Vines  ......  ...    ......    ... 

328,  453 

448,  955 

366  485 

342  356 

327  806 

*  "  Nankeens"  only.      t  Opium  was  not  named  previous  to  1827.    It  was  undoubtedly  largely  carried. 


The  following  table  gives  the  values  of  the  same  class  of  articles  exported  in 
eight  years,  ending  with  1863.  The  contrast  between  the  years  of  the  first 
series  in  cocoa,  cofiee,  silk,  and  indigo,  and  those  of  the  second  series,  is  great: 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


37 


Exports  of  foreign  articles. 


Articles. 

1856. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Cocoa 

$83  766 

$52,  801 

$167,  060 

$168  432 

$271  987 

$195  246 

$144  009 

$°61  717 

Coffee  

1,  252,  416 

2,  616,  904 

1,  589,  970 

1,  823,  750 

2,  268,  691 

777,  485 

1,  382,  070 

1  081  462 

Cotton 

18,  908 

10,  400 

8  720 

16  647 

771  007 

Dye-woods  

662,  767 

878,  143 

591,351 

320,  500 

316,806 

306,  59a 

389,  119 

485  536 

Fruits 

128,  626 

137,  237 

187,416 

152,  765 

261,  645 

193,  215 

120,  576 

207  489 

Indigo  

71,  670 

62,  178 

390,  050 

10,  348 

48,  175 

34,  453 

117,202 

125,  943 

45  038 

178  236 

2°9  7'1! 

4°8  450 

10  870 

20,  128 

43  549 

22  943 

13  465 

31  432 

52*  046 

38  815 

Silk  raw             

4,255 

4,  163 

94,  092 

19,  978 

176,  589 

124,  104 

21,412 

14  112 

Silk,  manufactures  of.  - 
Spices  
Spirits,  West  India  
Sugar  
Tea 

574,  5:39 
475,  502 
56,  992 
1,243,499 
1  682  611 

157,  186 
366,  548 
42,  055 
1,  180,  263 
1,430  212 

254,  959 
416,  763 
40,  808 
4,  490,  050 
1,  384,  428 

249,  598 
189,  845 
49,  406 
2,  233,  281 
2,  461,  563 

299,  326 
489,  070 
116,  807 
2,  150,  839 
1,  985  203 

2i>8,  704 
386,  146 
44,  496 
3,755,781 
1,556  630 

201,  109 
112,  317 
38,  428 
1,  307,  743 
638  006 

276,  785 
232,  404 
32,  335 
1,  504,  272 
1  032  723 

Cijrars  

180,  742 

227,  143 

166,002 

226,  234 

273,  663 

175,  993 

138,  869 

146,219 

167  910 

129,  815 

172,  764 

2U6,  013 

165,  280 

181  318 

170  801 

174  490 

In  view  of  the  general  advance  of  trade  in  these  articles,  the  entire  list  must 
be  regarded  as  having  declined  from  the  first  to  the  second  period. 

DIRECT    TRADE    WITH    GREAT    BRITAIN. 

The  British  official  tables  of  trade  and  navigation  give  the  following  values 
of  imports  from  and  exports  to  the  United  States  for  seven  years,  ending  with 
1862  ;  the  values  being  changed  to  their  equivalent  in  money  of  the  United 
States  : 


Years. 

Imports  from  United 
States. 

Exports  to  United 
States. 

1856 

$174,471  221 

$109  465  684 

1857 

162  852  578 

97  172  172 

1858     

165,804  920 

76  441,513 

1859                     

165,975  066 

118  182.597 

I860 

216  600  657 

110  873  176 

1861 

239  046  158 

53  364  306 

]862  

134,141,360 

92,801,710 

Our  own  account  of  this  trade  is  made  up  for  fiscal  years  ending  June  30, 
and  it  can  therefore  be  compared  definitely  only  in  periods.  It  is  impracticable 
to  divide  the  fiscal  year  of  the  United  States,  and  to  reconstruct  the  summaries 
for  calendar  years. 


EXPORT 

S  TO  GREAT  I 

5RITAIN. 

IMPORTS  FROM 

Years. 

Domestic. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

GR'T  BRITAIN. 

1855-'56 

$160  742  372 

$1  618  435 

$16°  360  807 

$122  266  082 

1856-'57        

182  650  472 

3,  195,312 

185  845,784 

130  803,  093 

1857-'58                          

156  005  200 

12  089  648 

168  094  848 

95  720,658 

1858-'  59 

172  155  786 

2  790  067 

174  945  853 

125  754  421 

1859-'60 

197  260  756 

6  080  165 

203  340  921 

138  596  484 

1860-'61                           

116  583,955 

3,  951  ,  968 

120  535  923 

139,  206,  377 

1861-'  62                              

105  898  554 

4  699  602 

110  598  156 

86,481,430 

1862-'63 

111  436  229 

9  181  577 

120  617  806 

113  136  700 

38 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


The  British  account  does  not  include  gold  and  silver  bullion  or  coin,  while 
the  account  of  the  United  States  does.  The  total  value  of  specie  and  bullion 
sent  to  Great  Britain  among  our  exports  in  the  seven  years  ending  with  June, 
1862,  was  $236,751,778,  and  the  total  received  from  Great  Britain  in  the  same 
period  was  $55,894,096.  The  detail  of  this  exchange  of  specie  was  as  follows, 
as  given  in  the  United  States  record  for  fiscal  years — the  British  statistics  being 
for  calendar  years  : 

Exports  to  England.  Imports  from  England, 

1855-'56 $34,  161,  062  $421,  771 

1856-'57 50,  890,  268  4,  069,  054 

lS57-'f>S 39,636,001  6,754,357 

1858-'59 41,  760,  051  147,  383 

1S59-'60 33,380,575  101,371 

1860-'61 12,  174,  820  32,  678,  440 

1861-'62 24,  729,  001  11,  721,  720 

1S62-'G3 50,  339,  267  238,  499 

British  account. 

Imports  into  England  Exports  to  United 

1'roiu  United  States.  Slates. 

1856 Not  given  <£96,  227 

1857 Not  given  859,110 

1858 .£4,  811,  772  202,  567 

1859 9, 672,  981  14, 342 

1860 4,  792,  582  1,  727,  220 

1861... 66,683  7,381,953 

1862 10, 064,  162  37, 528 

1863 8, 147,  524  54, 195 

KOTE. — The  importations  of  gold  and  silver  coin  and  bullion  were  exempted  by  law  from 
entry  inwards  at  the  custom-house  until  the  passing  of  the  act  of  20  &  21  Viet.,  cap.  G2, 
in  the  year  1857. 

Changing  these  to  United  States  values  they  become  : 

Imports  into  England. 

1856 

1857 

1858 $23,  288,  976 

1859 46, 817,  228 

I860 23, 197,  306 

1861 322,745 

1862 48, 710,  544 

1863 39, 434,  016 


Exports  to  United  States, 

$465,  738 

4,  642,  092 

980,  424 

69,  4L5 

8,  359,  448 

35,  728,  652 

181,635 

263,  303 


The  account  of  exports  to  the  United  States  made  up  from  British  records  is 
tout  $50,690,707  for  eight  years,  against  $56,132,595  recorded  in  the  United 
States  as  imported  from  Great  Britain,  a  difference  of  near  five  and  a  half  mil 
lions  of  dollars.  As  the  years  1856  and  1863  embrace  very  small  exports,  the 
correction  of  the  United  States  account  to  calendar  years  would  not  remove  the 
discrepancy.  The  account  of  imports  into  England  is  also  short  in  British 
records  as  compared  with  our  own.  Taking  the  six  years  fully  reported,  the 
total' by  the  British  tables  is  $181,170,815 ;  and  by  American,  for  fiscal  years* 
$202,019,715,  a  difference  of  $20,848,910.  This  difference  is  also  too  large  to 
be  explained  by  the  differences  in  the  years.  It  is  to  be  noticed,  however,  thai 
the  British  entry  was  by  ounces  both  for  gold  and  silver,  with  a  computed  valup 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  39 

"at  the  market  price  at  the  time  of  entry."     This  is  probably  the  chief  cause  of 
the  discrepancy. 

Another  and  important  point  to  be  observed  in  the  general  comparison  of  the 
statistics  is  the  incompleteness  of  the  return  of  United  States  exports  in  the 
fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1861.  For  the  last  three  quarters  of  that  year  cer 
tain  ports  of  the  southern  States  failed  to  make  returns  of  the  commerce  trans 
acted,  which  in  most  cases  continued  under  the  flag  of  the  United  States  veiy 
nearly  to  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year.  At  Savannah,  Mobile,  and  New  Orleans, 
the  transactions  of  three  entire  quarters  were  not  returned  to  the  Treasury  De 
partment,  and  at  all  the  other  ports  south  of  Norfolk  two  entire  quarters  were 
not  returned.  These  ports  were  the  channels  through  which  nearly  all  the 
cotton,  rice,  and  other  staples  of  the  south  were  exported,  and  the  shipment  of 
these  was  unprecedentedly  active  in  the  first  months  of  1861,  and  quite  down 
to  June  of  that  year.  In  the  original  publication  of  the  statistics  of  that  year 
no  correction  was  made  for  these  omitted  returns,  and  the  effect  is  shown  in  the 
previous  table  of  the  total  values  exported  to  England  as  given  by  the  two 
authorities.  That  country  credits  the  United  States  with  $239,046,158  in  value 
of  exports,  while  the  return,  uncorrected  for  the  omission  of  southern  ports,  is 
but  $116,583,955. 

To  make  the  best  correction  practicable  in  the  case,  it  is  assumed,  as  a  mini 
mum,  that  the  exports  at  these  ports  for  quarters  not  returned  were  at  least  equal 
to  the  transactions  of  the  corresponding  quarters  of  the  previous  year.  The 
total  value  of  the  exports  of  those  ports  during  the  like  period  of  the  preceding 
year  was  $161,011,950  of  domestic  produce,  and  about  $500,000  in  value  of 
foreign  produce.  This  correction  of  the  general  aggregates  cannot  so  readily  be 
applied  to  the  detail  of  countries.  The  great  bulk  of  values  was  of  cotton,  and  of 
this  but  a  small  proportion  was  to  other  countries  than  England.  The  evidence 
afforded  by  the  British  statistics  is  conclusive  that  the  general  sum  assumed  is 
too  small,  since  the  excess  admitted  by  them  is  $170,000,000  in  the  three  years 
1860,  1861,  and  1862  * 

The  British  account  of  cotton  alone  received  from  the  United  States  during 
the  year  ending  with  June,  1861,  would  show  near  a  hundred  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  beyond  the  quantity  officially  returned  in  the  United  States  as 
having  been  exported,  the  last-named  aggregate  being  207,342,265  pounds, 
value  $22,651,923.  The  British  report,  which  can  in  this  case  be  made  to 
conform  in  time  to  our  fiscal  year,  credits  the  United  States  with  968,006,928 
pounds,  value  $140,961,448. 

Pounds.  Value, 

British , 968,006,928  $140,961,448 

American. . .  .  .207,342,265  22,651,923 


Difference 760,664,663  118,309,525 


This  statement  of  differences  in  one  article  for  the  period  of  one  year  proves 
that  if  all  the  exports  were  embraced  in  the  correction,  a  total  not  less  than 
twenty  millions  greater  would  be  required  for  the  entire  correction.  The  fol 
lowing  table  of  monthly  receipts  of  cotton  in  England  from  the  United  States 
shows  the  course  of  this  trade  for  three  years,  and  the  enormous  proportions  it 
reached  in  1861,  for  which  year  the  United  States  records  fail  to  show  what 
it  was: 

°  This  correction  was  adopted  in  the  finance  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of 
December,  1863,  increasing  the  total  of  domestic  exports  for  the  fiscal  year  1860-MU  to 
$389,711,391,  and  the  foreign  to  $21,145,427,  the  aggregate  exports  being  $410,856,818. 


40 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Monthly  receipts  of  cotton  in  England  from  the  United  States. 


Month. 

18 

59. 

18 

60. 

18 

81. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

January  

Cwts. 
177  554 

Pounds, 
580  010 

Cuts. 
316  895 

Pounds. 

998  ;)19 

Cuts. 
17°  °05 

Pounds. 
57°  °8° 

February  

992  468 

3  184  255 

1  204  091 

3  792  887 

939  l)70 

3  I'M  835 

March  

711  316 

2  448  113 

I  6oi)  °98 

4  940  OQ4 

1  494  5°1 

4  969  0>v5 

April 

600  312 

2  061  506 

1  000  0U8 

3  033  631 

1  354  6°5 

4  gf'Q  ]  -,-, 

May  .  . 

708  956 

2  21°  534 

1  °33  749 

3  814  741 

985  5°1 

3  6-)l  7()0 

1  525  547 

4  983  454 

]  810  704 

5  069  971 

9°7  813 

3  4f>3  tfTS 

Half  year  

4  725  153 

15  469  872 

7  194  835 

21  651  653 

5  874  635 

20  706  °00 

July 

1  199  967 

4  059  888 

701  182 

1  9°8  ''SI 

840  064 

q  o«Q  O=tf) 

August    .  . 

437  S"1! 

1  47l)  501 

660  274 

1  893  449 

448  061 

1  881  857 

351  6-~>6 

I  189  668 

179  344 

544  010 

657  867 

October  

204  148 

678  792 

130  73° 

405  Oil 

3  630 

19  058 

November  

221  690 

750  051 

5°  70° 

175  234 

'°86 

1  485 

December 

1  446  797 

4  641  $07 

1  044  "50 

3  47°  111 

4  0°9 

°0  68° 

Half  year  

3,  861,  519 

12,  799,  707 

2  768,  484 

8  418  066 

1  442  534 

5  864  199 

Year  

8  586  672 

28  269  579 

9  963  319 

30  069  719 

7  317  169 

°6  670  399 

Converting  these  into  the  quantities  and  values  of  the  United  States,  the 
receipts  of  cotton  in  England  for  the  three  calendar  years  became : 

Pounds.  Value. 

1859 961,707,264  $136,824,762 

1860 1,115,891,728  145,537,340 

1861 819,522,928  129,084,731 

Even  after  the  first  of  July,  when  the  ports  of  the  United  States  were  closed 
to  all  legal  trade,  and  for  which  no  estimate  has  been  made,  the  quantity  of 
American  cotton  received  in  England  was  very  great,  amounting  to  161,563,808 
pounds,  value  $28,382,723.  Probably  the  larger  share  of  that  received  in 
England  in  July  was  cleared  from  southern  ports  before  the  last  of  June,  and 
therefore  it  properly  belongs  with  the  additions  made  to  correct  that  account  in 
comparison  with  our  own. 

Recurring  to  the  summaries  of  exports  and  imports  between  the  two  countries, 
compared  on  a  previous  page,  we  may  assume  a  correction  of  the  export  values 
of  United  States  records  given  for  1860-'6 1  and  1861-'62,  equal  to  the  two  values 
of  cotton  shown  to  be  in  excess  in  this  last  calculation,  namely:  $118,309,525 
in  1860-'61,  and  $28,382,723  in  1861-'62.  More  clearly,  these  are  corrections 
on  the  first  and  second  half  years  of  1861 ;  and  whatever  may  be  the  deduction 
from  them  on  account  of  the  later  months  of  1861  is  fully  made  up  by  the 
export  of  other  articles  of  which  no  account  has  been  taken.  The  addition 
to  the  United  States  is  therefore  the  sum  of  $146,692,248,  still  leaving  a 
small  deficit  in  the  difference  between  this  sum  and  $170,000,000  before  shown 
to  be  the  British  excess  for  three  years,  exclusive  of  the  foreign  exports.  These 
foreign  exports  amount  to  $14,731,735,  leaving  the  actual  difference  about  ten 
millions  of  dollars. 

The  other  portions  of  the  series  agree  very  well  with  each  other.  There  is 
reason  to  believe,  however,  that  the  United  States  record  is  generally  short  of 
the  full  values  as  regards  produce  actually  lauded  for  consumption  in  England. 
Many  cargoes  of  provisions,  grain,  and  flour  clear  for  Iri/?h  or  Channel  ports 
for  orders  j  and  this  was  more  frequently  the  case  in  1861,  1862,  and  1863, 


FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  '41 

tlian  in  previous  years.  Apparently  being  cleared  for  British  ports,  and  so 
recorded  at  United  States  ports,  they  do  not  enter  at  those  ports,  and  do 
not  appear  in  their  imports.  During  the  year  1862  one  hundred  vessels  touched 
at  Cork  for  orders,  of  which  a  considerable  share  ultimately  proceeded  to  conti 
nental  ports. 

It  is,  moreover,  established  beyond  doubt  that  there  are  large  deficiencies  iu 
the  report  of  outward  cargoes,  particularly  at  the  port  of  New  York.  There 
being  no  outward  inspection,  and  clearance  being  always  given  on  the  oath  of 
the  shipper  or  agent,  a  degree  of  inaccuracy  has  grown  up,  which  is  mainly  the 
consequence  of  haste.  Undervaluations  and  imperfect  schedules  of  cargo  occur 
where  no  intent  to  evade  the  law  exists,  particularly  as  no  questions  of  revenue 
are  involved.  Clearance  only  on  the  verification  of  cargo  by  an  outward' 
inspector,  as  in  nearly  every  European  state,  would  be  the  only  practicable 
measure  for  correcting  these  omissions,  and  for  securing  an  absolutely  full  report 
of  exports. 

COMPARISON  OF  EXPORTS  FROM  GREAT  BRITAIN  TO  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH 
THE  REPORTED  IMPORTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  RECORDS. 

The  chief  fact  disclosed  by  these  comparisons  is  the  gigantic  character  of  the 
trade  conducted  through  British  ports  for  other  nations,  and  for  the  general 
markets  of  the  world,  from  which  our  direct  shipping  is  being  withdrawn. 
Either  in  the  crude  form  in  which  they  were  imported,  or  in  partial  or  complete 
transformation  as  manufactures,  vast  quantities  of  the  staple  products  of  the 
United  States  pass  through  England  to  other  markets  of  final  consumption  in 
every  year. 

Taking  the  aggregates  exchanged  for  six  years  preceding  the  war,  or  inclu 
ding  one  year  of  partial  disturbance,  each  single  year  of  the  series  gives  a 
similar  result,  and  confirms  the  general  conclusion.  The  British  record  is  short, 
comparing  calendar  with  the  nearest  corresponding  fiscal  years,  as  follows  : 

British  stntement  British  statement 

deficient.  in  excess. 


1856 $12,800,398 


1857  

,  33,630,921 

1858  

19,279,145 

1859  

7,571,824 

860  

,  27,723,308 

,861  

,  85,842,071 

1862.. 

$6,320,280 

The  exports  of  British  produce  and  manufactures  are  reported  at  the  "  de 
clared  real  value,"  or  on  the  statement  of  the  exporter,  while  the  exports  of 
foreign  and  colonial  produce  are  at  "computed  real  value" — a  value  determined 
upon  the  reported  quantities  by  the  officers  of  the  customs.  It  can  scarcely  be 
believed  that  the  values  reported  when  entering  United  States  ports  are  in 
excess,  nor  does  there  appear  any  probable  correction  of  these  entered  values 
which  will  remove  the  discrepancy.  The  solution  is  undoubtedly  to  be  found 
in  the  account  of  remittances  in  the  form  of  bills  of  exchange  drawn  against 
the  exports  of  United  States  produce,  the  extent  of  which  remittances  can  only 
be  inferred  from  the  debt  of  the  United  States  held  abroad,  in  connexion  with 
other  causes. 

According  to  a  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  made  to  the  Senate 
in  1854,  the  amount  of  American  stocks  and  loans  reported  to  be  held  by  for 
eigners  June  30,  1853,  was  two  hundred  and  twenty-two  millions  of  dollars. 
Large  sums  were  also  known  to  exist  of  which  no  report  could  be  obtained, 
estimated  at  a  total  nearly  equal  to  that  reported.  The  increase  accruing  in 


42  FOREIGN  AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

the  next  seven  years  we  do  not  stop  to  estimate.  French  authorities  have  esti 
mated  the  capital  held  by  foreigners  in  United  States  national,  State,  and 
municipal  stocks,  including  bank  and  railroad  stocks,  at  a  total  sum  of  five 
hundred  millions.  Dividends  and  interest  paid  on  this  sum,  averaging  six  per 
cent,  per  annum,  would  require  remittances  to  the  extent  of  thirty  millions,  for 
which  sum  there  would  of  course  be  no  commercial  equivalent,  either  in  com 
modities  or  in  money.  To  this  must  be  added  the  expenditures  of  travellers  and 
the  remittances  of  emigrants,  together  not  less  than  five  millions  annually.  The 
sum  of  thirty-five  millions,  therefore,  is  in  all  probability  remitted  in  bills  of 
exchange  to  Europe,  and  the  excess  of  our  exports  over  imports  in  recent  years 
is  to  this  extent  accounted  for ;  and  whatever  remains  of  the  apparent  excess 
of  exports  to  Great  Britain  over  imports  may  be  balanced  by  the  payment  there 
of  excesses  of  importation  over  exportation  with  certain  other  countries  with 
whom  our  accounts  are  to  some  extent  settled  in  England,  amounting  in  1861 
to  fifty  one  millions  of  dollars,  due  from  us  on  our  trade  with  the  West  Indies, 
South  America,  Asia,  Africa,  &c. 

The  extent  of  the  annual  differences  appearing  on  the  face  of  the  commercial 
statements  is  large,  and  it  does  not  appear  to  have  attracted  the  attention  its 
importance  deserves.  Taking  the  aggregates  exchanged  for  six  years  preceding 
the  war,  or  including  one  year  of  partial  interruption  or  disturbance,  1861,  as 
given  in  the  British  account,  and  exclusive  of  specie,  the  nominal  balance  ap 
pears  highly  favorable  to  the  United  States.  The  two  sums,  1856  to  the  close 
of  1861,  are: 

Imports  into  Great  Britain $1,124,750,600 

Exports  from  Great  Britain 683,783,700 

Difference 440,966,900 

Or  an  average  of  $73,494,483  annually.  Deducting  the  excess  of  specie  sent 
to  England,  for  which  we  must  take  the  statement  of  the  United  States,  and 
which  was  8167,750,401,  or  $27,958,400  yearly,  the  balance  still  remaining  is 
$45,536,083  yearly  in  favor  of  the  United  States.  After  all  consideration  has 
been  given  to  the  account  of  remittances  just  referred  to,  the  general  state  of 
these  gigantic  exchanges  is  less  unfavorable  to  the  United  States  than  lias 
generally  been  supposed. 

TABULAR  STATEMENTS  OF  EXCHANGES  BETWEEN  GREAT  BRITAIN  ANT) 
THE  UNITED  STATES,  FOR  SEVEN  YEARS,  1856  TO  1862,  FROM  BRITISH 
RECORDS. 

The  following  tabular  statements  of  the  entire  exchanges  of  the  United  States 
with  Great  Britain  in  detail  is  copied  from  the  last  annual  volume  of  British 
Trade  and  Navigation  Reports,  for  1862.  For  1863  only  a  few  specific  articles 
can  be  obtained,  the  monthly  publications  of  the  British  government  distin 
guishing  countries  only  in  a  few  leading  articles.  The  first  table  embodies  such 
as  are  so  stated  by  countries,  comparing  the  three  years  1861  to  1863  only,  and 
converting  the  values  and  quantities  to  like  terms  with  those  of  the  United 
States. 

This  preliminary  table  shows  the  enormous  development  of  the  petroleum 
trade  within  three  years,  and  that  grain,  flour,  and  petroleum,  have  to  some  ex 
tent  supplied  the  place  of  cotton  as  the  basis  of  exchange  on  England.  The 
sum  of  values  of  these  leading  articles  is  sustained  in  a  most  unexpected  degree. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


43 


Quantities  of  leading  articles. 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Cotton 
Petrole 
Wheat 
Wheat 
Indian 

Wheat 

Wheat 

pounds 

819,500,523 
139,  608 
20,061,952 
1,897,433 
24,722,816 

20,  279,  608 
1,  929,  281 

13,  524,  224 

4,074,588 
29,798,160 
2,  249,  767 
21,830,328 

30,155,848 
2,287,110 

6,  394,  080 
8,  447,  292 
16,071,664 
1,265,911 
23,774,976 

16,281,488 
1,278,411 

am  .  pallons 

.  .   .  -         bushels 

flour                                            barrels 

corn  .  bushels  

Entered  for  consumption. 
bushels 

flour  .  .                  barrels 

Values  of  leading  articles. 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Cotton  

$128  500  630 

C;3  117  i(j3 

&O    AW*    lf)K 

Petroleum          .  . 

8  383 

68°  904 

2  7MH  '4Q.1 

Wheat  

29  354  411 

41  380  514 

20  371  ^0° 

Flour  

13  234  535 

15  471  442 

7  562  2%>4 

Indian  corn  

22  172  927 

16  751  085 

in  oofi  774 

Indian  corn,  known  to  be  nearly  all  from  the  United  States,  is  not  distin 
guished  as  to  countries ;  but  it  is  assumed  as  approximately  correct.  Other 
staple  exports,  as  of  cured  meats,  lard,  tallow,  butter  and  cheese,  and  tobacco, 
are  not  separately  stated  in  the  British  reports.  They  will  be  found  in  detail 
in  the  comparative  table  following  those  taken  from  the  British  records,  pre 
pared  for  fiscal  years  from  the  United  States  returns. 


-  ,A  -  > 

-  „  i¥~ 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


ii  :|  ill!    1 


iQO>^ooooo^'*<r7^^coc5C^co^cJO5i2f5>-O5i'-<cr3CJ'^<r;— <  — i  re  cr.  -r  t-  t-    •  c>    •  -*      crs 

^SSS^SSllggslsslSsflsfil^slllsS^gS^cl  :cl  :S    3 


v 


0"       Ofsrfr-T 


C~.  t-  LI       CC  -^i        O  O  CJ  rM        •*•  LO"  CT;  C5  O  C&  CS*  —  <  1/7  n  CJ     •  05  t 
CO  C^  0         i'  t-         1C  -0  TO  f.'J  .  --   V.  CJ  T  =~.  ^<  r-  t-  0      "^ 

O  rid  POrH  t-LO^rHrH  CJ  |IO 


>*t»"iJ"     ino3)'«£ttt^n'     i-"cj'ro'Tf"-o"r-roD"     — "•xfirT  -in* 
i  co  co      cj  OD      c<  c J  CJ          o  ->r  - 1  cr>  — i      CJ      10  co  co    •  J> 

cj"     r-Tro'K  i-T       '• 


f3S5St?,68S8SSS 

coiomcjfocococjoio 


r-T     •  rHC"  O 


S  i 

S    cf""    8    2 


J.      .QOOOt-- 

J    .  o  -01^ 

0    » 


o  oo 


,-S 
S. 


l 


<?;W     M 


ll 


-     :  i"fi 

I 


Ilii 


o 
Ibs. 
wt 
qrs  . 
wt 


:•& 

?^--Ssis- 


I3MII21    .S 


er 
fu 


llfiJifH  t!ll 

r-oj|^8  i"f-i| 

i         olio's    «x<£52 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE, 


45 


rf 

i- 

£ 
I 

A 

oo2ao£>5;ii§£-s5»cS£im£i$$e!l     <*;  §  S  c<         £  $* 

gtf**K£^*£**£tftf*    gg'gSf       g         g 

I 

a& 

£ 

gil8ig|g8§iSi8iS"SSS8"  §      I 

cfjf-oogjngcs^g-^-'g-ggj.-    g»g{o 

J 

cl  x  S  S  i^  j^  TJ  ;f    '  ^  S  Ri »      § «      S      S  S          *"*  ?l 

I     S 

i 

S 
_Jt. 

pi!  illS  iSp^siil^2    ilSS    ' 

'.^ | CJ  ^ 

c"«fo~   !«o' •*"•;§"   '  rt  rf7<t-'»^f3f         irfKoo'o 

r-r        :  p--r  ^- 

^S ft^3S 

I  Ct  ?- 

&  7i  -~  ?i  ?j  S  o   •   ;  §  §  §  P  §  « 8    8  §    §      i   ' 

irs'i-T  ri" 

06      •v 

4<i4<@4^ 

i  iijlill]  iliiJII  1jM| 

ySifiltii  U!  ill'lIllN  ^ 

fihEaEcS||g|||   |||^I||I| 


4G 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


S  8  3  p  3  3  S  5  S~ 8 

55         00  m  r-l  C"3 


-    ••  r* 


r-T       r-Tcf  r-T 


g1[?|"^^ 


S3  ill 


f  ^-T     aTcf  r-T 


aTcf  r-Tof 
.  r«  c<  ^  ^ 


SiMI 


•  t-rnJ"  I  ccfcT  I  cf^'cf  —  " 

»;-S  .>n^<  •J8*I^r- 

'C*5<O  .r-lr-(  .r-irH(MI^ 

«-  :  :         n 


CJ?7r-lr-lrHr-l 

pH-ef      cf 


8  :55 


138  :3  :  :S  :  :S  :5  :8  :S8S  :8 

'CO     1 00     ;  •  O     •  •  -O     •  «0     •  iH     •  •*  Ci  O     •  O 

'  ncgri  '  si    '•  '•  rn"  '  •'  oT  '  cs~  •  o~  '  •^jTccTt^'   •  -T 

:2^     :^_  :  |8  :  :%  j5  j     |!38S  |S 

:          :s"  :  :^~  :  :     :     :     :      Jff  i 


tfi 


,_!      .      .  CO  •<»<      •  QC  t»  LI  Tf 
_-      .      •  o  t—      '  rr1  O  • —  ^^ 

o    •    •  oo  ci    •  c  «  ir:  o 


i  C3  TT  •  CS 


I-  C*D     -i-i 

SS  :S 


:§S*: 


n 

72 

5 

TT 


*lll<5      1  ill    1      I  ii'^ 

111!!!    N^|  |  bi.i£ 
isjS'is.liis  Is I 111 j 

!llglllli=-ll^!!i.sll 

KOKMJH)HJMSO^MCcJica:a2E-i£H^? 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC  COMMERCE. 


47 


.-r-r-r-rccf     i-'t- 


t-'go"       ! 


COOC^t^OCOf— id*— <  Is-  Ci  CC  "•*<  Cl  — •*  tt        O<— <QQCOC>*OO3^      •  O     •  i— I  -^  Cl  O  CO  O  CO  O      •  i^  O  C 

pliilswsi5JiS5i8l    £S£g3?5g8  II  jsSsSisSSl  Hsi 

qi®"-"S«"5fgf   ^^'^""^"S    a^'^gg'S"     :S"  :S    5"§"SS"^r-"  j    3 


rt<  LO  O  C3  CO  4O  OO  CTCi  O^  *9<  OQ  C  t*-  Ci  O        Cj"cVo      *"r*  Ct»  O  l 

38.l8Ss93!$S8i.§.i8  sis  isssi 


CQ 

1 

*  r» 

sS 


s 

I 


1 


«|gg  :  :|g  :||§||    iSlBili 

t-"r-"^-"o"    '     '•  0"<0~    !  Cf  Q0"n"cf  a"       r-Tcf  •v'pfcf  Cf  00" 


:  :^^^fc? 

j    j  jH'oTcfjrf" cf 


ilsggS 


cj  Tf  05  «c  t~  ic  to  2<  o  oj  in  05 


s-'§f  "  s" 


it-t    .  c  oo  ou  w  t- 


i^  tc  K  ?-!  ?•  S 


•  ci  ;«  ;^^  :«  ;M  ;« 

1 1~    i  i-i    1 1^  cs    •  f-t    -o    •  co 

•  oo"  !  oi"  '  tnsf  •  r-T  i  i~"  !  iH~ 


(Hese^Pwses 

of 


!|i 


rt"s"  iss^s" 


df^tstf  s" 


:s  :S8  :&  :2  :S5R 

-  .c*    -i^rj.  i aS  .o  .oc/oo 
f  !  cf  '•  ufnT  1  !  T»T  :  oo'sc" 

*  •  r-l      •        CO  •  •  •  t^  i-H 


;  o 
:S 


2-s 


I  £1!a 


W      —      W      -  ,      « 

g,S4f«5Sc:£ 


al^ 


5  w  «  S.     v;  —  B  i>       g         . ' 

Cif^lilfi*  :| 

o-rSo^csis^Ss-^    -S 

rf3<*f  Bj"b-BJ^S  ••? 

i*     die  111 


i 
ISI 


5&-B 


a 

*•  p 


ill 

ill 


.32 

•S  u 


u 


48 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC  COMMERCE. 


lilf 


ilSli 


05" 


3    8          I 

"-  gf     5 


t^      c* 

^        S 


s  s 

Cl       f- 


CJ        CO 

s  s 

M" 


g    M 


SI  ill00!2 


i  K  ^  O  .J5^0       CC  K 

l-~      rn"         '•  of      CO"      no* 
r-l        CJ  •  OJ  TJ< 


« 


l^CC'-'£^  '  -r-CTtO  IC'ifO 

t-  t^  ic  o  •  •  m  .co  n  -<t<  oo  « 

co'i-"     co~  '•  '  <o~     i-T  «o"cfcT 

*  "" 


I] 

111 


!|iHiilp!il 

i^  i  ;l£l  I  :lll 


1  II 


*a          o     "I    I'S» 
:<3          H     H     H 


FOREIGN   AND  DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


49 


I 


I-  O  n  i-O  Ol 


rf  Vf  Of 


of     '.<&  :     :«  :  :    •: 


•-H     .     .Cl     ' 
.00     .     .-<}.     . 


:£?£  :S  :S88 

•oSsS     -<N     i3|Sf 
^O  .  p,. 


oo"  oo  n' 

"-^ 


- 

SS    S^ 


J  "^J*        ^  tC  O  C;  — '  7>  i— i  i 


<N  rH        Cf 


tS  :28  :S  :$  :  :^c5 

l-H   TJ<        .00        •   rH        .   fO        •        • 

i— r     1 1^~  •      '  t-^*  !  i 


«  .  •§  :S5^ 

.£  .  ,S  .SJ 


SSfggi 


— i  CJ  C^  —  I-  ^         O 
00  Cl  i-  (N  ri  rt        I- 


-^<"  •  1.0"  I  r-Tao" 

^    w 


. 


iJJsS 


!fi 


3S, 


!|| 

II 


HI 

j-  s  --: 

X   ,'TJ 


oe  a  x 

^S  S 


5       - 


sii 


5    4) 

•S-2 

III 


leg 


u  ;1  :  :2 
"1      1 


is,; 


E^-^ 


il 


•      5 

'  .=  -3 

"E-  a 
^53 


CO 


Ex.  Doc.  55 4 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


QcT^r-TcTcf  i^TcTf^fXf  L^f  TjT     4  tO* 

c*  c*         * 


Q 


ssiisiissi  ss  ££ 


1  O5  IO  TT  00  CO  ' 
'  C5  CO         r-i'  CJ  ( 


O5  ^J  CO  W^  OJ  ^H  C5  ( 


sillS 


T  C7  O  i1*  *^5  O 


ia"ff 


TfcoOriccao 


Gfsf 


ef    ao         of        i-T 


1=1 


:  :| 


f||  -si  aSrf|?|l|   If  |« 

^:  '3  §*  o  'C  '3  .^  c  >»'S.'5.5  "scEo     K?5>5     *$>£ 


c:  cs  cs  o  'C  s  •-  o  >>'E,"5.5  's  cs  o 

OPH^PH^O>««««2«2«2hHH 


^^^ 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


51 


This  table  of  exports  is  uncorrected  for  the  omitted  record  of  cotton  exported 
to  England,  which  has  previously  been  shown  to  be  near  $  129,084,731  for  the  fiscal 
year  18GO-'61 ;  and  several  other  items,  hides,  rice,  rosin,  spirits  of  turpentine 
and  tobacco  particularly,  would  add  several  millions  of  dollars  in  value. 

The  increase  in  the  value  of  certain  exports  from  1860  forward  has  been 
referred  to  in  connexion  with  the  British  statistics,  but  the  records  of  the  United 
States  exhibit  the  fact  in  a  still  more  striking  manner.  Butter,  cheese,  hops, 
hams  and  bacon,  lard,  petroleum  and  lard  oil,  tallow  and  tobacco,  are  quite  as 
remarkably  increased  as  is  flour  or  wheat.  A  comparison  of  1860  with  1862 
and  1863  shows  the  fact.  The  year  1861,  having  no  especial  relation  to  the 
point  under  consideration,  is  not  given. 


Articles. 
% 

1860. 

1862. 

1863. 

Butter                       

$439,  460 

$3,  077,  066 

$5,159,871 

Cheese 

1,192,458 

2,  226,  047 

3  655  119 

757 

574  867 

1  577  670 

]  lams  tiinl  bacon  ......     ......    ...    ...     ..... 

1,589,528 

8,  894,  606 

15,  044,  991 

Lard 

J,  811,  418 

4,455  685 

6,059  986 

Lard  oil 

1  566 

82  782 

835  290 

Tallow  

901  ,  371 

2,515,914 

3,  093,  592 

pork                             

502,  138 

759,  895 

650,  562 

4,  664,  042 

2,  984,  232 

6,  483,  921 

11,102,738 

25,571,094 

42,561,002 

The  increase  on  the  articles  here  named,  none  of  which  are  distinguished  in 
the  British  return  before  quoted,  is  thus  $14,470,000  in  1862  over  1860,  and  in 
1863  the  very  large  excess  of  $31,460,000. 

'  The  important  article,  petroleum,  was  unfortunately  not  distinguished  in  the 
quarterly  returns  until  July,  1863,  the  commencement  of  the  fiscal  year  1863-'64. 
The  largest  proportion  of  the  sum  assigned  to  unenumerated  articles  for  1862-'63 
was  for  petroleum,  which  may  be  approximately  stated  at  $1,000,000  for  1861-'62, 
and  $4,000,000  in  1862-'63. 

In  view  of  the  omission  of  cotton  and  rice  almost  altogether  from  the  exports 
to  England  in  the  last  two  years,  the  general  aggregate  at  which  these  exports 
are  maintained  is  remarkable.  In  1860,  with  very  large  values  for  these  staples, 
the  total  was  less  than  thirty  millions  in  excess  of  1863,  fiscal  years. 

Values  of  1860. 

Cotton $134,  928,  780 

Rice o. 346,  576 

Rosin  and  turpentine 964,  666 


136, 240,  022 


Comparing  this  with  the  difference  of  1860  and  1863  in  the  aggregates,  it  ap 
pears  that  the  increase  of  northern  staples  supplied  $106,250,000  of  i.his  loss  in 
cotton,  and  this  during  a  period  of  unprecedented  trial  to  the  national  resources, 
and  of  vastly  increased  domestic  consumption. 

Some  account  of  the  difference  in  specie  exports  is  due,  however,  in  the  above 
comparison;  the  exports  of  specie  and  bullion  to  England  being  $45,000,000  in 
1862-'63,  against  $31,635,000  in  1S59-'60.  But  the  production  of  gold,  and 
the  great  import  of  foreign  gold  from  England  in  1§61  and  1862,  had  produced 
a  surplus  leading  naturally  to  exportation. 


52  FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


BRITISH    TRADE   WITH    CALIFORNIA. 

The  British  official  records  distinguish  the  trade  with  California  from  that 
conducted  with  other  parts  of  the  United  States.  The  tables  previously  given 
cover  the  entire  trade,  California  included,  and  those  that  here  follow  are  of 
California  alone. 

The  annual  values  of  this  trade  converted  into  terms  of  the  United  States  are 
as  follows : 

Imports  from  California.  Exports  to  California. 

1856 $162,  827 $2,  226,  937 

1857 5 2,  185,  260 

1858 70,  581 2,  523,  411 

1859 139,  760 2,  224,  570 

1860 '    90,455 3,024,985 

1861 3,  414,  968 2,  085,  691 

1862 1,  722,  294 1,  817,  236 

It  is  apparent  that  the  direct  trade  of  England  with  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States  is  relatively  less  than  with  other  sections.  That  trade  is  a  coast 
ing  trade  to  vessels  of  the  United  States,  and  is  protected  by  the  laws  relating 
to  the  coasting  trade  generally.  Clearance  to  California  direct  from  European 
ports  is  far  more  difficult  than  transhipment  at  the  Isthmus  of  Panama.  The 
direct  trade  of  San  Francisco  with  foreign  countries  is,  therefore,  larger  with  the 
East  Indies  and  China  than  with  European  countries. 

The  magnitude  of  the  trade  with  the  Pacific  States  opens  an  inviting  field  to 
foreign  occupation,  but  its  peculiar  circumstances  have  so  far  protected  it.  They 
may  continue  to  do  so  in  a  great*  degree,  if  the  quality  of  coasting  trade  and  the 
laws  which  preserve  it  to  vessels  of  the  United  States  are  rigidly  maintained  ; 
but  if  these  were  yielded,  a  very  little  time  would  suffice  to  displace  United 
States  shipping  in  as  great  a  degree  in  the  Pacific  as  in  the  Atlantic. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


53 


S    § 

g    g    | 

8 

^2 

1 

i 

c*' 

o"    2" 

S    c'    " 

0 

5" 

§ 

, 

§    g 

a     § 

C*3       CO 

1 

g 

S 

i 

1 

i  s 

(O       00 

00 

d 

g 

B 

I 

o 

i 

1 

4 

* 

•H 

If 

-f 

Values. 

f 

i 

0 

oT 

§  S 

rH        Uf 

! 

!f 

I 

fi 

8 

t 

j 

1 

03 

04* 

00 

o 

^ 

i 

| 

g 

^ 

H 

c^ 
3 

ft 

-yj- 

5 

i 
- 

hff: 

;    r 

•     5 

3 

i 
i 

i 

•^ 

^ 

1 

S"    of 

t 

:     : 

j 

s 

? 

g 

. 

c 
•  i 

3  8 

S 

i'li 

I 

•1 

i 

S 

'  ! 

?    5" 

a 

?            ; 

H                                  r 

H 
j 
H 

§ 

§ 

s        ^p 

"5         ^J« 

i 

\  1     i 

! 

d 

- 

j 

f    § 

i 

:>                       o 

r 

F 

i 

^ 

. 

| 

% 

^ 

s 

c 

r- 

« 

4 

i 

*<« 

<§ 

1 

cf 

S  § 

.g 

eo 

:    8 

«9 

s 

B 

:    o 

| 

1 

* 

j    " 

s 

^ 

1 

;      ; 

* 

;      ; 

• 

1 

cf 

<0 

M 

\ 

I 

1  !  ! 

s 

i 

III 

: 

Articles. 

1 

a 
o 

wheat,  meal,  and 
Guano  
Nitre,  cubic  

KicaragTin  wood  

6 

> 

c- 

Silver  ore  
Wood  and  timber  

Wool  .  .  . 

All  other  articles  

j 

54 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


'o'to'rH^r 


~  - 

foo'Tirr-raro     o"<o"o" 

r-  ti^^rHCMr-I 


cs  t~  ao  o.i  si  t- 

coVTr-T  •*•%**«'     woo'cT-v 

«O  r-  OJ 


«        OC^O 


ofo~     afcTofaf 

8         M    •" 


9f 


rr-Too      ofcfcfr-TcT 


g 


i^"^r?-H  irTo 


O3O<CpCpS?-J'«OOt«e2kt|-; 

•Q*  o<  co  o  o  «  T  co  c;  to  m  co 
oTr-T     pfofof     ofo'arr-TccT 


^ 


c>  »rf     i-i  rTcf  irTccf     aTco  irfcT 

O  CO  r-t 


[^S^^S^S 

co     cfo'cb"     co~ 


:8  :  •: 


,  rH       ,       .  TJ*  Tj< 

,co    !    !  f-n  QO 


tf 


« 


«v»-   K 


^* 

:8 


s 

<jfqpq 


ip^ist^ 


3.Kb§H     birf10*"        -5 
S*s^»I  :f|  j      fe       £ 

™^-C*-a>2_-c«0  _S  C-» 


ill  ! 

ooc)     fiKOKA^^SP^P^Soocoob^      .-< 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


55 


Values  of  foreign  and  colonial  produce  exported  from  Great  Britain  to  California. 


Articles 

Computed  real  value. 

1856. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

£. 

£. 

& 
150 

£. 

£. 
200 

£. 
1,375 

&. 
350 
360 

55 

65 

914 

130 
17 
2,101 

520 

8 

2,496 
4,  207 

3,387 

Rice,  not  in  htisk  

168 
1,  605 
3 
138 
8,142 

1,  104 
2,561 
120 

'"S,565 

564 
3,  424 

3,  343 
2,668 

2,  932 
1,255 

900 
3,680 

1,890 

Tea 

iffl 

9,779 

207 
6,  189 

92 

10,  161 
765 
10,  914 

139 

5,444 

Wine 

2,  588 
1,166 
2,  fill) 

All  other  articles  

6,265 

8,297 

5,530 

7,814 

7,795 

Totals 

18,  132 
460,  111 

18,  418 
451,  500 

24,  733 
521,  366 

22,589 
459,  622 

30,  591 
624,  997 

12,  446 
430,  928 

18,668 
375,  462 

Totals  of  British  and  for'n  produce 

STEAM  TONNAGE  IN  THE  FOREIGN  TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

Steamships  were  introduced  into  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United  States 
in  1840,  but  they  were  of  little  importance  for  the  carriage  of  merchandise  until 
nearly  ten  years  later,  when  the  establishment  of  American  lines  to  Europe, 
competing  with  the  British,  developed  the  capacity  of  steam  transportation,  and 
prepared  the  way  for  its  general  introduction  into  the  transatlantic  trade.  For 
two  or  three  years  previous  to  1850  the  aggregates  of  steam  tonnage  entering 
the  ports  of  the  United  States  swelled  the  volume  of  foreign  shipping  very 
Bensibly.  At  a  later  period,  and  with  large  vessels,  the  increase  of  this  tonnage 
haa  been  rapid,  until  it  has  reached  proportions  nearly  equal  to  the  sailing 
tonnage  of  all  classes  coming  from  the  two  or  three  leading  commercial  countries 
of  Europe.  The  system  was,  in  fact,  suddenly  and  almost  completely  built  up 
in  1848,  1849,  and  1850;  American  lines  to  Havre,  to  Bremen  and  Southamp 
ton,  and  to  Liverpool,  across  the  Atlantic,  being  established  simultaneously  with 
one  to  Havana  from  Charleston,  and  the  vast,  half-foreign  California  and  Isthmus 
lines.  The  tonnage  of  all  these  goes  to  swell  the  aggregate  of  tonnage  published 
in  official  reports  as  arriving  from  foreign  ports ;  but  the  entire  Isthmus  and 
California  trade,  including  all  that  touching  at  Vera  Cruz  and  Havana,  either 
to  and  from  the  Isthmus  or  to  and  from  New  Orleans,  should  properly  be  sepa 
rated  from  that  crossing  the  Atlantic.  It  is  so  separated  in  the  following  state 
ments,  and  the  effect  is  to  greatly  reduce  the  proportion  of  American  steamship 
tonnage  appearing  to  be  employed  in  foreign  trade.  Technically,  clearances 
from  Panama  for  San  Francisco  are  from  foreign  countries,  but,  in  fact,  little  or 
no  commerce  with  foreign  countries  is  represented.  Little  or  none  is  represented 
in  arrivals  at  New  York  from  Chagres  or  Panama,  or  in  arrivals  from  Cuba  of 
steamers  merely  touching  at  that  port  on  their  way  from  Mexico  or  the  Isthmus. 

The  statistics  of  steam  tonnage  employed  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United 
States,  therefore,  require  to  be  stated  with  several  discriminations,  to  be  properly 
understood.  In  the  aggregate,  the  proportions  of  American  and  foreign  appear 
nearly  equal;  but  when  the  distinctions  just  referred  to  are  made,  and  the 
absolute  foreign  trade  only  is  considered,  the  amount  of  American  tonnage  is 


56 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


greatly  reduced.  For  several  years,  however,  or  from  1851  to  1857,  the  Amer 
ican  transatlantic  steam  lines  had  great  success,  and  attained  an  ascendency  in 
that  trade  that  appears  favorably  in  the  statistics.  The  arrivals  at  New  York 
alone  were  over  120,000  tons  for  each  of  several  years,  and  this  against  an 
average  of  about  80,000  tons  of  foreign.  The  Isthmus  and  Cuban  arrivals  of 
United  States  steamers,  entered  as  foreign,  amounted  to  160,000  tons  more  at 
New  York,  yet  the  merchandise  traffic  by  them  from  any  foreign  country  was 
very  small  in  amount,  and  the  statements  should  be  kept  distinct. 

There  is  also  a  large  local  trade  conducted  by  steamers  with  Canada  on  the 
great  lakes,  the  tonnage  of  which  is  technically  classed  with  that  entering  from 
foreign  ports,  yet  which  does  not  represent  any  considerable  trade  strictly  to  be 
designated  foreign.  The  annual  arrivals  of  this  tonnage  are  2,300,000  tons  or 
more,*  but  its  character  is  more  nearly  that  of  ferry  and  passenger  transit  than 
anything  else.  The  amount  is  so  little  significant  of  commerce  such  as  the 
transatlantic  trade  always  must  be,  whether  conducted  by  steamers  or  sailing 
vessels,  that  it  has  not  been  compiled  to  illustrate  the  relation  of  steam  to  foreign 
commerce  generally. 

With  the  British  provinces  of  the  Atlantic  coast  there  has  been  for  many 
years  a  moderately  active  traffic  in  small  steamers.  They  sometimes  come 
down  to  Boston  or  New  York,  but  generally  run  only  between  the  ports  of 
Maine  and  Halifax,  or  elsewhere  in  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.  When 
running  regularly,  the  amount  of  this  tonnage  is  separately  stated  in  the  follow 
ing  tables : 

Steam  tonnage  entered  at  Portland,  Maine,  from  foreign  countries. 


Fiscal  year  ending  June  30  — 

FOREIGN  VESSELS. 

From  Great  Britain. 

From  British  N. 
American  provinces. 

Total. 

1855 

Tons. 
2,907 

Tons. 

Tons. 
2,907 
166 
1«>794 
12,392 
4,984 
34,  797 
32,267 
39,  874 
18,562 

1  856  

166 

1857     .     .                

12,  794 
5,538 
4,  924 
25,  075 
32,  267 
37,071 
18,  328 

1858 

6,854 
60 
9,  722 

1859 

I860  *       

1861                                        .... 

1862 

2,803 

234: 

1863  

There  were  no  entries  of  American  steamers  in  the  foreign  trade. 
Steam  tonnage  of  foreign  vessels  entered  at  Philadelphia  from  foreign  countries. 


Tons. 


Fiscal 


year  ending  June  30,  1851 3, 261 

Do 1852 ,...         19,734 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 


734 

1853 22,484 

1854 19,423 

1855 8,682 

1856 4,648 

.1857 20,056 


.1858 None. 


Do 1859 1,415 

There  were  no  entries  of  American  steamers. 

*  No  distinct  separation  of  the  steam  and  sailing  tonnage  of  the  lakes  having  been  made 
for  years  previous  to  1863,  it  is  impracticable  to  state  the  exact  figures,  but  it  is  assumed 
that  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  arrivals  are  steam.  Probably  the  proportion  is  nearly  three- 
fourths.  The  American  arrivals  of  all  sorts  at  lake  ports  in  1860  were  2,617,276  tons,  and  of 
British  tonnage  658,036  tons;  together,  3,275,312  tons. 


FOREIGN  AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


57 


Stecnn  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  Boston  from  foreign  countries. 


FOREIGN 

VESSELS. 

AMKRICAN 
VESSELS. 

Total 

From 
Great  Britain. 

From  British 
Am.  provinces. 

From  British 
Am.  provinces. 

tons. 

1846        

11  941 

3  204 

15  145 

1847               ..   

11  719 

396 

12  115 

1848 

14  655 

184 

14  839 

1849    

16,  000 

16  000 

1850    .  .    

20,  000 

20  000 

1851         

22  000 

22  000 

1852 

2(5  449 

26  449 

1853  

28,  572 

11  780 

40  352 

1854        *  

53  667 

53  667 

1855           ..       .  . 

58  114 

1  610 

59  714 

1856 

57  833 

10  632 

68  465 

1857  

54  945 

7  980 

62*925 

1858.  

58  624 

6  580 

385 

65  589 

1859   

58  979 

6  445 

65  424 

1860 

56  530 

7  249 

6*5  779 

1861  

67  283 

6  120 

73  403 

1862  >.  

54  141 

2  838 

56  979 

1863    

57  305 

57  305 

The  entry  of  steam  tonnage  at  Boston  began  with  the  establishment  of  the 
Cunard  line  in  1840,  and  the  arrivals  previous  to  1846  were  12,000  to  15,000 
tons  annually ;  but  the  exact  quantities  cannot  be  obtained. 


American  steam  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  New  York  from  foreign  countries. 


Fiscal  year  ending- 

From  British  ports. 

From  Havre. 

From  Bremen  and 
Hamburg. 

44 

o^ 

11 
ill 

fr 

Total 
tons. 

June  30  1848 

823 

1  857 

9  934 

920 

1Q  rioj 

1849  L. 

5  571 

15  230 

'  7  207 

28  008 

1850  
1851  

3,951 

54  785 

9  549 

15,  230 

12  528 

54,  452 
108  172 

73,633 
185  034 

1852 

63  359 

23*  592 

13  248 

157  186 

2r)7*  3Pr» 

1853  

73,  314 

26,  183 

18,508 

170,021 

288  026 

1854  

75  302 

18  917 

13  494 

147  227 

254  940 

1855  

66  092 

14  929 

1  5  402 

152  347 

246  770 

1856  

71  578 

45  032 

22,  373 

162  409 

301  392 

1857  

48  649 

30  648 

23  409 

145  236 

247  942 

1858  

33  431 

54  213 

19  747 

103  010 

215  401 

1859  

2  989 

51  484 

9  069 

111  343 

174  885 

1860  

68  564 

170  641 

239  205 

1861  

68  8*0 

150  534 

219  414 

1862  

15,884 

94!  561 

110,445 

1863  

125  015 

125,015 

Third  quarter,  1863  

33  995 

33,  995 

Fourth  quarter,  1  863  

5  923 

• 

43  299 

49,  222 

58 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Foreign  steam  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  New  York  from  foreign  countries. 


Fiscal  year 
ending  — 

British,  from  Eng 
land. 

British,  colonial. 

S 
p 
vJ 

82 
iJ* 

1 

Bremen. 

Hamburg. 

S 
'So 

•§ 

Spanish  and  Cuban. 

Total 
tons. 

June  30,  1844. 

3  780 

% 

792 

4  572 

1845. 

3  780 

3  780 

1846. 

13,  351 

13  351 

1847. 

9,  121 

9  121 

1848. 

19  828 

6.050 

640 

26  518 

1849. 

53  897 

.. 

53  897 

1850 

48  065 

758 

1  639 

50  462 

1851 

41  889 

1  293 

758 

43  940 

1852. 

59,  554 

59  554 

1853. 

81  388 

81  388 

1854 

78  256 

78  256 

1855 

33  650 

4  642 

*4  357 

6  158 

48  805 

1856. 

39  185 

4,915 

1,876 

1,282 

46  123 

1857 

137  678 

15,  125 

5,612 

17,  846 

11,551 

186  812 

1858 

141  903 

5,  402 

22,  612 

3,764 

3  183 

176  864 

1859. 

183,  354 

3,916 

34,  299 

37,654 

540 

4,  972 

264  735 

1860 

221  724 

23,358 

50,  951 

3,  276 

2^9  309 

1861 

256  857 

30,  324 

46,615 

333  796 

1862 

231  043 

33  617 

52,  252 

3,973 

1  426 

327  731 

1863 

290  490 

4  724 

1  006 

38  388 

55  737 

397  247 

Half  year  to 
Dec'.,  1863.. 
Calendar  year, 
1883   .  . 

237,452 
401,210 

4,540 
7,264 

686 

686 

34,122 

56,  692 

28,678 
53,  200 

1,425 
1,425 

681 
681 

307,  584 
521  158 

In  part  of  British  ships  for  this  and  the  two  following  years. 


General  aggregate  of  steam  tonnage  entering  the  ocean  ports  of  the  United 
States  from  1844  to  1863. 


Fiscal  year  ending- 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total 
tons. 

Fiscal  year  ending  — 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total 
tons. 

June  30  1844 

4  572 

4  572 

June  30  1854 

100  442 

151  346 

251  788 

'  1845 

3  780 

3  780 

1855  

346  901 

120  108 

467  009 

1846     

28,496 

28,  496 

1856  

397,410 

120,  645 

518,  055 

1847 

21  236 

21  236 

1857  

333,243 

282  875 

616  118 

1848  
1849 

13,  534 

28  008 

41,357 
69  897 

54.K91 
97  905 

1858  
1859  

289,  296 
311,  764 

254,  748 
339  016 

544,  044 
650,  780 

1850  

73  633 

70,  462 

144,  095 

1860  

384,  899 

391,  016 

775,  915 

1851 

193  960 

69  201 

263  161 

1861  

313,903 

439  945 

753,  848 

1852  

264,081 

105,  737 

369,  818 

1862  

212,  675 

424,  584 

637,  259 

1853. 

299  806 

132  444 

432  250 

1863  

247,  009 

477,  923 

724,  932 

For  the  fiscal  years  1841,  1842,  and  1843,  an  average  of  about  four  thousand 
tons  of  foreign  arrived  at  New  York. 

The  actual  proportion  of  the  tonnage  recorded  as  in  the  foreign  trade  of  the 
United  States  resulting  from  the  entry  of  steam  vessels  is  very  large,  both  of 
American  and  of  foreign  vessels,  but,  as  has  been  said,  much  of  it  is  in  fact  not 
what  the  record  appears  to  make  it.  The  Isthmus  trade  is  really  coastwise 
rather  than  foreign,  and  therefore  all,  or  nearly  all,  the  American  steam  tonnage 
entering  at  San  Francisco  and  New  Orleans,  with  the  Isthmus  arrivals  at  New 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


59 


York,  should  be  struck  off.  The  entries  at  both  New  York  and  New  Orleans 
from  Cuba  and  Mexico  are  in  a  great  degree  of  steamers  merely  touching  at 
Havana  and  Vera  Cruz  for  passengers  and  mails,  and  carrying  very  little  freight. 
A  more  legitimate  trade  was  for  several  years  conducted  by  the  steamer  Isabel, 
from  Havana  to  Charleston. 

On  the  North  Atlantic  coast,  again,  the  steamships  touching  at  Portland  and 
Boston  appear  in  some  cases  to  have  been  regularly  entered  there,  as  well  as  at 
New  York,  in  most  cases,  probably,  bringing  cargo  for  both  ports.  The  Canard 
line  had  its  original  terminus  at  Boston,  however,  and  steamers  have  constantly 
fully  discharged  at  Boston  and  Portland  both,  when  running  as  part  of  the 
regular  lines,  or  as  extra  ships  on  them,  from  Liverpool.  The  lake  steamer 
tonnage  is,  of  course,  entirely  excluded,  and  the  direct  transatlantic  trade  is 
therefore  reduced  to  the  arrivals  at  Portland,  Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadel 
phia.  Stating  this  separately,  the  following  is  the  result: 

Actual  steam  tonnage  arriving  in  foreign  trade. 


Fiscal  year  ending  — 

American. 

Foreign. 

Total. 

June  30,  1844  

Tons. 

Tons. 
4  572 

Tows. 
4  572 

1845  

3  780 

3  780 

1846  

28  496 

28  496 

1847  

21  236 

21  236 

1848  

12  414 

41  357 

53  771 

1849  

20  801 

(j<)  ^97 

90  698 

1850  

19  181 

70  462 

89  642 

1851  

80  123 

69  201 

149  324 

1852  

100  199 

105  739 

205  938 

1853  

118  005 

144*224 

262  229 

1854  

107  713 

151  346 

259  059 

1&55  

94  423 

120*  108 

204  531 

1856  

138  983 

1  1  9  236 

258  219 

1857  

102  706 

28V>  587 

385  293 

1858  

112  391 

254  845 

367  236 

1859  

63  542 

336  558 

400  100 

1860  

68  564 

387  885 

456  449 

1861  

68  880 

439  466 

508  346 

1862  

15  884 

424  579 

440  463 

1863  

473  114 

473  114 

To  include  Charleston,  the  American  totals  would  be  increased  about  twenty 
thousand  tons  annually  from  1851  to  1861;  but  this  could  not  be  considered 
transatlantic  trade  in  the  sense  represented  above,  being  wholly  from  Havana. 


60 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Steam  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  San  Francisco  from  foreign  countries. 


Fiscal  years  by  quarters. 

AMERICAN  VESSELS. 

FOREIGN 
VESSELS. 

Aggregate 
tonnage. 

From  Isth 
mus   am 
Nicaragua 

From  Bri 
ish   colo 
nial  ports 

Total 
American 

From  Eng 
land,  colo 
nial  ports 

1853-'54—  3d  quarter  1  853  

17,  585 
19,178 

4th  quarter  1853  

1  st  quarter  1854  

19,861 
21,501 

19,500 
20,  280 
19,  500 
19,  864 

17,  563 
18,441 
22,  916 
15,  894 

17,  949 
17,435 
15,672 
12,  328 

12,  158 
13,031 
12,  609 
14,  702 

11,928 
11,944 
12,609 
14,854 

21,311 
20,912 
21,751 
15,102 

12,  842 
17,  880 
13,  956 
19,374 

16,  572 

16,  484 
18,  794 
19,  563 

19,140 
21,522 
21,698 
23,  175 

2d  quarter  1854  

78,125 

78,125 

1854-'55  —  3d  quarter  1  854  

4th  quarter  1854  

1st  quarter  1855  

2d  quarter  1855  

79,  644 

79,644 

1  855-'56—  3d  quarter  1  855  

354 
745 
144 

4th  quarter  1855  

1st  quarter  1856  

2d  quarter  1856  

74,814 

76,057 

1856-'57—  3d  quarter  1856 

4th  quarter  1856  

144 
144 

1st  quarter  1857. 

2d  quarter  1857. 

63,384 

63,672 

1857-'58—  3d  quarter  1  857  

4th  quarter  1857  

144 
144 

1st  quarter  1858 

'~~52,~788 

2d  quarter  1858  
1858-'59—  3d  quarter  1858. 

20,  383 
14,  958 
10,  697 
12,722 

10,  961 
11,995 
9,  830 
13,538 

10,  567 
7,979 
5,441 

8,450 

3,738 
4,012 
10,416 
12,  701 

7,213 
7,750 
10,  546 
10,  950 

52,  500 

4th  quarter  1858  

1st  quarter  1859  

144 
2,314 

1  995 

2d  quarter  1859.  . 

110,095 

110,553 

1859-'60  —  3d  quarter  1859 

4th  quarter  1859  

1  136 

1st  quarter  1860 

2d  quarter  1860  

125,400 

128,531 

1860-'61—  3d  quarter  1860  

4th  quarter  1860 

1st  quarter  1861 

2d  quarter  1861  

94,  489 

479 

94,968 

1861-'62—  3d  quarter  1861   . 

4th  quarter  1861  

1st  quarter  1862  

2d  quarter  1862  . 

102,  230 

102,230 

1862-'63  —  3d  quarter  1862 

1  411 

4th  quarter  1862  

1  411 

1st  quarter  1863  . 

1,277 
710 

2d  quarter  1863  . 

121,994 

126,803 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  61 

Steam  tonnage  entered  at  the  port  of  Charleston  from  foreign  countries. 

•  American  vessels  only.  Tons. 

Fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1851 14,926 

1852 18,696 

1853 22,000 

1854 22,317 

1855 20,487 

1856 • 21,204 

18,57 21,917 

1858 21,010 

1859 26,781 

1860 26,990 

Half    year    to    December,    1860    1 1,604 

For  the  first  three  years  the  entries  are  in  part  estimated,  the  record  for  one 
or  more  quarters  of  each  being  lost.  All  the  entries  were  from  Havana. 

The  steam  tonnage  arriving  at  New  Orleans  from  foreign  ports  was  techni 
cally  large  from  the  commencement  of  the  Isthmus  trade  to  the  close  of  I860, 
and  all  in  American  vessels.  Estimating  for  the  record  of  two  or  three  quar 
ters,  the  following  is  the  tonnage,  about  one-half  of  which  is  from  Havana, 
Cuba,  and  the  other  half  from  the  Isthmus,  Central  America,  and  Mexico. 
The  years  1855,  1856,  1857,  and  1860  are  complete: 

Tons. 

Fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1855 60,868 

1856 64,571 

1857 76,514 

1858 75,000 

1859 78,000 

1860 88,530 

The  New  York  line  touching  at  Havana  was  mainly  a  coasting  and  passen 
ger  trade,  and  this  makes  up  more  than  half  the  total.  The  arrivals  from  the 
Isthmus  and  Mexico  were  much  the  same. 

At  Mobile  there  were  a  few  arrivals  of  American  steamers  from  foreign  ports, 
but  their  amount  in  any  year  was  small. 

On  the  northeastern  frontier,  entering  at  Castine,  Maine,  (district  of  Passama- 
quoddy,)  there  is  a  large  aggregate  of  tonnage  accumulated  by  the  frequent 
trips  of  small  American  steamers  plying  to  New  Brunswick  and  Halifax.  The 
average  of  such  arrivals  amounts  to  over  60,000  tons  annually  since  1853,  being 
in  the  fiscal  years — 

Tows. 

1854-'55 64,219 

1855-'56 67,401 

1856-'57 53,178 

1860-'61 55,423 

1861-'62 75,324 

1862-'63 61,444 

The  intervening  years  are  not  readily  distinguished.  This  was  all  tonnage 
of  American  vessels. 

The  swelled  volume  of  tonnage  arriving  from  foreign  countries  during  the 
last  ten  or  fifteen  years  is  more  largely  due  to  steam  than  would  at  first  appear, 
in  consequence  of  the  introduction  of  the  items  above  described.  Taking  the 


62 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


fiscal  year  1S59-'GO  as  an  example,  the  total  tonnage  reported  as  arriving  in 

the  foreign  trade  is  of — 

American  vessels toni. .   5,921,285 

Foreign  vessels tons..   2,253,911 


Total. . . tons. .   8,175,196 


Excluding  the  tonnage  from  Canada,  the  American  is  reduced  to  3,304,009 
tons,  and  the  foreign  to  1,594,575  tons.  Deducting,  further,  for  the  California 
and  Isthmus  trade  in  American  steam  vessels — 


For  entries  at  New  York 

For  entries  at  New  Orleans 

For  entries  at  San  Francisco 

For  entries  at  Castine,  Maine 


tons..  170,641 

tons..  88, 530 

tons..  125,  400 

tons..  55,000 


Total tons. .   439,  571 


The  tonnage  actually  entering  in  the  foreign  trans-oceanic  trade  is  reduced  to 
2,864,438  tons.  The  peculiar  conditions  attending  the  technical  statements  of 
tonnage  and  shipping  have  thus,  to  a  great  extent,  concealed  the  injuries  which 
have  been  suffered  in  general  ocean  commerce,  misleading  to  the  impression  that 
large  accessions  were  being  made  to  the  shipping  so  enployed,  when,  in  fact, 
great  a"nd  most  injurious  reductions  were  taking  place. 

THE    ISTHMUS    TRADE. 

The  peculiar  character  of  the  trade  passing  the  Isthmus  of  Panama,  the  ton 
nage  of  which  appears  as  entered  and  cleared  for  foreign  countries,  but  which, 
for  reasons  before  stated,  is  taken  as  almost  exclusively  coastwise,  is  best  ex 
plained  in  the  consular  reports  from  Panama,  from  which  the  following  state 
ments  are  taken.  These  statements  do  not  distinguish  the  values  from  each 
country  entered  for  consumption — only  the  total  values  from  all  countries. 

Values  of  cargoes  entering  Panama. 


Year  ending  — 

For  consump 
tion. 

In  transit  for 
the  U.  States. 

In  transit  for 
Europe. 

Total. 

September  30  1860      

$1  375  814 

$36  846  939 

$14  925  250 

$53  148  000 

1861 

]   145  310 

50  146  345 

13  056  250 

64  347  905 

1862  

2,  443,  815 

28,  232,  400 

27  000  244 

*57  826  620 

Including  $144,160  in  transit  for  the  South  Pacific  coast. 

Values  of  cargoes  from  Panama. 


Year  ending  — 

Exports  of 
Panama. 

In  transit 
from  U.  S. 

In  transit 
from  Europe. 

Total. 

September 

30,  1860  

$129  000 

$8,  325,  000 

$4,400  000 

$12  784,000 

1861 

250  000 

10  169  225 

2  205  625 

12  624  850 

1862  ,  

2,  8b'9,  857 

11,647,596 

5,113,394 

24,  795,  426 

In  1860  there  was,  also,  of  merchandise  exported,  in  thirty-one  British  vessels, 
to  the  South  Pacific  coast  $3,500,000,  and  in  vessels  of  other  nations  $1,200,000. 
In  1862  there  is  included  in  the  outward  total  the  following  items: 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


63 


Value  of  cargoes  from  Central  America  to  South  Pacific $66,  000 

Value  of  cargoes  from  South  Pacific  to  Central  America 76,  250 

Value  of  cargoes  from  Europe  and  elsewhere  (treasure) 4,  444,  268 

Value  of  cargoes  from  Europe  and  the. United  States  (jewelry). ..  578,  062 

The  total  values  inward  and  outward  are  therefore — 


Years. 

Inward. 

Outward. 

Total. 

In  1859 

$57  679  9'>5 

$13  857  000 

$71  536  9°5 

In  I860       

53,  148  004 

17  484  000 

70  632  004 

In  1861             

64,347  905 

12  624  850 

76  97°  755 

In  1802 

57  826  620 

24  795  428 

82  622  049 

The  very  small  proportion  of  trade  for  consumption  in  Panama,  and  of  out 
ward  exports,  the  produce  of  Panama,  is  decisive  that  the  tonnage  of  United  States 
steamships  on  that  line  cannot  properly  be  regarded  as  in  the  foreign  trade. 

In  1862  further  statements  of  tonnage  arrived  and  cleared  are  given  as  fol 
lows: 

Vessels  arrived  at  Panama,  and  their  tonnage  for  the  year  ending  September 

30,  1862. 


Arrived  inward. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Outward  bound. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

American  ships 

60 
42 
2 
2 

70 

89,  184 
30,611 
475 
536 
3,350 

57 
42 
2 
2 

70 

86,  578 
30,611 
475 
536 
3,350 

English  ships  

English  ships 

Spanish  ships.    ...   .... 

Spanish  ships 

French  ships 

New  Granadian  and  all  other. 
Total     

N.  Granadian  and  all  other.  . 
Total 

176 

124,  156 

173 

121,  550 

The  value  of  cargoes  in  American  bottoms,  inward  and  outward,  in  1862  was 
$59,671,194. 

The  following  statement  of  the  transit  of  treasure  and  freight  over  the  Isthmus 
of  Panama  in  1862,  towards  the  Pacific  and  towards  the  Atlantic,  is  also  from 
the  consular  report  for  1862  of  Alexander  McKee,  United  States  consul  at 
Panama. 

Travel  and  transportation  over  the  Isthmus  of  Panama  for  the  year  ending 

September  30,  1862. 


Towards  the 
Pacific. 

Towards  the 
Atlantic. 

Total. 

Passengers  

.........    .   .     number 

21  456 

9  yog 

Q1     IfJO 

Gold  

value 

$4  444  268 

$34  605*467 

<tt*}o  nia  7«{fi 

Silver 

do 

$14  2Rr>  Q'i^ 

$114  %2^r>  <YV\ 

Jewelry 

do 

$578  062 

s~>?S  OfiO 

232  886 

31  964 

•)Q4  $50 

English  mails. 

.do 

35  565 

10  127 

45  692 

Extra  bafiffifitcre     »   • 

do 

345  547 

217  901 

r)(V"l  448 

do 

54  758  378 

20  061  601 

74  81Q  Q1Q 

Freight  by  measure. 

feet  

737,  684 

33,  279 

770,  963 

64  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

§ 
Of  the  treasure  carried  towards  the  Atlantic  there  was : 

Gold  to  the  United  States $26,401,693 

Silver  to  the  United  States 16,513 

Gold  to  England 8,091,032 

Silver  to  England , 14,198,008 

REVIEW   OF   STEAMSHIP   LINES. 

As  the  tonnage  accounts  appear  in  the  official  records  the  various  ocean  steam 
ship  lines  are  but  imperfectly  disclosed.  First,  after  the  experimental  trip  of 
the  Sirius,  in  1838,  the  Great  Western  ran  for  several  years — 1840  to  1846 — 
almost  alone  to  New  York.  In  1842  and  1843  there  were  three  or  four  arrivals 
of  the  British  Queen  from  Antwerp ;  but  the  principal  opening  of  the  steamer 
trade  was  made  by  the  Cunard  line,  established  in  1840  and  1841,  from  Liver 
pool,  via  Halifax,  to  Boston.  There  were  several  of  these  vessels,  the  Columbia, 
the  Acadia,  the  Caledonia,  and  Britannia,  the  first  four  of  the  line.  The  Colum 
bia  was  lost  in  1843,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Hibernia  and  the  Cambria,*  to 
which  were  added,  on  the  extension  of  the  line  to  New  York,  in  1848,  the 
Niagara,  Europa,  Canada,  America,  and  the  Trent  and  Severn,  of  the  West  India 
line,  occasionally  came  to  New  York.  The  Cunard  line  was  the  pioneer  as  a 
commericial  venture  strictly.  It  always  carried  a  larger  share  of  merchandise 
than  other  British  lines,  and  larger  also  than  the  American  line  afterwards 
established  to  British  ports.  A  French  line  from  Havre  appears  in  the  arrivals 
at  New  York  in  1847,  three  or  four  steamers  of  about  600  tons  each,  but  they 
disappear  in  1848.t 

In  1848,  simultaneously  with  the  extension  of  the  Cunard  line  to  New  York, 
and  its  enlargement  to  a  total  of  55,000  tons  arriving  in  the  fiscal  year  184S-'49, 
there  was  an  American  line  to  Bremen  established.  The  Washington  and  Herr 
mann,  and  a  large  steamer,  the  United  States,  made  several  trips  to  and  from 
Havre.  The  Isthmus  lines  were  begun  nearly  at  the  same  time,  expanding 
rapidly  in  1850  and  1851,  and,  as  they  touched  at  Vera  Cruz  and  Havana  fre 
quently,  their  tonnage  appears  as  foreign  arrivals,  entering  from  Mexico  and 
Cuba,  though  conducting  little  actual  foreign  commerce.  In  1850  the  first  ar 
rivals  of  the  Collins  line  were  reported  at  New  York — the  Atlantic,  Pacific, 
Arctic,  and  Baltic.  The  tonnage  by  these  ships  rose  to  75,000  tons  annually 
in  1S53  and  1854,  but  the  line  was  abruptly  discontinued  in  1857. 

An  interruption  of  the  Cunard  line  to  New  York  occurred  in  1855,  amount 
ing  to  an  absolute  discontinuance  for  the  entire  year,  but  it  was  fully  resumed 
in  1856.  The  tabular  statement  preceding  being  for  fiscal  years,  does  not  show 
the  fact  of  discontinuance  during  the  calendar  year  1855.  The  line  ran  to  Bos 
ton,  however,  as  usual. 

In  1856  a  French  line  from  Havre  was  started  to  New  York,  composed  of 
the  Barcelone,  the  Lyonnaise,  the  Alma,  and  Cadiz,  but  they  made  a  few  trips 
only.  Several  British  steamers — the  Jason,  Etna,  Alps,  &c. — made  a  few  trips 
also  from  Havre  to  New  York  in  1856  and  1857,  but  they  were  not  afterwards 
continued. 

%    From  Bremen  the  Hansa,  a  Bremen  vessel,  in  1856  and  1857,  made  a  few 
trips  to  New  York,  and  the  Jason  and  Argo,  British,  after  the  withdrawal  of  the 

*  In  the  tonnage  of  arrivals  at  Boston  the  capacity  of  these  vessels  is  given  at  a  much 
lower  figure,  than  when,  in  1848,  they  were  reported  at  New  York ;  the  Cambria  being  at  Boston 
760  tons,  and  at  New  York  1,334  tons;  the  Hibernia  791  and  1,324  tons;  the  Acadia  612  and 
1,300  tons;  the  Britannia 609 and  1,161  tons;  the  Caledonia 615 and  1,116  tons.  Nosufficient 
reason  appears  for  the  discrepancy ;  but  as  it  was  admitted  in  the  original  calculations  of 
tonnage,  the  materials  for  this  statement  must  now  be  made  up  in  the  same  manner.  This 
decrepancy  in  the  tonnage  of  the  same  steamships  recorded  at  Boston  and  New  York  con 
tinues  to  the  close  of  the  employment  of  the  first  line  of  ships  in  1862. 

t  Entered  as  the  Union,  704  tons;  the  Philadelphia,  593  tons;  the  New  York,  586  tons; 
and  the  Missouri,  599  tons. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


65 


Hermann  and  Washington,  American.  A  line  of  Belgian  steamers  was  also 
started  in  1856 — the  Leopold,  the  Belgique,  and  Constitution — but  soon  with 
drew.  The  Hamburg  steamers  Bornesia  and  Hamraonia,  and  the  Bremen  line, 
before  referred  to,  continued  in  successful  operation,  between  the  North  German 
ports  and  New  York,  from  their  beginning  in  1856.  In  1859  and  subsequent 
years  they  received  the  addition  of  two  or  three  heavy  steamers — the  Teutonia, 
Bavaria,  and  Saxonia,  from  Hamburg,  and  the  Bremen  and  New  York,  from 
Bremen.  Together  the  amount  of  this  tonnage  from  Hamburg  and  Bremen 
rose  rapidly  from  1858  forward,  amounting  to  109,892  tons  in  the  calendar  year 
1863.  The  success  of  the  line  has  been  so  decided  as  to  lead  to  a  large  diver 
sion  of  the  trade  of  continental  Europe  through  the  ports  of  Bremen  and  Ham 
burg,  ranking  them  next  to  England  in  the  general  amount  of  trade  with  the 
United  States. 

The  trade  with  France,  largely  carried  by  the  American  line  of  steamers  to 
Havre  from  1857  to  the  close  of  1861,  is  now  received  through  a  British-built 
line,  just  making  its  first  passages  in  June,  1864,  and  a  second  line  of  new 
foreign  steamers  is  also  started  between  Liverpool  and  New  York. 

The  effect  of  the  establishment  of  the  Bremen  and  Hamburg  lines  of  foreign 
steamers  on  the  trade  of  the  United  States  with  those  countries  is  so  striking 
as  to  require  notice  here.  The  following  is  a  comparison,  beginning  with  1855, 
of  the  proportion  of  American  and  foreign  vessels  engaged  in  the  trade  of  the 
United  States  with  those  ports : 

Vessels  and  tonnage  entered  tJie  ports  of  the  United  States  from  Hamburg  and 

Bremen. 


Period. 

AMERICAN 
VESSELS. 

FOREIGN  VES 
SELS. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Fiscal  year  1854-'  55  

50 

38 
36 
30 
9 
5 
12 
10 
9 

39,525 
37,  2l»3 
37,411 
91,300 
11,223 
4.  033 
8,  *98 
7,  3(51 
9,018 

236 
214 
264 

218 
193 
181 
196 
183 

159,  807 
1*21,498 
171,844 

169,060 
186,599 

170,  222 
161,005 
189,604 
179,  5<>5 

1855-'56  

1856  '57 

1857-'58  

1858-'59                  

1859-'60 

1  860-61  

1861-'<)2  

1862-'63  

The  conduct  of  this  trade  has,  therefore,  almost  wholly  passed  to  other  than 
United  States  vessels.  The  value  of  the  trade  has  also  increased  beyond  all 
proportion  to  the  tonnage.  In  1859-'60  the  imports  from  the  two  ports  were 
$18,498,607,  and  the  exports  $18,378,703— a  total  trade  of  $36,877,310,  a  very 
little,  indeed,  of  which  was  carried  by  American  vessels. 

PRESENT  CONDITION  OF  FOREIGN  STEAM  LINES  (JUNE,  1864.) 

The  present  condition  of  the  foreign  steam  lines  to  the  United  States  is 
ehown  in  the  following  table,  first  embodied  in  a  memorial  to  Congress  by  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York : 


Ex.  Doc.  55 5 


66 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Foreign  steam  lines  to  the  United  States,  January,  1864. 


Line. 

Route. 

Name  of  steamer. 

Tonnage  of  each 
steamer. 

Total  tonnage. 

Remarks. 

Liverpool  to  New 

Scotia  

4  137 

York,  and  Liv 

Persia 

3  688 

erpool  to  Bos 

Australasian  

2  663 

ton. 

China  

2  522 

Arabia  

2,285 

Africa  

2  088 

Asia 

2  051 

1  751 

America  

2,  030 

Niagara  

1  824 

1  831 

26  870 

<5             V 

1  6°8 

° 

Hecla  

1  684 

Olympia   . 

1  666 

Sciota  

1  704 

fi  fiR° 

o  560 

,        .  . 

York. 

City  of  New  York  

2,560 

Philadelphia  to 

City  of  Baltimore  

2  367 

New    York    in 

City  of  Washington  
City  of  Manchebter  
City  of  Cork  

2,380 
2,109 
1,  545 

1857. 

City  of  Limerick  

1  540 

Etna  

2  215 

Edinburgh  

2  197 

1  874 

Bosphorus  Branch  

448 
1  962 

03  757 

London  and  New  York 

Bellona  

1  703 

Cella 

1  683 

3  386 

Unica                             ) 

' 

Avoca  > 

Una                                  ) 

Britannia  

1  274 

1  265 

United  Kingdom  

1  155 

3  694 

Montreal  ocean  steam- 

St.  George  

1  426 

St    Andrew 

1  393 

St.  Patrick  

Adriatic  

4  000 

2,819 

2  000 

6  000 

National  Steam  Naviga 
tion  Company. 



Louisiana  
Virginia  

2,271 
2  747 

Carolina 

0  410 

7  428 

Hamburg  Ameri'n  Pack 

Saxouia  . 

2  500 

et  Company. 

Hammonia  

2  100 

2  400 

2  100 

Germania 

2  600 

11  700 

North   German    Lloyds 



America  

New  York 

2,  509 
2  366 

Fine  ve&sela. 

2  88° 

Bremen  

2  398 

10  155 

Jamaica,  Hayti,  Nassau, 

Saladin  

518 

and  Havana. 

Corsica       .        .  . 

1  04° 

1  560 

Aggregate  tonnage. 

104  051 

• 

FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  67 

The  Adriatic,  here  named  as  one  of  the  Gal  way  line,  and  now  owned  abroad, 
was  originally  built  for  the  Collins  line,  and  is  the  only  steamer  of  American 
build  which  crosses  the  ocean.  To  the  list  above  given,  from  January  to  June, 
1864,  the  following  have  been  added  : 

The  General   Transatlantic   Company's  line  between   New   York  and  Havre. 

Washington,  3,204  tons 900  horse  power. 

Lafayette,  3,204  tons 900  horse  power. 

Eugenie,    (afloat) 900  horse  power. 

France,    (building) 900  horse  power. 

Napoleon  III,  (building,) 1,  100  horse  power. 

The  National  Steam  Navigation  Company's  line,  New   York  to  Liverpool. 

Virginia 2,  SVG  tons. 

Pennsylvania 2,  972  tons. 

Louisiana 2,166  tons. 

"Westminster 

Queen 3,  612  tons,  (building.) 

Eriu 3,  215  tons,  (building.) 

Ontario 3,  212  tons,  (building.) 

Helvetia 3,  209  tons,  (building.) 

Various  propositions  for  the  establishment  of  new  American  steam  lines  to 
foreign  countries  have  been  made  during  the  last  year,  and  it  has  been  claimed 
that  the  aid  of  the  government  should  be  accorded  to  any  lines  which  should 
be  opened,  at  least  to  the  extent  of  the  aid  regularly  accorded  by  the  British 
government  in  like  cases.  The  circumstances  surrounding  any  such  enterprises 
at  the  present  time  are  decidedly  adverse,  unless  aid  of  some  decided  character 
is  afforded.  The  national  and  semi-official  character  attached  to  European 
steamer  lines  by  the  governments  supporting  them  undoubtedly  goes  far  toward 
securing  them  precedence  in  passenger  carriage,  in  important  and  valuable 
freights,  and  in  every  element  of  security,  with  the  advantages  it  brings — the 
consideration  of  chief  importance  now  in  distant  voyages.  A  system  of  official 
recognition  similar  to  that  which  has  so  long  characterized  the  royal  mail 
steamer  lines  of  Great  Britain  is  urgently  needed  for  the  United  States. 

At  the  instance  of  the  promoters  of  a  new  steam  line  to  Brazil,  among  others. 
Congress  has  just  passed  an  act  extending  aid  in  the  form  of  guaranteed  pay 
ments  for  postal  service. 

The  following  very  valuable  statements  and  tables  from  the  memorial  of  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  New  York,  before  referred  to,  prepared  by  John  Austin 
Stevens,  jr.,  esq.,  secretary,  are  by  permission  reproduced  here.  They  cover 
the  several  points  to  which  they  relate  so  completely  as  to  render  the  prepa 
ration  of  similar  tables  unnecessary,  while  it  would  be  scarcely  possible  to  equal 
them  in  force  and  completeness.  The  principal  table  of  existing  steamer  lines 
previously  copied  is  given  at  the  close  of  a  history  of  American  steam  lines, 
from  which  the  statement  of  passages  which  here  follow  are  taken. 


68 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Average  passages  of  iJie  Cunarcl  steamers  in  1859. — (From  the  report  to  Parlia 
ment  of  the  select  committee  in  I860.) 


LIVERPOOL  AND  BOSTON. 


11 

Average  time  of 

S3 

Average  time  of 

passages. 

is  • 

passages. 

§  >  n 

111 

Names  of  Bteamers. 

^sl 

X 

t 

1 

nsS  §. 

"*  1  > 

H 

K 

5 

*£s 

• 

g 

1 

d£-J 

£ 

1 

I 

£ 

Q 

t-4 

a 

fc 

Q 

9 

3 

15 

4 

3 

11 

11 

33 

g 

12 

1() 

17 

6 

10 

7 

g 

5 

14 

20 

6 

R 

11 

14 

20 

7 

14 

4 

30 

G 

11 

o 

50 

6 

13 

3 

5 

10 

15 

15 

27 

13  1      20 

53 

26 

10 

23 

21 

LIVERPOOL  AND  NEW  YORK. 


Names  of  steamers. 

No.  of  passages 
from  Liverpool 
to  New  York.t 

Average  time  of 
passages. 

No.  of  passages 
from  New  York 
to  Liverpool. 

Average  time  of 

passages. 

! 

Hours. 

Minutes. 

« 
>•> 

Hours. 

Minutes. 

Persia                        .                   

7 
8 
7 
3 
1 

11 

13 
13 
15 
15 

11 
7 
4 
13 
12 

49 
34 
39 
55 

7 

8 
8 
3 

9 
10 
10 
11 

16 

20 

00 

23 

57 
57 
20 
5 

Reducing  Boston  to  Now  York  distance,  the  aver- 

26 
53 

.13 

13 

Avera 

3 

23 

ge  as  a 

20 
bove. 

26 
53 

10 

11 
12 

16 

5 

14 

40 

Average  passages  of  the  Collins  steamers  at  several  periods. 

NEW  YORK  AND  LIVERPOOL. 


11  v 

Average  time  of 

[£ 

Average  time  of 

• 

5  £"0 

passages. 

^S 

pauaages. 

Names  of  steamers. 

^fc 

K|| 

c£« 

rf 

= 

1 

. 

2 

1 

r^ 

I 

I 

§ 

^ 

g  ^ 

1 

.1 

1856      BflticS 

7 
4 

12 
11 

12 
13 



7 

4 

11 
10 

8 
12 

:::::! 

NEW  YORK  AND  SOUTH AMPTON.j 


Name  of  steamer. 

1 

Average  time  of 
passages. 

No.  of  pfigsnges 
from  N.  York  to 
Southampton. 

Average  time  of 
passages. 

1 

Hours. 

Minutes. 

f 

i 

1 

3 

a 

3J 

1860      Adriatic                      •                                 

5 

10 

2 

20 

5 

9 

19 

*2>S23  nautical  miles.  t3,013  nautical  miles.  +  One  trip. 

§ /The  shortest  passage  across  the  Atlantic  wns  by  the  Baltic  in  1854  ;  time,  9  days,  16  hours,  nnd  5'.)  minutes. 
(I  Distance  to  Southampton  exceeds  that  to  Liverpool  59  miles. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


An  estimate  of  the  correspondence  conveyed  by  the  British  American  packets 
(Cunardline)  in  one  year,  1859;  of  the  total  British  postage  thereon;  of 
certain  deductions  to  be  made  from  the  total  British  postage ;  of  the  British 
sea  postage  remaining  after  making  those  deductions ;  of  the  cost  of  sea  con 
veyance^  and  of  the  difference  between  the  cost  of  sea  conveyance  and  the 
amount  of  sea  postage. — (From  the  report  of  the  select  committee  on  postal  and 
telegraph  contracts  made  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  May,  I860.) 


1 
3i 

"3 
t 

British  postage  on 
letters. 

No.  of  packages 
of  printed  mat 
ter. 

British  postage  on 
printed  matter. 

Between  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  United  States  

4,  810,  000 
243,  800 

£82,  500 
6,000 

1,  758,  000 
*471,  800 

£7,500 
1,  60G 

Between  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  rest  of  British  North 

135,  700 

14,550 

J164,  920 

<570 

Between  the  United  Kingdom  and  Havana,  Mexico,  and 
California                                 

46,000 

2,750 

34,  400 

140 

2  700 

Cannot  be 

Between  the  continent  of  Europe  and  North  America,  In 

stated. 
115  300 

5,620 

stated. 
104  000 

460 

290  500  ozs 

17  950 

321  000  ozs 

530 

10  '100 

122  070 

Total  British  postage  on  letters  and  printed  matter.  . 

132,  970 

Deduct  for  British  inland  rate  \\d.  per  letter  on 
the  whole  number  of  letters  in  the  number 
column                                        11,000 

Deduet  half  the  postage  on  the  printed  matter, 
with  the  exception  of  the  1  centime  on  the 

20  970 

112  000 

Cost  of  sea  conveyance. 

For  conveyance  of  mails  between  Liverpool  and 
to  Halifax  and  Boston,  and  between  Liverpool 
and  New  York                                                         173  300 

For  conveyance  of  mails  between  New  York 
and  NaBnait                                                                   3  000 

For  conveyance  of  mails  between  Halifax  and 
Bermuda  and  St.  Thomas,  and  between  Hali 
fax  aud  St.  John's,  Newfoundland  14,  TOO 

191  000 

Loss  on  the  service,  viz.,  difference  between  sea  postage 

79,000 

*  Of  this  number  only  384,000  (which  were  despatched  from  the  United  Kingdom)  produced  any  British 
postage. 

t  Including  £1.500  for  postage  on  official  letters. 

J  Of  this  number  the  papers  received  in  the  United  Kingdom  produced  no  British  postage. 


70 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


United  States  mail  service  abroad,  October  1,  1852. 


No.  of  route.  I 

Points. 

Distance. 

No.  of  trips. 

Contractors. 

Am't  of  pny. 

Contract. 

Miles. 

1... 

New  York,  by  Soutbamp- 
1      ton,  England,  to  Bremen- 
Haven,  Germany. 

3,760 

Once      n 

month. 

Ocean  Steam  Naviga 
tion  Company.  —  C. 
H.  Sand. 

$200,  000 

With  Postmaster  Gen 
eral,  act  of  Congress 
March  3,  1845. 

o 

Charleston,  So.  Carolina, 

689 

Twice   n 

11.  C.  Mordecai.   ... 

50,  000 

With  Postmaster  Gen 

by  Savannah,  Georgia, 

mouth. 

eral,  acts  of  Congress 

and  Key  West,  Florida, 

March  3,  1847,  and 

to  Havana,  Cuba. 

July  10,  1848. 

3*.. 

New  York  to  Aspinvrall, 

2,000 

New  Granada,  direct. 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana, 
to  Aspinwall,  New  Gran 
ada,  direct. 

1,400 

Twice  n 
month. 

George  Law,  M.  O. 
Robert*,  and  B.  K. 

ilcllvaine. 

290,  000 

Under    contract    with 
Secretary  of  Navy, 
acts      of     Congress 

New  York,  via  Havana,  to 

2  000 

March  3,   1847,  and 

New  Orleans,  Louisiana. 

March  3,  1851. 

4... 

Astoria,  Oregon,  vrith  sun 

4,200 

Twice   a 

Pacific  MailSteamship 

848,  250 

Contract  with    Secre 

dry  stoppages. 

month. 

Company. 

tary   of   Navy    and 

Postmaster  General, 

acts  of  March  3,  1847, 

and  March  3,1851. 

5... 

New  York  to  Liverpool.  .  . 

3,109 

26p'ryear 

E.  K.  Collins  &  Co.... 

858,  000 

Contract  with    Secre 

tary  of  Navy,  March 

3,  1847,  and  July  21, 
1852. 

6... 

New  York,  by  Cowcs,  to 

3,270 

Once      a 

Ocean  Steam  Naviga 

150,  000 

Contract    with     Post 

Havre,  France. 

month. 

tion  Company.  —  M. 

master          General, 

Livingston. 

March  3,  1847. 

f 

Aspinwall  to  Pauamu  

CO 

Twice   H 

50,  436 

Service     of     Panama 

n 

2,446,686 

railroad  under  tem 
porary  arrangement, 

; 

.'ict  of  Congress  Mar. 

3,  1851,  fit  22  cents 

- 

per  pound. 

Table  showing  the  foreign  steam  communication  of  Great  Britain  and  the  gov 
crnmcnt  subsidies. — (From  the  report  of  the  Postmaster  General,  1862.) 


a 

*o 

0 

JL 

12.. 
13.. 

14.. 
15.. 

16.. 
17 

Destination. 

Number  of  trips. 

Companies. 

Date  of  contract. 

Subsidy  per 

annum. 

Southampton,  Vigo,  Oporto, 
and  Lisbon. 
Southampton  to  Gibraltar, 
Malta,  and  Alexandria. 
Marseilles,  Malta,  and  Alex- 
andria. 
Suez  and  Bombay  ....... 

Three  times  a  month 
>  Four  times  a  month 
>  Twice  a  month  

Peninsula  and  Oriental 
Steam  Navigation  Co. 

do 

Admiralty,  Janu- 
uary  0,1852. 

£5,000 

>  249,625 

134,  672 
176,  340 
14,700 

S  270,000 
25,006 
30,  000 

33,060 

do.  ... 

(  Admiralty,  Jan- 
<     uary    1,   1853, 
(     July  7,  1854. 
Post  office,  April 
16,  1861. 
Admiralty,    June 
24,  1858. 
July  1,1854  

JulyS,  1850  

January  1,  1851  .. 
April  1,1862  

Sept.  24,  1858.... 
Sept.  12,1852.... 

Suez  and  Calcutta  
Bombay  and  China 

> 

Once  a  mouth  . 

do 

Point  deGalle  and  Sydney. 
Liverpool,     Halifax,    and 
Boston. 
Liverpool  and  New  York.  . 
Halifax,  Bermuda,  and  St. 
Thomas. 
West  Indies  . 

(  Weekly  ...     . 

Sir  S   Cunard 

Once  a  month 

do 

Twice  a  month  
Once  a  month  

Royal  Mail  Stcampacket 
Co. 
do  

Pacific    Steam   N^iviga- 
tiou  Co. 
African  Steamship  Co.. 

Union  Steamship  Co  

18.. 
19.. 

90.. 

Brazil  and  River  Plate  
Pacific  

West  Coast  of  Africa  
Cape  of  Good  Hope  

Once    a  month,   to 
touch  at  Madeira, 
Teneriffe,    Sierra 
Leone,  &c. 
Once  a  mouth  

*  Of  these  lines,  Nos.  3,  4,  and  7  are  now  in  operation— all  the  ocean  lines  being  withdrawn. 
t  The  preceding  numbers  are  of  domestic  lines  or  lines  to  the  continent. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


71 


Table  showing  comparative  subsidies  to  American  and  British  lines  in  1857. 

AMERICAN. 


Line. 

Trips. 

Distances. 

Subsidy. 

Grose  post 
age. 

Total  miles. 

Pay  per 

mile. 

Colling 

29 

3  100 

$3^  000 

$415  867 

134  000 

Bremen  

13 

3  700 

12*5  <)37 

l°t*  937 

96  000 

1  34 

Havre 

13 

3  270 

K-'  484 

8*3  464 

85  0°0 

Aspinwall     

24 

3  200 

200  000 

13')'  CIO 

153  600 

1    KH£ 

Pacific 

24 

4  200 

348  2r>0 

JQ-J  O'JQ 

201  600 

Havana  

24 

'ceo 

60*000 

6>088 

3°  I  J  ° 

1  8Gi 

Vera  Cruz 

04 

°00 

oy  Q(JO 

r.    JJ^JQ 

43  200 

Total  

1,329  733 

*1  035  740 

*7°5  73° 

tl  80J 

*  The  slight  errors  in  these  footings  occur  in  the  original. 
BRITISH. 


t  Average. 


Line. 

Trips. 

Distances. 

Subsidy. 

Gross  postage. 

Total  miles. 

Pay  per  mile. 

5° 

3  100 

£173  340 

£143  G67  10 

°04  000 

Rovul  Mail  . 

24 

11  40° 

°70  000 

106  905  00 

547  296 

M   10         °  46 

Peninsula  and  Oriental  

24 

244  000 

178  186  11 

796  637 

6   01  J        1  5'ty 

A  tut  rail  Kb 

12 

14  000 

185  000 

33  281  1'* 

336  (XX) 

11    00         2  75 

Bermuda  and  St.  Thomas  

24 

2,042 

14,700 

98  000 

3   00         0  75 

Panama  and  Valparaiso 

24 

2  718 

°j  ooo 

5  715  00 

130  434 

3    10         0  ()6 

Went  Coast  of  Africa  

12 

6  245 

23  250 

3  1%  0° 

149  880 

°   06         0  6*** 

French,  Belgian, 
and  Dutch 
postage. 

Channel  Islands  

156 

132 

74  430  08 

41  184 

Holvhead  and  Kingston  

780 

64 

36  158  09 

93*  440 

Liverpool  and  Inle  of  Man  

112 

70 

10,032  15 

14  560 

52 

200 

20  800 

Total 

1  06°  797 

591  573  07 

o  530  231 

97         2  39~ 

Total  average  per  mile,  $2  10|.     Average  of  four  principal  lines,  $2  39. 

These  subsidies  have  been  gradually  increasing  from  the  year  1850,  and 
additions  made  as  new  services  were  required  from  the  lines,  growing  out  of  the 
increased  commerce  which  followed  their  establishment;  and  in  times  of  com 
mercial  distress,  as  well  as  in  prosperity,  the  same  sustaining  and  unfaltering 
protection  has  always  been  afforded  by  the  sagacious  and  far-seeing  policy  of 
the  British  government. 


72  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


STEAM  SHIPPING  AND  TONNAGE  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN. 

The  steam  marine  of  Great  Britain  is  intimately  related  to  that  of  the  United 
States  so  far  as  foreign  trade  is  concerned.  The  increase  of  foreign  shipping 
of  all  classes  conducting  the  foreign  trade  of  the  United  States  is  almost  wholly 
British,  and  the  successful  lines  of  steamers  newly  established,  as  well  as  those 
which  have  at  any  time  taken  the  place  of  American  lines,  are  also  nearly  all 
British.  The  statistics  of  British  shipping  are,  therefore,  essential  to  the  proper 
consideration  of  the  changes  in  progress  directly  affecting  American  shipping. 

The  first  table  which  follows  shows  the  tonnage  of  all  classes  entering  British 
ports  for  five  years  to  the  close  of  1863,  the  steam  tonnage  not  being  separated. 
The  most  conspicuous  fact  apparent  in  this  table  is  the  increase  of  the  aggre 
gate  of  British  tonnage,  the  fixed  position  of  foreign  tonnage,  and  the  decline 
in  tonnage  of  the  United  States. 

Summary  of  tonnage  entering  ports  of  Great  Britain. 

In  1859.  In  1863. 

British 5,  388,  953  7,  299,  417 

All  foreign 3,  700,  597  3,  838,  529 

United   States 1,077,948  692,337 

The  increase  of  British  is  near  2,000,000  tons,  while  that  of  the  United 
States  declines  385,611  tons  in  five  years.  A  still  greater  decline  is  apparent 
when  the  maximum  year  1861  is  compared  with  1863,  the  first  giving  a  total 
of  1,647,076  tons,  and  the  decline  to  1863  being,  therefore,  944,739  tons.  This 
decline  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  immense  number  of  American  vessels  sold 
abroad  in  1861,  1862  and  1863,  the  great  majority  of  which  were  purchased  by 
the  British.  Thus  the  increase  of  steam  vessels,  which  is  wholly  foreign,  com 
bines  with  the  loss  of  the  magnificent  fleet  of  sailing  ships,  long  the  pride  of 
United  States  commerce,  to  expel  the  United  States  Sag  from  the  chief  centres 
of  foreign  commerce. 

It  is  noticeable  that  France  and  the  German,  as  well  as  other  continental 
states  conduct  a  relatively  small  trade  with  British  ports.  The  largest  item  of 
tonnage  is  Norwegian,  the  next  Prussian ;  yet  the  largest  is  but  a  tenth  part  of 
the  British  tonnage;  and  the  total  belonging  to  all  other  countries  is,  in  1863, 
reduced  to  about  half  the  aggregate  of  arrivals.  The  progress  made  toward 
the  entire  control  of  the  British  trade  by  British  shipping  during  the  five  years 
covered  by  the  table  is  very  extraordinary,  and  it  is  probably  mainly  due  to  the 
rapid  development  of  steam  transportation  in  every  line  of  commerce,  and  in 
the  carriage  of  heavy  and  crude  tropical  products  as  well  as  in  the  exchanges 
between  states  producing  the  most  valuable  classes  of  goods. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


73 


I 

I 


1 

5 

1 


s- 

"i 


1 


I 
8? 


S  I 


22 

CO 


1  z 
§  I 


£     £: 

CO         t** 

81    £ 


J^  CO  O  i-O  25  — 

J—  r-i  t-l  1C  W  Tl« 


*  O  OD  SV  TO  i— I 
-CS  JO  Wl- CM 

•  W  !-t  E  St 


>. 

^H  -^  1^.  C5  0  0 

'V!?JCOC?l        CMi- 

i-T     of 


S5 


co"  »-r  v:f  cT  o"  co"  o"  -1-"  i>T  i>T  t>T 


^t  —  \'^  :o  uo  co  x  ci  d  ci  ;o  ?>  T  co 

O  "O  t>.  t>-  l>.  TJ<  O  1—1  O  O  -i  uO  O  ^D 


O 
O 


s 


-          r«M®i-  r-         o 


—  '  X  O  >O  >-" 


gco  —  x^i.ot^^'O'Ncow'MO'^^^xo 
c>aot«.ij»t»'*fr*S2'^' 


United  Kingdom 


euci 
Foreig 


•|  1  ?  c  '3  I  ?  I  1 1 S 1 1  S  f  ^|  ^  "I  J  J 
5^I^S^SS^a^^cc£ccc2<o6o 


74 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  statistics  of  British  steam  tonnage  in  foreign  trade  are  somewhat  difficult 
of  access.  The  distinction  between  registered  and  enrolled  vessels  is  not  there, 
as  in  the  United  States,  a  general  line  of  separation  between  the  class  of  ship 
ping  in  foreign  trade  and  that  in  the  coasting  trade.  Very  narrow  seas  separate 
England  from  several  distinct  foreign  powers,  and  the  most  positive  form  of 
papers  establishing  the  nationality  of  a  vessel  are  necessary  as  well  as  conve 
nient,  therefore.  Of  the  registered  steam  vessels  belonging  in  England  in  I860 
and  1S61  a  large  proportion  were  under  fifty  tons,  as  follows : 


Years. 

STEAM  VKSSELS  OF 
50  TONS  OR  LESS. 

STEAM  VESSELS  OVER 
50  TONS. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

In  I860 

802 
854 
898 

18,471 
19,683 

20,  8G4 

1,186 

1,268 
1,319 

433,  831 
485,015 
515,  270 

1H61  

1862  

The  employment  of  British  registered  steam  vessels,  not  including  colonial, 
as  divided  between  the  home  and  foreign  trade  in  I860,  1861  and  1862,  was  as 
follows,  exclusive  of  river  steamers : 


Years. 

IN  HOME  TRADE. 

PAUT  HAVRE  AND 
TART  FOREIGN. 

IN  FOREIG.V  TRADE. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

In  1860          .     

402 

448 
434 

92,  254 
102,  795 
104,  020 

80 
72 

89 

29,  803 
24,  924 
29,  463 

447 
477 
510 

277,  437 
313,465 
328,  310 

1861 

1862 

Total  in  all,  other  than  river  trade. 


Years. 

No. 

Tons. 

In  1860 

ooq 

<?QQ  404 

1861  

997 

441  184 

1862       ..  . 

1  03'3 

461  793 

The  number  of  steam  vessels  built  and  registered  in  the  United  Kingdom 
from  1853  to  1861  was  large,  and  three-fourths  or  more  were  built  of  iron. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  75 

Number  and  tonnage  of  steam  vessels  built  in  the  United  Kingdom. 


Years. 

No.  of 
iron. 

Whole 
No. 

Tonnage. 

1853     

117 

153 

48  215 

1854             

152 

174 

64  255 

1855                              

195 

233 

81  018 

1856                                  

175 

229 

57  573 

1857          

155 

'  228 

52  918 

1858              

112 

153 

53  150 

1859                              

106 

150 

38  003 

I860     

149 

198 

53  796 

1861          

159 

201 

70  869 

1862           ....       .  .        

181 

221 

77  338 

The  preponderance  of  iron  in  steamship  building  began  in  1853,  and  i* 
is  noticeable  how  completely  that  material  has  controlled  since  that  time.  In 
the  ten  years  of  the  table  there  were  1,501  steam  vessels  built  of  iron,  out  of  a 
total,  of  all  dimensions,  o-f  1,940  only,  leaving  but  439  built  of  timber. 

The  proportion  to  which  foreign-built  steam  vessels  enter  into  the  home  or 
foreign  trade  of  England  is  relatively  smaller  than  the  sailing  tonnage,  not 
withstanding  the  opening  of  the  coasting  trade  to  foreign  bottoms  in  1853.  The 
German  states  and  the  French  have  a  moderate  share  in  that  trade — small,  indeed, 
rather  than  moderate — while  the  United  States  have  now  absolutely  none.  The 
united  tonnage  belongiug  to  all  foreign  nations  is  not  one-sixth  of  the  whole. 

Number  and  tonnage  of  steam  vessels  of  each  nation  entered  and  cleared  at 
ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1860,  1861,  and  1862. 


VESSELS  ENTERED. 


Nationalities. 

I860. 

18G1. 

1 

362. 

• 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

British 

6  631 

2  144  736 

7  229 

2  375  856 

7  754 

2  64  *>  12fi 

United  States  

2 

2  818 

5 

7  778 

] 

618 

Russian 

24 

11  671 

23 

14  ]58 

21 

13  491 

Swedish 

33 

8  190 

20 

4  914 

34 

10  624 

19 

9  262 

17 

6  647 

18 

6  965 

Danish  .. 

6? 

15  149 

34 

8  765 

35 

10  591 

Prussian       ....      .   .. 

64 

16  456 

46 

12  461 

51 

14  557 

Hanoverian 

26 

4  637 

22 

3  603 

22 

'*  408 

Oldenburg  and  Mecklenburg. 
Hamburg  

22 
197 

4,686 
99  503 

21 
176 

4,473 
95  708 

20 

°00 

4,494 
110  354 

Bremen 

144 

69  188 

131 

69  297 

152 

87  743 

Lubcc 

11 

3  816 

4 

1  532 

3 

i  040 

Dutch  

269 

60  059 

297 

64  650 

266 

67  939 

Belgian  

137 

33  984 

226 

49  096 

215 

49  121 

French 

216 

29  494 

352 

45  081 

r.rr 

71  497 

Spanish 

58 

19  265 

89 

34  831 

118 

5r>  1  32 

Portuguese  

11 

14  677 

3 

2  552 

Austrian                 .           .... 

1 

300 

1 

341 

Turkish  

2 

930 

Italian  

1 

618 

Total  entries 

7  929 

2  548  911 

8  696 

2  801  743 

9  466 

3  153  440 

76 


FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Nationalities. 

VESSELS  CLEARED. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

British 

6,146 
4 
28 
35 
18 
61 
62 
22 
25 
187 
139 
11 
284 
75 
49 
56 
11 

2,041,884 
5,  991 
10,  935 
7,975 
8,853 
14,6e5 
15,  960 
3,652 
5,409 
95,  924 
66,014 
4,364 
63,183 
24,  865 
14,531 
18,071 
12,  825 

6,818 
8 
29 
19 
18 
39 
45 
22 
20 
184 
135 
7 
305 
74 
61 
87 
3 
1 

2,284,888 
10,  896 
14,  009 
4,  872 
6,707 
10,591 
11,899 
3,  603 
4,360 
100,  046 
70,  722 
2,  670 
66,  252 
24,  877 
17,  354 
35,697 
1,304 
341 

7,447 
1 
26 
33 
18 
36 
50 
23 
23 
201 
151 
5 
278 
80 
80 
118 
1 

2,  594,  367 
449 
13,656 
11,771 

6,630 
10,  853 
14,  380 
3,657 
5,107 
113,836 
85,  366 
1,956 
70,  433 
29,  882 
27,168 
57,  102 
146 

United  States 

Ivilss  lull                           ......... 

Swedish                      -   -  .   .... 

Norwegian 

Prussian            . 

Hanoverian 

Oldenburg  and  Mecklenburg-. 
Hamburg                   .   . 

Bremen  . 

Lubcc  

Dutch  .   .                        . 

Belgian 

French  

Spanish  .... 

Portuguese        ... 

Austrian  . 

Turkish  and  Greek  

5 
4 

2,672 
1,065 

Other  countries 

3 

1,356 

17 

6,201 

Total  entries  

7  922 

2,  418,  562 

7,878 

2,  672,  444 

8,588 

3,  052,  960 

The  contrast  exhibited  in  these  three  years  with  the  proportion  of  American 
steam  tonnage  employed  in  trade  reaching  British  ports  in  1S53  is  very  striking : 

Number  and  tonnage  of  steam  vessels  of  each  nation  entered  and  cleared  at 
ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1853.* 


Nationalities. 

ENTERED. 

CLEARED. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

Vessels. 

Tons. 

British                                            -                 

3,984 
2 
2 
17 
12 
116 
184 
125 
14 
14 

1,  176,  850 
190 
145 
4,471 

2,788 
32,  457 
38,  566 
28,  888 
1,526 
3,085 

3,668 

1,090,000 

Swedish 

Norwegian                                      ......  ....  .. 

Danish 

18 
10 
117 
185 
121 
14 
13 
1 
38 

4,  734 
2,350 
31,365 
38,434 
27,858 
1,526 
2,929 
206 
51,347 

Prussian 

Other  German  states  ......  ......  ......  .... 

Dutch  ..                   ..                         

Belgian 

French 

Spanish  

Portuguese  

American,  United  States  

35 

46,  670 

Totals  

4,505  j     1,335,636 

4,  185 

1,250,749 

_  *From  the  valuable  memorial  of  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  before  referred  to.  The  va 
rious  statements  and  explanations  of  that  memorial  cover  almost  exactly  the  ground  here 
embraced,  and  the  statistics  are  necessarily  nearly  identical.  The  entire  matter  of  the  me 
morial  is  extremely  compact  and  clear  in  its  illustration  of  the  present  position  of  British 
steam  vessels  in  general  foreign  commerce. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


77 


The  total  tonnage  and  the  number  of  vessels  is  more  than  double  in  1862 
over  1853,  and  the  increase  is  almost  wholly  British,  the  American  almost 
wholly  disappearing  in  1862,  although  creditably  large  in  1853.  The  steam 
ifarine  of  Sweden,  Norway,  Denmark,  and  the  north  of  Europe  generally, 
fhows  a  very  fair  development  from  1853  to  1861.  The  French  and  Spanish 
share  in  the  increase;  and,  on  the  whole,  the  development  of  European  states 
in  this  respect  indicates  a  purpose  in  each  not  to  be  left  behind  in  the  progress 
of  ocean  commerce. 

The  British  statements  of  trade  in  steam  vessels  to  American  countries  north 
and  south  are  worthy  of  attention  : 

Entrances  of  steam  vessels  at  ports  of  the  United  Kingdom  from  the  United 
States  for  18^3,  1860,  1861,  and  1862. 


Years. 

BRITISH. 

AMERICAN. 

OTHER  COUNTRIES. 

TOTAL. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

1853 

86 
154 
152 
152 

89,293 
197,  520 
206,  075 
227,  408 

23 

32,  955 

109 
156 
156 
157 

122,248 
200,  546 
21  1  ,  561 
233,  402 

1860 

2 
3 
4 

3,  026 
3,  586 
5,316 

1861 

1 
1 

2,  100 
618 

1862 

While,  as  this  table  shows,  there  are  now  very  few  entries  of  steam  vessels 
from  the  United  States  at  British  ports  except  the  British,  there  are  many 
entrances  and  clearances  of  steamers  of  other  countries  to  and  from  other  ports 
of  the  continent  southward.  Steamers  of  Spain,  France,  and  Germany  are 
already  in  the  carrying  and  passenger  trade  of  the  tropical  countries  of  this 
continent.  From  Cuba  one  Spanish  steamer  entered  and  cleared  at  a  British 
port  in  1860,  and  three  in  1861.  From  Brazil,  twenty-four  steam  vessels 
entered  in  1853,  twenty -four  in  1860,  and  twelve  in  1861 — sixteen  being  Brit 
ish  and  eight  of  other  countries  in  the  ten  years  first  named.  In  1861  all  but 
one  were  British.  From  St.  Thomas  (Danish  West  Indies)  there  were  twenty- 
four  to  twenty-eight  each  year,  nearly  all  British ;  from  New  Granada  five  to 
seven,  and  clearances  of  one  or  more  to  almost  every  American  State.  This 
point  is  of  especial  importance,  since  it  invades  a  trade  hitherto  belonging  in 
great  part  to  the  United  States.  The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  these 
entrances  and  clearances,  with  their  tonnage,  without  distinction  of  nationality : 


Steam  vessels  entered  at  British  ports  from  American  countries. 


Nationalities. 

1853. 

I860. 

1861. 

1 

862. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

United  States 

109 

122  243 

156 

200,  546 

156 

21  1  ,  6(51 

157 

233,  402 

(Juba                  -  

1 

687 

3 

2,  027 

St.  Thomas,  (Dan.  W.  I.)- 

27 

44,  037 

26 
5 

43,  (-29 
1  ,  982 

28 
7 

49,  138 
3,  502 

26 
0 

4c!f  938 
3,  288 

Brazil          

24 

22,61d 

24 

32,  259 

12 

17,292 

13 

7,654 

1 

673 

Jt. 

3 

1,775 

78  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

Steam  vessels  cleared  from  British  ports  for  American  countries. 


Nationalities. 

1853. 

1860. 

1861. 

1362.       * 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Unitnd  States.....  

Ill 

129,113 

200 
1 
27 

263",  151 
687 
46,303 

190 
4 
27 
2 
13 
7 
2 
1 
1 

267,505 
2,645 
46,965 
1,052 
6,934 
3,588 
331 
468 
904 

179 

8 
28 

291,975 
4,  468 

48,  349 

Cuba             .   .         

St.  Thomas,  (Dun.W.  I.)- 

25 
1 
22 

40,603 
212 
21,473 

21 
3 
1 

30,235 
1,524 
164 

13 

6 
2 

10 

17,  925 
2,512 
380 
3,992 

Montevideo  and  B.  Ayres. 

Chili 

1 

224 

The  nationality  of  these  vessels  has  been  in  great  part  stated.  None  are 
United  States  vessels  except  those  trading  from  the  United  States,  and  but  four 
or  five  of  these  in  1860  and  1861.  Further  statistics  of  this  sort,  being  obtainable 
only  in  the  British  annual  volumes  of  Trade  and  Navigation,  cannot  be  given 
for  the  year  1863.  The  statements  for  1863  undoubtedly  develop  and  extend 
the  changes  which  the  comparison  of  1853  with  1860,  1861,  and  1862  shows 
to  be  in  progress.  Great  numbers  of  vessels  have  been  built  to  add  to  the 
British  steam  marine  in  the  last  year,  and  their  various  lines  have  been  very 
active  in  American  trade,  north  and  south.  As  shown  previously,  the  number 
of  steam  vessels  built  in  England  in  1862  was  221,  with  a  tonnage  of  77,388 
tons — a  greater  number  than  in  any  previous  year. 


TRADE  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  WITH  CANADA  AND  THE  OTHER 
BRITISH  NORTH  AMERICAN  PROVINCES, 

The  trade  of  the  United  States  on  the  northern  frontier  with  Canada,  and  on 
the  North  Atlantic  coast  with  the  British  provinces  other  than  Canada,  is  very 
closely  connected  with  the  internal  trade  in  many  respects.  The  exchanges 
between  the  east  and  the  west,  to  and  from  United  States  markets,  in  many 
cases  pass  through  Canada,  as  the  transit  tonnage  of  the  Wclland  canal  shows. 
Great  quantities  of  wheat,  flour,  and  other  produce  enter  Canada  at  Detroit,  to 
return  again  to  the  United  States  at  Buffalo  and  Oswego,  and  also  for  export 
to  foreign  countries  and  European  markets  through  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  over 
the  railroad  line  to  Portland,  Maine.  The  technical  exports  and  imports  of  the 
United  States  to  and  from  Canada  are,  for  these  reasons,  much  modified  when 
reduced  to  the  facts  of  actual  exchange  between  the  respective  markets ;  but  it 
is  not  easy  to  separate  the  quantities  and  values  so  as  clearly  to  disclose  these 
facts,  but  some  evidence  in  regard  to  the  magnitude  of  this  indirect  trade  may 
be  obtained  from  the  statistics  subsequently  given  of  American  produce  exported 
by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  of  that  carried  in  both  directions  on  the  Welland 
canal ;  of  the  exports  to  Canada  at  Detroit,  and  the  imports  from  Canada  at 
Buffalo,  Niagara,  Oswego,  Ogdensburg,  and  Cape  Vincent,  on  the  St.  Lawrence, 
Champlain,  and  Vermont. 

The  trade  with  the  British  Atlantic  provinces  is  less  subject  to  modification, 
and  has  little  connexion  with  the  internal  exchanges  of  the  United  States.  The 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


79 


exports  are  principally  flour,  breadstuff's,  and  provisions,  and  the  imports  are 
coal,  fish,  oats,  stone,  and  lumber.  In  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1855, 
no  less  than  81,280,000  in  value  of  flour,  grain,  and  other  produce  of  Canada, 
was  exported  through  United  States  ports  to  these  provinces — a  trade  which 
was  large  for  several  years,  but  which  ceased  in  1859. 

Exports  of  Canadian   produce   through   the    United   States  to  other  British 

provinces. 


WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Fiscal  years  ending  — 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

June  30,  1849  

3,773 
34,758 
69,  830 
119,816 
152,389 
151,711 
135,  552 
7,387 
1,677 
1,754 
267 

$20,433 
186,789 
346,  895 
563,  821 
835,  896 
1,230,865 
1,270,057 
66,  898 
14,449 
10,  348 
1,770 

1850  

24,932 

$26,762 
23,132 
1,344 
16,618 
2,961 
3,683 

1851 

24,  259 
1,C80 
17,571 
2,408 
1,545 

1852 

]853     

]854                        

1855 

1856  

]857  

]858     

1859  

In  view  of  the  length  of  time  during  which  the  St.  Lawrence  river  is  annually 
closed  by  ice,  and  the  great  facilities  afforded  by  the  railroads  leading  from 
Canada  to  Portland,  Maine,  this  channel  of  exchanges  between  the  provinces 
and  Canada  might  reasonably  be  relied  upon  as  a  permanent  one.  Possibly 
the  discontinuance  is  due  to  the  relative  excess  of  breadstuff's  in  the  United 
States,  and  their  export  in  such  quantities  as  fully  to  occupy  the  market  the 
Atlantic  provinces  afford.  The  exports  of  wheat,  flour,  and  breadstuff's  average 
more  than  half  the  total  of  United  States  produce  sent  to  the  provinces  annually, 
rising  to  more  than  five  millions  of  dollars  in  value  in  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1S63.  This  trade  is  evidently  for  consumption  only,  and  not  in  transit  to  any 
other  market,  as  is  the  case  with  much  of  the  wheat  and  flour  export  to  Canada. 
It  is  also  all  cleared  from  ports  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  does  not  pass  through 
Canadian  channels. 

The  important  relation  held  by  both  Canada  and  the  provinces  to  the  export 
trade  in  breadstuff's  of  the  United  States,  and  the  connexion  the  trade  in  them 
to  Canada  has  with  the  general  internal  exchanges  of  the  United  States,  as 
before  referred  to,  requires  a  statement  of  their  quantities  and  values  at  the 
outset  of  the  statistics  of  general  trade  on  the  northern  frontier.  The  export 
to  the  provinces  is  seen  to  be  in  the  regular  and  natural  increase  belonging  to 
a  consuming  market,  while  that  to  Canada  is  irregular,  apparently  bearing  no 
relation  to  any  consumption  in  Canada.  Probably  the  very  large  export  of 
Indian  corn  was,  however,  for  consumption  in  the  form  of  distillation,  and  is 
therefore  an  exception.  As  an  illustration  of  the  trade  appearing  to  exist  to 
and  from  Canada  in  wheat  and  flour,  but  which  is  in  fact  to  a  great  extent  a 
transit  trade,  the  following  citations  of  the  transactions  of  the  fiscal  years 
ending  June  30,  1861  and  1662,  are  made: 


80 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 
Exports  to  Canada,  1861. 


Places. 

WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

9,777 
3,  044,  337 
673,  359 

$9,777 
2,769,410 
035,  141 

7,6GO 
22,  566 
22,  108 

$38,  300 
104,  056 
99,  696 

Chicago     ....  .......  .......... 

Milwaukie     ....         ............ 

3,  727,  473 

3,  414,  334 

52,  334 

242,  052 

Imports  from  Canada,  1861. 


. 

FLOUR  AND   I 

5IIEADSTUFFS. 

Places. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

142,  998 

$982,  061 

92,  883 

489,  381 

Niagara            ...  .......        ...                    ..    ............ 

93,116 

500,  746 

Buft'alo                               .                                            

96,  159 

523  967 

61,573 

307,  842 

\ 

485,729 

2,  803,  997 

Exports  to  Canada,  1862. 


Places, 

WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

P«  em 

349,372 

408,  428 
1,987,276 
1,567,657 

$333,  523 

408,  826 
1,589,634 
1,265,616 

992 
19,671 
26,  585 
30,  359 

$4,  303 
96,  621 
90,  643 
125,037 

Detroit         

Chicago  . 

4,312,733 

3,  597,  599 

77,  547 

316,  604 

Imports  from  Canada,  1862. 


Places. 

WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

At  Genesee  ......  ....  .   .   .   . 

42,  425 
1,257,364 
39,617 
761,840 
83,  100 
659,  884 
226,  512 
41,524 

$48,  280 
1,260,229 
39,  524 
748,  701 
43,357 
673,  375 
231,334 
43,  357 

532 

76,  583 
140,  800 
82,  500 
79,  200 
152,  895 
21,778 
14,222 

$2,  772 
367,732 
515,  258 
468,  777 
459,  305 
921,718 
109,  255 
75,710 

Oswe^o. 

Buffalo 

Ogdensburg  

Vermont  

Cape  Vincent  

ChanipUun  .  ...........  . 

3,112,266 

3,  088,  157 

568,510 

2,  920,  527 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


81 


Exports  to  Canada  of  wheat,  flour,  Indian  corn,  and  meal,  for  the  fiscal  years 

1849  to  1863,  inclusive. 


Yearg. 

Wheat 

Wheat  flour. 

Indian  corn. 

Meal,  rye,  &c., 
value. 

Totul  value. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

Bu«hel8. 

Value. 

1849  

140,696 
78,610 
208.  130 
360,405 
40,134 
125,525 
240,874 
991,648 
1,655.641 
2,673,947 
1,352,252 
1,120,975 
4,148,029 
4,538.472 
6,512,801 

$1  12,086 
58.968 
150,288 
238.808 
26,835 
155,635 
365.  772 
1,370.971 
1,867,457 
2,082.648 
1,178,560 
1,010.681 
3.871,233 
3.801,515 
6,717,093 

19,127 
29,138 
51,716 
38,888 
46,535 
82.028 
58,993 
102.611 
118.857 
326,045 
287.772 
246,359 
83,617 
118,643 
232,160 

$78.129 
132,509 
191,750 
127,  068 
175.648 
472,274 
494.081 
1,341.743 
717.245 
1,681,072 
1,666.546 
1,253,278 
444,803 
536.756 
1,103,171 

49,621 
89,604 
8H.808 

98.8l>8 
151,416 
1,206.207 
1,074,869 

1,736,131 
1,161,088 
486,999 
663.918 
827,621 
1,891,740 
3,218,438 
4,211,897 

$20,265 
42,113 
39.  153 
38,681 
72,462 
729,927 
708,426 
1,057  222 
673,989 
298.879 
439,125 
522.693 
810,346 
1,010,243 
1,622,825 

$5,355 
3,813 
6.H73 

8.684 
303 
17,107 
30,761 
110,lo2 
160,185 
135683 
226.407 
12*;.  487 
46,206 
68,33'J 
145,301 

*2lf>X;5 
5237,403 

387,  7i  i4 
4  13!  241 
275,248 
1,374,973 
1,599,  '140 
3,880,C(J8 
3,418,846 
4,198,282 
3.:.ltUi38 
2,:il3.K',9 
5,172.;)88 
S^lMitf 
9,588,390 

1850  

1851  

1852  

1853  

1854 

1855  

1856 

1857.     . 

1858 

185«J  

18(50  

1861  
1862  

18(53  

In  the  Canadian  trade  reports  for  1855  it  is  stated  that  the  trade  in  flour  of  the 
United  States  was,  previous  to  the  reciprocity  treaty  of  1854,  mainly  for  exporta 
tion.  Not  being  entered  for  consumption,  it  was  bonded, -and  paid  no  actual  duty. 

The  detail  of  imports  for  1861  is  not  given,  because  it  is  imperfect,  wheat  not 
being  distinguished  in  returns  from  other  grain,  and  therefore  that  item  not 
being  available  for  comparison.  That  for  1863,  following,  sustains  the  course  of 
trade  apparent  in  the  two  previous  years : 

Exports  to  Canada,  1863. 


Places. 

WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

From  lake  ports  of  Ohio 

1,428,511 
345,  075 
1,510,396 
2,  880,  791 

$1,505,015 
363,746 
1,502,575 
3,  029,  649 

895 
39,  059 

78,  749 
40,  069 

$3,  769 
220,  940 
340,860 
172,  020 

Detroit 

Milwaukee     .      ............   .. 

6,  173,  773 

6,  400,  985 

158,  772 

737,  579 

Imports  from  Canada,  1863. 


Places. 
* 

WHEAT. 

WHEAT  FLOUR. 

Bushels. 

Value. 

Barrels. 

Value. 

At  Vermont 

26,  739 
17,877 
135,  628 
75,  521 
360,  405 
54,  104 
20,  652 
267,  328 

$27,691 
18,120 
133,  933 
78,651 
375,  308 
60,  544 
21,076 
291,896 

112,557 
11,585 
15,  993 
46,718 
47,  303 
52 
81,822 
93,  323 

$590,  741 
53,  641 
90,  998 
249,  298 
248,  081 
264 
383,267 
557,  189 

Capo  Vincent      ........ 

O^densburcr 

Gynosco         ........... 

Buftalo 

958,  254 

1,007,219 

393,  360 

2,  173,  479 

Ex.  Doc. 


82  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Summary  of  values  exchanged,  1862  and  1863. 

Value  of  wheat    Value  of  wheat 
and  flour  and  flour 

to  Canada.         from  Canada 

1862 $3,'914,2U3        |6,8G8,684 

1863 7,138,564          3,18U,698 

It  is  known  that  considerable  shipments  of  wheat  from  Chicago  and  Milwau- 
kie,  in  1863,  though  cleared  for  Canada,  were  really  destined  for  expo  it  through 
the  St.  Lawrence  to  Europe.  In  the  Canadian  trade  reports  the  value  of 
"goods  in  transitu  from  the  United  States,"  exported  seaward  by  the  way  of 
the  St.  Lawrence  annually,  is  given,  but  this  is  not  necessarily  distinctive  of 
the  produce  of  the  United  States  actually  taking  that  route  to  other  foreign 
markets.  Flour  made  in  Canada  of  American  wheat  may  be  exported,  and 
even  grain,  passing  in  and  out  without  payment  of  duty,  may  first  be  placed  in 
Canadian  markets,  and  again  be  withdrawn  for  export  abroad. 

In  the  tables  just  given,  showing  the  exchange  of  wheat  and  flour  for  three 
years,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  largest  values  are  of  wheat  exported  and  of  flour 
imported.  All  the  exports  are  at  ports  west  of  Buffalo,  and  all  the  imports  at 
Buffalo  and  eastward.  The  railroad  lines  terminating  at  Buffalo,  Niagara,  and 
Vermont,  carry  large  quantities  of  flour,  much  of  it  made  in  Canada  from  wheat 
of  the  United  States  imported  from  the  upper  lake  ports.  In  any  case,  the 
volume  imported  at  all  the  ports  of  the  border  does  not  differ  much  from  the 
volume  exported;  the  trade,  therefore,  being  one  of  convenience  in  transit, 
rather  than  one  between  producing  and  consuming  markets,  so  far  as  wheat 
and  flour  are  concerned.  The  modification  of  the  aggregates  exchanged  between 
the  United  States  and  Canada  is,  therefore,  for  the  three  years,  nearly  five  and 
a  quarter  millions  of  dollars  reduction  on  both  exports  and  imports,  or  ten  and 
a  half  millions  in  the  sum  total  of  exchanges  for  each  year. 

There  are  other  elements  of  the  trade  to  Canada  in  which  the  movement  is 
similarly  indirect,  in  comparison  with  other  departments  of  foreign  commerce, 
but  none  of  them  are  of  much  importance.  The  export  trade  to  Canada  has 
undergone  many  changes  since  the  enactment  of  the  reciprocity  treaty,  in  1854, 
the  chief  of  which  is  the  decline  of  manufactured  articles,  and  the  swelling  of 
the  general  volume  with  wheat,  flour,  corn,  pork,  and  salt.  In  the  following 
tables  the  exchange  of  these  articles  is  distinguished,  as  far  as  may  be  done, 
by  the  aid  of  both  the  American  and  Canadian  records,  and  separate  state 
ments  are  made  of  the  imports  and  exports  of  articles  made  free  of  duty  by  the 
reciprocity  treaty. 

The  distinction  between  Canada  and  the  provinces  was  not  made  in  the  export 
or  import  returns  of  the  United  States  previous  to  1849,  but  as  the  trade  with 
Canada  was  conducted  solely  at  ports  of  the  northern  frontier  inland,  and  that 
with  the  coast  provinces  wholly  at  Atlantic  ports,  the  compilation  has  been 
completed  by  assuming  this  division  as  correct.  All  the  statistics  of  the  trade 
under  the  reciprocity  treaty  were  originally  reported  without  separating  Canada 
from  the  remaining  provinces,  and  the  division  of  values  has  necessarily  been 
made  on  the  basis  just  named.  In  a  very  few  instances  small  values  may  have 
gone  from  Canada  out  at  the  St.  Lawrence  to  enter  at  Atlantic  ports,  and  similar 
instances  of  articles  sent  from  the  provinces  of  the  coast  inland  may  have  taken 
place,  but  the  total  of  such  trade  in  either  case  would  be  very  small  for  any 
single  year,  or  for  the  aggregate  of  the  series  of  years. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE 


83 


Exports  to  Canada. 


Fiscal  year  ending  — 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  exports. 

June  30   1849     

$2  320  323 

$1  914,401 

$1  234  724 

1850 

4  641  451 

1  2^9  370 

5  390  821 

1851 

5  835  834 

2  093  306 

7  929  140 

1852  

4  004  963 

2  712  097 

6  717  060 

1853 

4  005  512 

3  823  587 

7  Q2(J  099 

1854 

10  510  373 

6  790  333 

17  300  706 

1855  

9,  950,  764 

8  769,580 

18  720,344 

1856        

15  194  788 

5  688  453 

20  883  241 

1857 

13  024  708 

3  550  187 

16  574  895 

1858  
1859  

13,663,465 
13  439  667 

3,365,789 
5  501,125 

17,  029,  254 
18  940  792 

1860 

11   164  590 

2  918  524 

14  083  114 

1861  

11,749,981 

2,  61  1  ,  877 

14,361,858 

1862  

11  282,  107 

1,560,397 

12,  842,  504 

1863       

*18  430  605 

1  468  113 

19  698  718 

*  Including  $3,502,180  of  unusual  export  of  gold  coin. 

NOTE. — Previous  to  1849  the  trade  with  Canada  is  not  distinguished  from  the  total  to  all 
British  North  American  colonies. 

Exports  to  oilier  Provinces. 


Fiscal  year  ending  — 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  exports. 

June  30  1849  

$3  611  783 

$257  760 

$3  869  543 

1850  .  . 

3  116  840 

501  374 

3  618  214 

1851  

3,  224,  553 

861,230 

4  085  783 

1852  

2,650  134 

1  141  822 

3  791  956 

1853  

3  398  575 

1  912  968 

5  311  543 

1854   .  -. 

4  693  771 

2  57->  383 

7  266  154 

1855  

5,  855,  878 

3  229  798 

9  085  676 

1856  

7,519  909 

626  199 

8  146  108 

1857  .... 

6  911  405 

776  182 

7  637  587 

1858  

5,  975,  494 

646,  979 

6  622,473 

1859  

1860 

8,  329,  960 
7  502  839 

883,  422 
1  120  375 

9,213,832 
8  623  214 

1861 

7  133  734 

1  250  021 

8  383  755 

1862  

7  369  905 

866  706 

8  236  611 

1863  

10  198  505 

1  183  807 

11  382  312 

Exports  to  both  Canada  and  tlie  Provinces,  with  the  total  of  imports  from  both. 


Fiscal  year  ending  — 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  ex 
ports. 

Imports. 

Sept. 

30,1821  
1822  

$2,  009,  336 
1  881  273 

$455 
16  286 

$2,  009,  791 
1  897  559 

$490,  704 
526  817 

1823  

1  818  113 

3  347 

1  821  460 

463  374 

18°4       .     . 

1  773  107 

2  617 

1  775  724 

705  931 

1825  

2,  538,  224 

1  740 

2  539  964 

610  788 

1826... 

2,  564,  165 

24,384 

2,588,549 

650,  316 

84 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 
Exports  to  both  Canada,  $c.. — Continued. 


Fiscal  year  ending  — 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  ex 
ports. 

Imports. 

Sept  30  1827 

$2,  797,  014 
1,618,288 
2,724,104 
3,  650,  031 
4,  026,  392 
3,  569,  302 
4,  390,  081 
3,477,709 
3,  900,  545 
2,  456.  415 
2,  992,  474 
2,  484,  987 
3,418,770 
5,  895,  966 
6,  292,  290 
5,  950,  143 
2,617,005 
5,361,186 
4,  844,  966 
6,  042,  666 
5,819,667 
6,  399,  959 
5,  932,  106 
7,  758,  291 

$33,  660 
56,  386 
40,  805 
136,  342 
35,  446 
45,  083 
81,003 
57,  567 
147,  343 
194,  851 
296,512 
238,  504 
144,684 
204,  035 
364,  273 
240,  166 
107,417 
1,354,717 
1,209,260 
1,363,767 
2,165,876 
1,982,696 
2,  172,  161 
1,790,774 
2,  954,  536 
3,  853,  919 
5,  736,  555 
9,  362,  716 
11,999,378 
6,  314,  652 
4,  326,  369 
4,  012,  768 
6,  384,  547 
4,  038,  899 
3,861,898 
2,427,103 
2,651,920 

$2,  830,  674 
1,674,674 
2,  764,  909 
3,  786,  373 
4,061,838 
3,614,385 
4,471,084 
3,  535,  276 
4,  047,  888 
2,651,266 
3,  288,  986 
2,  723,  491 
3,  563,  454 
6,  100,  001 
6,  656,  563 
6,  190,  309 
2,  724,  422 
6,715,903 
6,  054,  226 
7,  406,  433 
7,  985,  543 
8,  382,  655 
8,104,267 
9,  549,  035 
12,014,923 
10,509,016 
13,  140,  642 
24,  556,  860 
27,  806,  020 
29,  029,  349 
24,  262,  482 
23,651,727 
28,  154,  174 
22,  706,  328 
22,745,613 
21,079,115 
31,281,030 

$445,118 
447,669 
577,  452 
650,  303 
864,909 
1,229,526 
1,793,393 
1,548,733 
1,435,168 
2,427,571 
2,  359,  263 
1,555,570 
2,  155,  146 
2,007,767 
1,968,187 
1,762,001 
857,  696 
1,465,715 
2,  020,  065 
1,937,717 
2,  343,  9-37 
3,  646,  467 
2,  826,  880 
5,  644,  462 
6,  693,  122 
6,110,299 
7,550,718 
8,  927,  560 
15,  136,  734 
21,310,421 
22,124,296 
15,  806,  519 
19,727,551 
23,851,381 
23,  062,  933 
19,299,995 
24,  025,  423 

1828 

1829          

1830                  

1831 

1832 

1833 

1834         

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838     

1839         

1840 

1841  

1842     

June  30  1  843                      .    ... 

1844 

1845  

1846       

1847 

1848 

1849  

1850  

1851 

9,  060,  387 
6,  655,  097 
7,  404,  087 
15,204,144 
15,  806,  642 
22,714,697 
19,936,113 
19,  638,  959 
21,769,627 
18,  667,  429 
18,  883,  715 
18,  652,  012 
28,629,110 

1852     

1853 

1854 

1855 

1856  

1857                

1858 

1859 

I860  

1861 

1862 

1863  

Imports  from  Canada. 


Year  ending  — 

Free  by  ordi 
nary  laws. 

Free  by  reci 
procity  tre'ty. 

Total  free. 

Paying  duty. 

Total  im 
ports. 

June  30,  1850  

$636,  454 

$636  454 

$3  649  016 

$4  285  470 

1851  

1,529  685 

1  509  685 

3  426  786 

4  956  471 

1852  

761  571 

761  571 

3  8°8  398 

4  589  969 

1853  

1,179,682 

1  179,682 

4  098  434 

5  278  116 

1854  

380,  041 

380  041 

6  341  498 

6  721  539 

1855 

760  359 

$6  116  137 

6  876  496 

r.  onr:  QIC 

12  182  314 

1856 

887  972 

15  950  850 

16  487  822 

(540  '17s* 

17  488  107 

1857  

868  753 

16  731  984 

17  600  737 

691  097 

18  291  834 

1858  

367  450 

10  900  168 

11  267  618 

313  953 

11  581  571 

1859  

1  396  377 

12  307  371 

13  703  748 

F>04  QfiO 

14  208  717 

1860  .. 

2  208  374 

16  218  767 

18  427  141 

4X4  ^'-?*2 

18  861  673 

1861 

1  959  393 

16  327  8°4 

18  287  '217 

or^  940 

18  64  "i  4"V7 

1862  

730  531 

14  295  562 

15  0^6  093 

227  059 

15  25  'J  152 

1863  

*5  442  968 

12  807  354 

18  250  322 

567  677 

18  816  909 

*  Of  this  amount  the  sum  of  $4,892,195  in  gold  and  silver  coin  was  entered  at  Champlain. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


85 


Imports  from  other  British  North  American  Provinces. 


Year  ending  — 

Free  by  or 
dinary  laws. 

Free  by 
reciprocity 
treaty. 

Total  free. 

Pay  ing  duty. 

Total 
imports. 

June  30   1850     

$151,  145 

$151,  145 

$1,207,847 

$1,35^,992 

J851 

160,  '267 

160  367 

1  576  284 

1  736  650 

185*2 

218  718 

218  718 

1  301  612 

1  520  330 

18:>3  

1854       

238,  568 
251),  102 



238,  568 
259,  102 

2,  034,  034 
1,946,919 

2,672,602 

2,206,021 

1855         

146  427 

$1  081  200 

1  227  627 

1  726  793 

2  954,420 

1^56 

193  639 

3  447  236 

3  610  875 

181  349 

3  822,224 

1857 

147  589 

3  548  226 

3  695  815 

136  647 

3  832  462 

1858     

195,082 

3  852,087 

4,  047,  J69 

177,779 

4  224,948 

1859 

1  213  043 

4  077  045 

5  290  088 

228  746 

5  518  834 

1860 

526  Oil 

4  227  819 

4  753  830 

235  878 

4  989  708 

1861 

535  604 

3  719  701 

4  255  305 

162  171 

4  417  476 

1862     

887,  654 

2  8U6  990 

3,  744,  644 

302,199 

4.046,843 

1863         

1  839  605 

2  958  209 

4  797  814 

409  610 

5,207  424 

Total  imports  from  Canada  and  the  Provinces. 


Year  ending  — 

Free  by  or 
dinary  laws. 

Free  by 
reciprocity 
treaty. 

Total  free. 

Paying  duty. 

Total 
imports. 

June  30,  1850  
1851 

$787,599 
1  690  052 



$787,  599 
1,690  052 

$4,  856,  863 
5  003  070 

$5,644,462 
6  693  122 

1852 

980  289 

980  289 

5  130  010 

6  110  299 

1853  

1  418,250 

1,418,250 

6,132,468 

7,550,718 

1854 

'639,  143 

639,  143 

8,288,417 

8,927,560 

1855 

906  786 

$7  197  337 

8  104  123 

7  032  611 

15  136  734 

1856 

1  081,611 

19  407  086 

20,483  697 

821  724 

21  310  421 

1857  

1,016,342 

20,  280,  210 

21,296,552 

827,  744 

22,124,296 

1858     

562  532 

14,  752,  255 

15,314,787 

491,732 

15,806,519 

1859 

2  609  420 

16,384  416 

18,  933,  836 

733,  715 

19  727  551 

1860  
1861  

2,  734,  385 
2,  494,  997 

20,  446,  586 
20,  047,  525 

23,  180,  971 
22,  542,  522 

670,411 
520,411 

23,851,331 
23,062,933 

1862 

1,618,  185 

17,  152,  552 

18,770,737 

529,  258 

19,299,995 

1863 

*7  282  573 

15,  765,  563 

23,048  136 

977,  287 

24,025,423 

*  Including  |6, 555, 485  of  gold  coin. 


86 


c1 

£ 


«* 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

rJetof  of 


.    . «  n  o  « 


:£S38 

"«J«aOrH 

'  <N  af-H~ 


ef 


of  of 


.    »          «        >    w  « *  f 


>  — <  i^  < 

;  7;  ?>• 


I  I-H  t»  • 

rr^'cfr-T 


O  Tr  CO  OJ  Oi  O  n  lO  CJ 


t  sisss* 

*  i  i   $3 


;§S 


^fCi 


'Of 


t- inoo co cc 

gj 

ef 


Si;:!! 


l:  l    igll 


ijfifg 

:«    -r 


5-i 


& 


r-ics»or» 

rSSSS 


G* 


I5J« 

rsrf 


i  illfJ 

•    •  «  e  o 

i 

j 

£ 

111 
11 

:  .  —  — 

*    ft 
00       i 

ij  iJj 

• 

,  pickled  and  other,  in  1 
dry  and  other,  by  weij 

H 


w  a-e 

iia 


a>  OD   * 

lei 


fr--         Vef 


:SSS  :    R  :  :g  :  :  :  :S 


111 


;ga 


§"S  3 

030 


Ijjlj 

Kj*?.i 


iltfiilli 

ia*«ifti 


18 

Is! 


ij 

1 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


8T 


of 


•^"pi"— T^f  r-T   •    -  cf  to'co"     cj'c's  cTcT 

(O          1C  "       •  •*  O  71          O  r-lr-l  — I 

Ol  •     'OOO  »O  00 


:§  :  :§ 
;S  i  i* 


:?,'=?  :S  'S 


I 

^> 

S 


V 


O        C5 

o"     w" 


IS 


s'"fi~  "    !|| !  !i 


)  r^  e>  ••&  ~^> 


Ifffcf 


7>  i>  10  CJ 


i  o  >-H  I         -- 

.  f  O  O  rH  J-  t-  O  30  r-i 


>-H  I'i  o  t--  TJ  r-.  -H  -o  cj  r-i 

-  - 


<  ci  c 

QO  i 


o  g  g 

w  o  o 
P.O. 


,§.§.§.2 


•iii-i 

^a  t<  x3  ^a 
§      s  § 

^3        ^^1 


Bfil 


*i+i  a  a    • 


ii 


§1 


II 


>, 


z?^z*~^**-    r i 5 
!-s1bJl£iJl  sis 

«»na    " 


gyS-s0*^ 

C.^:   C   --    3  S  *-  B 

s^^  o  5  i  i~  - 

cas^So^^; 


~«  &•£ 

o  o 

S  3  !j  .=  "3  I?KO  -2 


88 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


<o~ 


m  <o  o  n  n  o  oc 

§  o>  F-  o  OD  c3  cc 

so'wr-'ici^sfQDsfofc^sc't; 


'PoiO^OlftSoKMOJifSS     •     •  t^  r-t 

roo'o'i-r     of     of     to"     o'cxTrf   •    •  erf 

kO  pH  rr 


TCO      •       • 


':  ':  i 


led" 


£S?]i 


:SS5S 

•  ^"^§5" 


:7  =  SS  :  :  :8 


•  if-05^      .  CC  —  ^  r-l      •      •      -r-l 

•  •  QO  n  -v    •  t-  o>  »o  d    •    •_    •  o 


riu 

>  •  °  C  5^  •   •   "S-o  4 

i  i  i  -I: 

:  :  :  : 

IHJiMJII 

::::': 

I  i  i  i  i  j  i 

1(11 

:::::::::: 

:  :  :  :  : 

!  i  i  !  !  j  1 

:  i  :  j 

:  I  :  :  :  :  :  :x 

:  :  :  :  : 

i  j  j  j  !  i  j 

38  
C  

er  and  cheese  -  . 

JII  1  j 

1 

:.l  ifa 

:£   ;3| 

*  2=  S  S"  °  « 

g 

» 

i!|  !  U  il 
iPl  :l  il 

firfllS^-ifi 

Ililllil    IlllillilliPIlilllllI 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


89 


General  table  of  imports  from  the  provinces  other  tlian  Canada,  fyv.  —  Continued. 

1862-'G3. 

a 

"3 

cj    «  rvo  oo  r?  ci  ITS  ci  o  ?}  »^  —  j  c;  rt  ~t«  7*  <7?  i^  ~H  c-  o  —  <  cs  i^*  op  cc  <?}  o 

QOOOJ 

-ss 

1 

el 

•^    •  C^CT^t^  -?*  C/tC  77  00  >"xT            00  ^J*  —  »  cc  cTcT                  rO        r-i        OO  -H  l*» 

1 

O1 

!    !§iof2    lls5^^'^    '    '•    !o3£?    I    I    I    12^*"    I    !e5    •    •    •    ' 

g 

:  :          :      n     :  :  :          :  :  :  :        :::::: 

1 

I 

r 

2.857,582  1 

*  "i^^sr-r  asa      s  -sij 

1 

a 

.    .c?^?^    •  —  !?j  o  ??    •    •    .c-7^30    •    •    •    -rsc?    •    -n    •    •    •    • 

:  :s 

i  :          :      °°     :  :  :          :  :  :  :        :::::::: 

3 

I 

"3 

§c5«     rHrH5H     "f     «Sg 

of  co" 

2 

i; 

9 

!  i!!J  i!!|!  !  i  i! 

si!  Hi"  I  iii  II 

81 

s 

1 

g8|SlllilSS|g| 

IliiiSiSslisis 

S3S 

Oi  rH 
•<*<" 

Si 

-3 

T 

r-T 

1 

!  MM"  ifiitlj*! 

Articles  imported. 

<  1  i  !  Ijj  I  if  jlij 

:*j  «  : 
^  °  3  ; 

1 

t 

j  :&:  i  Jat:      5 

o,  : 

:  i  :  :  :  :  :  :  :  : 

i 

2 

| 

iil 

Hilill]!!  «i 

!    ;               III!          •* 

?j   1   I-i     :  i|f| 

Mil  !t|  l!i  ill 

j"l||||lilll|||| 

1  HI  ill 

90 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Imports  from  Canada  paying  duty,  from  1855-'56  to  1S62-'G3. 


Articles  imported. 

1855-'56. 

1856-'57. 

1857-'58. 

1858-'59. 

Quantity. 

I 

£ 

c 

o> 

j3 

"3 

> 

Quantity. 

0 

3 

Quantity. 

1 

Iron,  pig  tons  .  . 
railroad                       do. 

1,350 
93,542 

$23.  695 

388,  687 
18  865 

467 
10,  597 

$10,  293 
443,  530 
2  892 

661 
1,813 

$12,  324 
115,  162 
2  986 

388 
5,852 

$5,  783 
209,  673 
2,258 
19,883 

o  951 

bar,  sheet,  chains,  &c  

manufactures,  not  specified  
Steel  and  steel  manufactures,  cutlery, 
and  arms  



7,652 
1  379 



14,148 

357 

22,  882 
4  600 



16,  293 

765 
25,  187 
4,556 
1,444 
683 
454 
787 
4,531 
627 
1,  192 

Old  iron                                           tons 

2,008 

25,  475 
5,677 
2  491 

2,358 

6,752 

63.  671 
7.204 
2,  220 
1,  225 
830 
1,518 
7,712 
5,054 
1,310 
1,090 
696 
8.246 
554 
3,560 
14,  193 
593 
348 

1,705 
14,  244 
248 
505 
132 

36,  650 
972 
3,146 

Woollen  manufactures  

3  3°2 

Silk  manufactures     .... 

1  271 

1,763 
915 
92 

7,  622 
28,  980 
2,913 
2.  725 
2,  030 
2  484 



Linens  :  flax  and  hemp  manufactures  .  . 

2,  €88 
138 
5,262 
1  690 

Laces,  buttons^  and  cloth  shoes 

Straw  bonnets,  hats,  &c  
India-rubber,  and  manufactures  of  
Clothing  









1,  627 
631 
435 

Furs  

615 
701 

Boots  and  shoe5'  leather 

Leather,  and  all  other  manufactures  of. 
Hair  manufactures  and  brushes  

5  681 

3,614 
133 

4  697 

615 
1  661 

466 
6  482 

Books  

123 

45 
982 
1,062 

219 

Paper  and  manufactures  of  paper 

29 



214 
1,065 



Musical  instruments  •«  

157 
62° 

Watches,   jewelry,    gold    and    silver 
manufactures 

355 

2.478 
1,  C27 

535 
869 
158 

China  and  plated  ware 

7,108 
.     680 
753 
853 

41,  896 
1  396 

Glasswares  

Tin,  lead,  and  zinc  manufactures 

2  346 

626 

Copper  and  brass  manufactures  

3,374 

137 

21,  980 
511 
692 
175 
329 

Wood  manufactures,  and  wood  not 
specified  '  

Drugs,  dyes,  and  spices 





27,  575 
455 
122 

Oils,  palm  and  other  foreign.  .  .gallons.  . 
tish  and  petroleum                 do 

420 

587 

120 

678 
69 

4,133 

623 
39,  056 
7,552 
8,  522 
1,651 
7,116 
6 
12 
1,405 
623 
2,405 
21  610 

647 
36,  909 
1,438 
9,161 
686 
5,689 
587 
354 
3,044 
883 
5 
33,  137 

395 

15.  231 
4^365 
18,  579 
3,  588 
7,058 
204 

Salt  bushels.. 
Wines  gallons  .  . 
Brandy  ..                do 

202,  875 
11,  187 
4,  626 
2,718 
28,  317 
18 
113 
45,  170 
174 
23,180 

191,  298 
1,055 
5,040 
1.  330 
24,  365 
4,  726 
3,  543 
62,  279 
401 
30 

128,  258 
1,534 
5,490 
4,747 
25,  514 
40 

20,  878 
2,188 
13,  973 
4,011 
5,  476 
28 

95,  170 
2,543 
8,760 
7,512 
35,  472 
537 

Spirits                                              do 

Beer  and  ale  .     do 

Tea  .,  pounds  .  . 
Coffee  do 

Sugar                                               do 

14,228 
411 

976 

728 

90,  228 
1,605 

4.974 
3,225 

Coal  .     ..            tons 

Wool  pounds.. 
All  other  articles 

41,  434 

29,  456 

Total  

..  .       ]640  375 

691,  097 

313,  953 

504,  969 

Imports  from  Canada  paying  duty,  fyc. — Continued. 


1859-60. 

1860-'61. 

1861-62. 

1862-'63. 

Articles  imported. 

£ 

^ 

£ 

£ 

~c 

jj 

~a 

o> 

1 

« 

s5 

3 

"at 

3 

"3 

9 

"3 

3 

"3 

C' 

O" 

^ 

<y 

C? 

>• 

Iron,  pig  tons  .  . 

580 

$7,  996 

1,076 

$14,791 

173 

$2,942 

40 

$780 

railroad  ,  do  

4,665 

170,665 

507 

14,  244 

269 

14.215 

bar,  sheet,  chains,  &c  

4,420 

2,  597 

5,291 

10,  467 

34  607 

12  736 

5  122 

6  2t3 

Steel  and  steel  manufactures,  cutlery, 
and  arms  

2,665 

9,435 

2,648 

5,325 

Old  iron  tons.  . 

42,  115 

29,  758 

i.iii 

21,168 

995 

18,  206 

2,483 

46.  322 

Woollen  manufactures  

4,402 
988 



5,  552 
2  182 



10,806 
20  461 

16,  890 
60  379 

Silk  manufactures  .  .  . 

2,338 

1,815 

328 

2,752 

FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


91 


Imports  from  Canada  paying  duty,  fyc. — Continued. 


Articles  imported. 

1859-'60. 

1860-'61. 

1861-'62. 

1862-'63. 

to, 

"5 
1 

d 
3 

•3 
> 

j*. 

1 
O1 

-J 

1 
f> 

Quantity. 

| 

>• 

Quantity. 

1 

$1,  857 
460 
3  728 

$2,  444 
266 
6  7l)l 

$2,318 

$18,  777 
49 
4,190 
13,303 
2,156 
938 

2,493 
27,912 
2,105 
538 

11,113 
903 

58,  378 
749 





Furs 

1  724 

683 
1,260 
1,466 

2  238 

Leather,  and  all  other  manufactures  of. 

5  092 

3,908 
196 
3,  80(5 
56 
216 

13,  783 
2,215 
6,292 
88 
235 

317 

3,  242 
492 

308 
3,  732 
668 
60 
790 

655 

11,  631 
374 

1,  692 
470 

24,  407 
108 
*2,  119 
5,  895 
520 

Books 





478 

Til    '.'        'l"-'       H.                                 'IP 

280 
7  255 

Watches,   jewelry,    gold   and   silver 

656 

18,  726 
992 

824 
26,  409 
616 
7,916 
4,  872 

19,292 
518 
876 
2,  056 
81 
37,415 
2,206 
4,516 
1,454 
872 

China  and  plated  wares  

13,  300 
450 
1,720 
174 

48,  212 
89 
3,  240 
4,570 
974 
9,  026 
4,689 
12,  252 
4,036 
1,115 
117 
108 





1  113 

3  690 

Wood   manufactures,  and  wood  not 
specified  





19.  340 
1,619 
1,129 
7,  042 
68 
19,  865 
1,950 
3,  923 
3,352 
852 
1,  123 
801 

Oils,  palm  and  other  foreign.  .  .gallons.  . 
tish  and  petroleum  do  

3,549 
4,957 

187 
7,059 

534 

8,999 

721 
9,282 

Salt  bushels 

68,102 
1,848 
6,  435 
5,  680 
40,  108 
488 
451 

228,  290 
1,  980 
3,817 
8,641 
11,  582 

32,  101 
2,  067 
7,  297 
4,388 
2,436 

158,841 
1,753 
1,  600 
4,  764 
1,817 
8,  300 
1,  742 

198,  464 
1,239 
1,7<»8 
1,800 
1,685 

Wines  i  .gallons  .  . 
Brandy  do 

Spirits                                       .         do 

Boer  and  ale  do. 

Molasses  do  
Tea  pounds  .  . 
Coffee                                            do 

1,256 

517 

12,241 
10 
77,  343 
93 
37,  779 

8,081 
2 
3,719 
590 
15,  405 
71,956 

Sugar      do.. 

26,  169 

448 

1,315 
1,017 

33,490 

39,  290 
808 
309,  039 

1,951 
3,678 
61,  732 
32,  075 

25,  700 
271 
51 

1,357 
639 
18 
29,  452 

Wool  pounds  .  . 
All  other  articles  

Total  



434,  532 



358,  240 

227,  059 

425,  135 

Of  this  value  $1,819  is  essential  oil. 


t  Of  this,  15,069  pounds,  $1,053,  is  wool  waste. 


ANALYSIS    OF    THE    FOREGOING   TABLES. 

The  first  general  tables  given  above  show  an  average  export  trade  to  Canada 
of  816,826,797  for  eight  fiscal  years  following  the  enactment  of  the  reciprocity 
treaty,  of  which  $13,493,739  was  the  value  of  domestic  produce,  and  $3,333,058 
was  the  value  of  foreign  goods.  There  is  no  marked  increase  in  the  exports  at 
the  beginning  of  this  period  of  eight  years,  the  total  for  1854  being  above  the 
average  of  the  succeeding  years,  including  an  unusual  export  of  $3,500,,000  of 
gold  coin  in  1863.  The  average  for  the  last  four  years  is  $12,933,000  in  value 
of  domestic  produce  exported,  against  an  average  of  $14,300,000  for  the  four 
previous  years,  which  were  the  first  of  the  full  operation  of  the  treaty.  The 
general  volume  of  domestic  export  trade  to  Canada  has,  therefore,  declined 
under  its  operation. 

The  foreign  exports  show  a  marked  decline  during  the  eight  years,  falling  off 
from  86,790,333  in  1854,  and  $8,769,580  in  1855,  to  $1,560,397  in  1862,  and 
$1,468,113  in  1863.  It  is  obvious  that  the  Canadian  supply  of  foreign  goods 
is  no  longer  purchased  in  the  importing  cities  of  the  United  States,  as  before  the 


92  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

treaty;  and  the  statistics  of  goods  entering  Canada/  through  the  United  States, 
under  bond,  show  that  to  be  the  mode  of  receipt  substituted  for  the  former. 
These  bonded  goods  nearly  all  enter  at  Portland,  and  pass  over  the  railroads 
through  Vermont. 

Of  the  exports  to  Canada,  both  domestic  produce  and  foreign  merchandise, 
the  United  States  records  give  no  distinction  as  to  those  which  pay  duty  and 
those  received  free  of  duty ;  but  the  Canadian  official  tables  show  that  for  eight 
calendar  years  to  1862,  an  average  of  $9,335,865  of  these  exports  paid  duty, 
while  an  average  of  $10,720,000  was  admitted  free  of  duty.  As  the  record  in 
this  case  is  for  calendar  years,  the  annual  values  cannot  be  exactly  compared 
with  those  made  up  for  our  fiscal  years.  The  Canadian  values  are  larger  gene 
rally — a  fact  to  be  accounted  for  by  their  more  rigid  inspection  of  imports  than 
ours  of  exports,  and  by  the  valuation  they  make  of  "settlers'  goods,"  "vehicles 
in  use,"  and  a  large  class  of  personal  effects  not  usually  cleared  at  our  custom 
houses. 

The  imports  from  Canada  show  an  average  value  of  $16,643,825  for  the  last 
eight  fiscal  years,  of  which  an  average  of  $467,238  only  paid  duty  on  entering 
the  United  States.  The  average  sum  of  $16,176,337  entered  free  of  duty,  of 
which  $14,443,000  was  under  the  reciprocity  treaty,  and  $1,732,725  was  free 
under  other  laws.  The  following  are  the  values  admitted  free  to  each  country, 
respectively,  contrasted  for  each  year : 

Paying  duty  in  Canada. 

Calendar  years.  Amount. 

1855 , $11,449,472 

1856 12,770,923 

1857 9,966,430 

1858 8,473,607 

1859 9,032,861 

1860 8,526,230 

1861 8,338,620 

1862 6,128,783 

1863 3,974,396 


Average  of  8  years 8,401,481 


Paying  duty  in  the  United  States. 

Fiscal  years.  Amount. 

1854-'55 $5,305,818 

1855-'56 640,375 

1856-'57 691,097 

1S57-'5S 313,953 

185S-'59 504,969 

1859-'60 434,532 

1860-'6i 358,240 

1861-'62 227,059 

1862-'63 567,677 


Average  of  8  years 467,238 


Under  the  reciprocity  treaty,  therefore,  duty  is  paid  on  goods  of  the  United 
States  entering  Canada  of  the  average  annual  value  of  $7,934,241  more  than 
the  values  of  duty-paying  goods  entering  the  United  States  from  Canada. 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  93 

The  respective  values  made  free  by  the  reciprocity  treaty  were,  from  1856  to 
1861,  nearly  twice  as  great  from  Canada,  or  of  Canadian  produce,  as  from  the 
United  States,  or  of  United  States  produce.  In  1862  and  1863,  in  consequence 
of  the  enormous  increase  in  the  shipments  of  wheat,  flour,  and  grain  nominally 
to  Canada,  but  really  through  Canada  to  other  markets,  the  values  became 
nearly  equal. 

Reciprocity  imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States. 

Calendar  years.  Amount. 

1856 $8,082,820 

1857 8,642,044 

1858 5,564,615 

1859 7,106,116 

I860 7,069,098 

1861 9,980,937 

1862 14,430,626 

1863..  12,339,367 


Total,  8  yenrs 73,215,623 

Reciprocity  imports  into  the  United  States  from  Canada. 

Fiscal  years.  Amount. 

1855-'56 , $15,959,850 

1856-'57 16,731.984 

1S57-'5S 10,900,168 

185S-'59 , 12,307,371 

1859-'60 16,218,767 

1860-'61 , 16,327,824 

1861-'62 14,295,562 

1862-'63 12,807,354 


Total,  8  years 115,548,880 


The  treaty  has,  therefore,  released  from  duty  a  total  sum  of  $42,333,257  in 
value  of  goods  of  Canada  more  than  of  goods  the  produce  of  the  United  States. 
The  decline  in  value  of  American  and  foreign  goods  paying  duty  on  entering 
Canada  from  the  United  States,  in  1862  and  1863,  is  due  to  the  decline  of  trade 
in  all  fabrics  and  manufactures,  not  to  any  change  in  the  proportions  of  free  and 
dutiable,  through  which  our  exports  are  relieved  from  taxation. 

CANADIAN    OFFICIAL    STATISTICS,  WITH    DETAILED    TABLES   OF    EXPORTS    TO 

CANADA. 

As  the  distinction  between  goods  entering  Canada  free  and  dutiable  cannot 
be  derived  from  the  United  States  returns,  the  following  table  is  limited  to  three 
years,  and  the  Canadian  statistics  are  taken  complete  for  the  illustration  of  that 
side  of  the  trade.  These  tables  are  very  full  and  valuable,  furnishing  a  clear 
illustration  of  the  character  of  that  trade  as  it  enters  Canadian  markets. 

The  Canadian  tables  that  here  follow  are  general  tables  corresponding  to 
those  before  given  from  United  States  records,  and  these,  with  various  tables 
cited  elsewhere,  are  all  taken  from  the  annual  volumes  on  the  Trade  and  Navi 
gation  of  Canada,  published  by  that  government. 


94 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Statement  of  tJie  value  of  tlie  imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States  for 
14  years,  from  1850  to  1863  inclusive,  witli  amount  of  duties  paid. 


[From  Canadian  official  reports.] 


Calendar  years. 

Value  of 
free  goods. 

Value  of 
duty-paying 
goods. 

Total 
imports. 

Amount  of 
duties  paid. 

Rate 
per 

cent. 

1850  

$791  128 

$5  803  732 

$6  594  860 

$1  069  814 

18  43 

1851  

1,384,030 

6,981,735 

8,  365  765 

1,274  762 

18  26 

3852 

864  690 

7  613  003 

8  477  693 

1  433  195 

18  82 

1853  

1,125  565 

1C)  656  582 

11  787  147 

1  805  812 

16  94 

1854  

2  083  757 

13  449  341 

15  533  098 

2  209  173 

16  42 

1855. 

9  379  204 

11  440  472 

20  8°8  676 

1  786  032 

15  60 

1856 

9  933  856 

12  770  923 

29  704  509 

2'  059'  826 

16  13 

1857  

10  258  221 

9  966  430 

20  224  651 

1  605  164 

16  10 

1858  

7  161  958 

8  473  607 

15  635  565 

1  611  711 

19  02 

1859 

8  560  055 

9  032  861 

17  592  916 

1  825  135 

20  20 

1860 

8  746  799 

8  526  230 

17  273  029 

1  759  928 

20  64 

1861  

12  730  768 

8  338  620 

21  069  388 

1*584'  892 

19  60 

1862  

19  044  374 

6  128  783 

25  173  157 

1863 

19  134  966 

3  974  396 

23  109  362 

Of  the  value  of  free  goods  here  stated,  there  was  of  coin  and  bullion  the 

following  sums: 

In  1S61 $863,308 

1862 2,530,297 

1863 4,651,679 

The  values  exported,  as  reported  in  the  United  States  records,  are  elsewhere 
stated  for  fiscal  years,  and  therefore  not  directly  comparable  with  these,  which 
are  from  Canadian  reports. 

Statement  of  the  value  of  the  exports  from  Canada  to  the  United  States,  and 

the  total  trade. 

[From  Canadian  official  reports.] 


Calendar  years. 

Exports 
to  United 
States. 

Imports 
from  United 
States. 

Amount 
of  the 
whole  trade. 

1851 

$4  071  544 

$3  365  764 

$12  437  308 

1852 

6  284  520 

8  477  693 

14  762  213 

1853  

8,  936,  380 

11*782'  144 

20  718  524 

1854  

8,  649,  000 

15  533  096 

24  182  090 

1855 

16  737  276 

20  828  676 

37  ^fi^  05*2 

1856   

17  979  752 

22  704  508 

40  684  260 

1857 

13  206  436 

20  224  648 

33  431  084 

1858  

11,930,094 

15  635  565 

27  565  659 

1859  

13,922  314 

17  592  916 

31  515  230 

I860  

18  427  968 

17  273  0°9 

35  700  997 

1861     

14  386  427 

21  069  388 

35  455  815 

1862 

15  063  730 

25  173  157 

40  236  887 

1863  

22,  534,  074 

23  109  362 

45  643,436 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


95 


Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  1855  to  1863,  free  of  duty  under 
the  rccijjrocity  treaty.     (Prepared from  (fficial  documents  of  Canada.) 


18i 

»5. 

18C 

>6. 

185' 

r. 

Quantity. 

Value.    . 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Animals                    .        number. 

7  470 

$207  586 

16  700 

8473  8^7 

19  530 

$456  029 

2,  939 

7  1D7 

18,  128 

Bark                                      cords 

3  268 

608 

2  205 

1  299 

5  504 

28  191 

30  303 

32  870 

21  190 

17  807 

16  666 

Butter            pounds  - 

147,  840 

25,  799 

257,  600 

44  967 

218,  848 

39,  897 

1  064  000 

103  983 

1  545  600 

153  660 

1  629  600 

152  269 

Coal                 ..     tons  . 

80,000 

326,  512 

84,  000 

385,  361 

94,  816 

400,  297 

15  803 

17  534 

3  516 

18  595 

25  814 

16  6°4 

•  1  829 

10  572 

18  578 

Fish 

109  478 

152  531 

120  615 

oil                               gallons 

204  155 

148  105 

283,  158 

249  191 

199,  299 

193  571 

4  271 

290 

40 

Firewood                                cords 

30  984 

24  717 

60  462 

31,472 

64  218 

12  591 

46  062 

32  0% 

140  925 

137  584 

157  244 

Flax,  hemp,  and  tow,  not  manu- 

69  170 

81  083 

75  427 

Flour    barrels. 

198,  210 

1,615,746 

138,  100 

797,  281 

212,  640 

1,251,034 

Furs  skins  and  tails  not  dressed 

27  690 

54  829 

88  823 

Grain,  all  kinds  bushels  . 

2  469,965 

2,711,952 

3,  453,  211 

2,  703,  503 

3,  726,  816 

3  836  1:.^ 

12  054 

6  243 

7  r')5 

60  000 

80  000 

100  000 

j^ard     •                 pounds 

91  538 

142  132 

58  740 

Manures  .  ...  

11,994 

11,  100 

16,  435 

Meal                            .   .   .barrels 

8  600 

40  094 

9  900 

36  715 

14  200 

52  696 

Meat  of  all  kinds  cwt. 

109,096 

1,  019,  714 

158,  800 

1,  417,  771 

90,  327 

903,  264 

436 

5  952 

11  922 

3  ^00 

10  457 

7  859 

2  353 

8  267 

Puiut-!  and  shrubs  

37  807 

63  359 

51  149 

1  739 

6  941 

8  045 

1  201 

871 

3  935 

Rice  pounds  . 

843,  696 

42,  475 

929,600 

40,171 

621,  600 

121  128 

67  705 

123  4  15 

fliato  

29,  594 

20,  002 

17,  122 

St-iue  and  marble  .     unwrought 

57  145 

63  791 

72  258 

Tallow  .  .  .•  '  pounds 

346,  531 

355,  521 

3,  578  680 

357,  57i) 

108  414 

133  687 

226  880 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured  IDS 

719,  632 

69,  779 
2  882 

536,  138 

106,  960 

28 

959,  896 

120,  134 

Vegetables  
•\Vool                           



11,  735 

7  659 



34,  059 

20  821 



65,  908 
40  069 

7  725  572 

8  082  8°0 

8  642  044 

it 

All  other  free  goods  t  

1  ,  653,  632 

1,  850,  766 

I  616  177 

Total  free  of  duty  



9,  379,  204 

9,  933,  586 



10,  258,  221 

Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  Sfc. — Continued. 


Articles  imported. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

10,  170 

$240,  186 
23,  369 
2,117 
30,  872 
13,528 
7,  037 
90,  045 
242,  700 
11,238 
28,545 

10,  487 

""eoo" 

$234,677 
12,  826 
2,  570 
30,  301 
14,  383 
40,  3:?5 
93,  499 
237,  776 
17,  207 
52.  209 

14,923 
""528" 

$239,  094 
21,642 
2,  130 
63,  404 
15,499 
29,422 
82,  M9 
304,  C7!> 
25,627 
43.  408 

Ashes 

525 

Butter                     .       ..  pounds 

43,420 
1,  091,  672 
70,097 

246,719 
791,410 
78,557 

175,392 
742,  000 
79,  886 

Coal                        .  .......  tons. 

Dyeatuffs  

*  Specie  not  distinguished  until  after  1857. 

t  An  average  value  of  $500,000  annually,  is  of  articles  of  foreign  origin. 


96  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  8fc. — Continued. 


18 

58. 

18 

59. 

18b 

0. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Eggs                                    

$2  487 

fl  893 

$1  075 

Fish 

78  030 

108  884 

139  413 

oil                          .    .  gallons. 

95  000 

78  936 

129  983 

73  098 

172  000 

86  071 

708 

553 

Firewood              cords. 

24  605 

47  657 

19  803 

40  810 

21  307 

38  753 

Fruit,  dried  

29,922 

35  414 

43  192 

not  dried  

89  071 

215  609 

241  335 

Flax,  hemp,  and  tow,  not  manu 
factured  

46  372 

57  301 

87  106 

Flour                                   barrels 

192  250 

750  580 

387  062 

2  090  683 

167  038 

856  074 

FurH  skin*  and  tails,  not  dressed. 

37  568 

114  532 

10J  659 

Grain  all  kinds           .       bushels 

3  031  725 

2  078  464 

1  790  835 

1  709  077 

3  439  963 

2  895  533 

Gypsum  

5  337 

11  763 

9  767 

125  000 

250  000 

220  000 

Lard  pounds. 

347  963 

41  209 

275,  205 

33  049 

216  332 

22  723 

Manures 

12  134 

12  721 

9  595 

Meal  barrels. 

6.492 

21  064 

33,  964 

125  902 

7  250 

24  787 

Meat  of  all  kinds                       cwt 

93  600 

544  366 

66  730 

601  454 

54  152 

566  991 

9  038 

2  3P9 

11  020 

Pitch  and  tar                       barrels 

2  308 

6  204 

3  345 

8  472 

4  370 

10  071 

28  647 

24  4°3 

37  254 

Poul  try 

1  582 

1  054 

4  070 

Rags 

943 

3  87° 

5  955 

Rice                                     pounds 

482  160 

18  142 

600  254 

18  562 

200  480 

8  021 

goods  

78  356 

82  111 

141  ,  895 

Slate 

15  830 

12  763 

3  700 

51  469 

49  065 

6°  623 

3  999  904 

40l'  860 

-  2  976  216 

309  039 

3,362  216 

329  502 

115  °3l 

97  435 

64  782 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured.  .  .  .Ibs. 

1,  390,  074 

135,  025 
31 

1,  964,  488 

146,  974 

1,  987,  433 

124,115 
14 

IP  614 

66  109 

11,  363 

Wool  

11,101 

66,  175 

79,  822 

5  564  615 

7  106  116 

7  069  098 

Specie  "and  bullion 

15 

14  444 

All  other  free  goods*  

1,  597,  328 

1,  453,  939 

1,  663.  257 

Total  free  of  duty 

7  161  958 

8  560  055 

8  746  7'J9 

Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  fyc. — Continued. 


18 

61. 

18 

62. 

186 

3. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Animals    number. 

19  800 

$333  519 

23  110 

$347  936 

35  300 

$520  835 

Ashes 

30  042 

24  477 

17  549 

Bark                    cords. 

920 

3  693 

1,010 

4  113 

1  650 

6  670 

50  887 

32  299 

34  Q87 

Burr  and  grindstones  

16  199 

15  088 

13  793 

541  854 

68  545 

815  500 

104  082 

644  547 

97  171 

Cheese  do  ... 

2,  152,  200 
171  561 

177,  776 

458  665 

1,937.010 
105  905 

174,  456 
437  391 

2,  907.  680 
103  547 

294,  327 
548  846 

55  406 

56  460 

29  923 

Dye  stuffs 

53*  739 

60  976 

69  176* 

Eggs   .. 

1  156 

1,259 

4.654 

Fish 

145  833 

158  415 

108  570 

oil  gallons. 

121  015 

65  061 

226,  450 

109,  630 

125,  345 

112,  285 

products  of.  ... 

127 

168 

gq  052 

57  012 

24  098 

47  232 

19  384 

36  599 

Fruit,  dried  

64,  932 

61,113 

71,945 

not  dried  

Flax,  hemp,  and  tow,  not  manu- 



244,  924 
75  416 



370,  511 
106  666 



379,  170 
75,464 

Flour           barrels. 

148  096 

701  713 

239  130 

1  088  679 

235,  439 

898,  029 

Furs  skins  and  tails  not  dressed 

103  295 

119  896 

61,896 

7  °°3  758 

5  408  183 

10  998  720 

7  87(j  919 

6  122  692 

5  062  610 

Gypsum...     

11,  742 

1S|  333 

13,829 

*  An  average  value  of  $500,000  annually,  is  of  articles  of  foreign  origin. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  97 

Imports  into  Canada  from  the  United  States,  <$r. — Continued. 


18< 

31. 

18< 

>2. 

iser 

. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Qnantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

$230  000 

$350  000 

$384  951 

I.rii'.l                                   pounds. 

152  918 

14  881 

582  200 

53  381 

922  676 

81  757 

7  512 

9  t)18 

7,848 

Meal                                     barrels. 

6  664 

17  114 

21  OPS 

44  5f>3 

10  000 

28  603 

Meat  of  all  kinds  cwt. 

52,  320 

500,  991 

137,  270 

1,  040,  2(i9 

182,  850 

l,y2H,!»23 

5  021 

12  516 

12  505 

Pitch  and  tar           barrels. 

2  930 

8  639 

3,006 

13  925 

2,863 

11,158 

63  561 

93  605 

93'  539 

2  214 

3  852 

4,  659 

RagB 

10  7()3 

8  ()')l 

11  333 

Rice                pounds. 

156  010 

5  259 

98,  560 

2,746 

88 

Seeds 

108  155 

80  348 

2  044 

87,  545 

Slate                  

5  058 

1  819 

1,914 

69  858 

43  267 

57  076 

Tallow                        ..   ..pouuds. 

3  045  122 

242  474 

1,  445,  000 

129,516 

1,  668,  831 

152,  268 

171  232" 

91  772 

62  241 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured  Ibfl. 

1,  898,  270 

163,  549 
59 

6,  369,  840 

842,  364 

8,  769,  224 

1,  327,  810 
64 

Vegetables  

28  807 

61,218 

47,  729 

Wool 

197  895 

333  570 

208  858 

Free  by  reciprocity  treaty  
Specie  and  bullion  

9,  980,  937 
863  308 



14,  -130,  62t5 
2  530,  297 



12,339,367 
4,  651,  679 

All  other  free  goods* 

1  878  510 

2  083  451 

2  J43  920 

Total  free  of  duty  



12,  722,  755 



19,044,374 

19,  134,  966 

*  An  averago  value  of  $500,000  annually  is  of  articles  of  foreign  origin. 

Exports,  the  produce  and  manufactures  of  the  United  States,  to  Canada  for  three 
years,  1860-'61  to  1862-'63. 


Articles  exported. 

1860-'61. 

1861-'62. 

1862-'63. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Animals  :  horses  and  mules  number. 

215 
153 
4 

$17,  967 
3,991 
20 
2  650 

253 
1,103 
1,868 

$23,131 
22,788 
13,  5<W 
1,  753 

329 

1,  100 
8,466 

$27,  144 
41,252 
89,  976 
1,  432 
127,  458 
8,  771 
10,  306 
2,310 
22,832 
35,  164 
32,380 
78,  718 
8,653 
1,269 
11,501 

:>-,.  :«>4 

16,  847 
400,  H64 
50,  874 
66,  920 
64,  495 
110,546 
8,244 

:w,  34-j 

.  7,  732 
3,  OLH) 
6,  225 
»?,  372 
87,  032 
3,502  180 

sheep  

Apples                           barrels. 

29,610 
311 

48,  Oil!        37,  863 
1,574           2,04i 
1  764 

88,717 
10,  701 
10,  497 
3,729 
1,656 
62,  838 
26,  205 
71,472 
11,  994 
3,  009 
35,  054 
86,  870 
5,738 
371,  001 
32,238 

77.  839 
1,260 

iie 

25,  143 

1,718 
2,  733 
106,  324 
6  561 

374 

12,  445 

194 
99,  363 

Peer  and  ale                    gallons. 

Books 

67,  784 
2,474 
45,  552 

8,847 
30,  178 
6,  133 
11,117 
37,  945 
10,  013 
253,  054 
16,  909 
13,214 
403,  591 
69,  350 
12,  347 
26,817 
5,856 
1,965 

543,  585 
869 
20,  075 

""eei'eei 

1,376 
98,  846 

684,  940 
602 
12,110 

"'ibhl'fiU 
3,  416 
82,  606 

Cheese  pounds  . 

383,  767 
2,645 
73,  242 

Clover  seed                   .           ....  bushels 

Coal  tons  . 

Copper  and  brass  manufactures     .       ..   

136,  620 

""5*686 

809 

52,  915 

":"8,"o76 
972 

11.  712 
246,  442 
95,  698 
12,  147 
20,  819 
5,  127 
2,700 

146,  851 


Cotton  manufactures  
Drugs  and  medicines  
Earthenware  

""7"  033 
1,191) 

•• 

pickled  barrels. 

I 

4,150 

Furo                                       

25,  428 
83,  95C 

35,  774 
121,  381 
225  300 

2,029 
50,  170 

3,  497,        36,  12? 
4,  568;      310,  581 
79  016: 

3,612 

19,  828 

49  505 

9,772 

805,  580 

1,325 
63,  570 
14,078 
14,  957 

Hemp                            tons. 

130 

8,  608                97           5,  027 

140 

Ex.  Doc.  55  7 

98  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Exports,  the  produce  and  manufacture  of  t7ie  United  States,  ^.-—-Continued. 


Articles  exported. 

1860-'61. 

1861-'62. 

1862-'63. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value.* 

Quantity. 

Value. 

$13,  486 
179,691 
12,  344 
124,  250 

$4,  384 
187,636 
18,  765 
188,  829 

$1,912 
l^i)  t)3g 

Hided                                 

Hops  pounds. 
House  furniture  -  

60,350 

157,  993 

87,  612 

12,  520 
66,718 
528 
1,  622,  825 
25,521 
19,  797 
9,OH3 
18,  328 
6,076 
362,  446 
5,  044 
40,  572 
6,648 
2,473 
60,  487 
22,  860 
4,611 
48,  293 

10,158 
810,346 
5,  536 
20,  289 
8,  522 
31,654 
8,494 
790  751 

1,151 
1,  010,  243 
10,  .074 
32,  532 
23,  051 
18,121 
ft,  380 
723  82Q 

1,891,740 
2,385 
481 
166 
300 
193,559 

3,  218,  438 
3,  964 
1,270 
403 
214 
216,  255 

4,211,897 
9,474 
719 
148 
329 
126,  424 

Itur'in  meal                              -   •  •       barrels 

'  |_,ar                                      do 

nails                                              pounds 

manufactures  not  specified  

Jewelry  

12,  954 

11,040 

Lard                 -  pounds  . 

40,  851 
2,  032 
4,  723 
97,  898 
95,  203 

4,486 
1,  975 
435 

29,510 
106,  648 

763,  032 
2,377 
29,439 
143,  -393 
73,  991 

70,  799 
1,771 
2,732 
51,  098 
66,  770 
1,295 

403,  375 
7,406 
29,  600 
163.  706 
21,  965 

oil                                                 gallons 

Lead                      pounds. 

Levher                                        .       .do 

boota  and  shoes  pairs. 

morocco  leather  

Marble  and  stone  manufactures  

97,  977 

97,  002 

Musical  instruments  

122,  800 

100,  907 
4,000 

67,  445 
9,340 
1,767 
50,  309 
2,733 
30,  094 
55,171 
670,  433 
6,  766 
1,260 
20 
17,  672 
119,  780 
257,  136 
1,159 
6,  726 
545 
16,  449 
4,712 
103,  338 
582,  600 
3,074 
76,  026 
2,002 
1,135 
6,  717,  093 
1,  103,  171 
85,  595 
58,302 
65,  808 
800,  (XW 

Oil-cako   

Oil  linseed                                             gallons 

14,  232 
109,  972 

10,718 
114,  748 
945 

2,  327 
104,  161 

1,  676 
98,  252 
595 
39  646 

1,848 
59,  412 

39,  903 
74  °79 

72  376 

Pork                             barrels 

10,  541 
1,580 

165,  745 
614 
5,  534 
3,  858 
53,  617 
40,  670 
128,  952 
3,  424 
11,187 
2.  906 
241,010 
32,  693 
90,  860 
50,  469 
7.003 
683,  875 
1,816 
15 
3,  871,  233 
444,  803 
66,  750 
36,  593 

51,410 
17,  392 

559,184 
7,373 
4  259 

54,  162 
14,  041 

217 
12,  459 

103 
5,  794 

""356,"  489 
23,  499 
30,  633 
2,924 
1,  182,  627 
32,910 
1.  528,  553 
1,204 
12,356 
577,  755 
14,741 
3,  000 
4,  538,  472 
118,643 
411,  042 

2,  438 
28,  800 
57,  365 
214,  682 
1,574 
7,576 
3,479 
85,  063 
15,  179 
144,  062 
75,  331 
3,  924 
203,  681 
2,321 
1,317 
3,801,515 
536,  756 
138,  958 
49,  061 

1 

1,992 

"'533,'  919 
13,  696 
11,167 
310 
198,  180 
13,  203 
1,  040,  767 
5,401 
13,587 
225,081 
14,  905 
7,  960 
6,  512,  801 
232,  160 
185,  492 

Itosiu  tar  pitch   and  turpentine  do.. 

Salt                                                        bushels 

471,  722 
30,809 
21,  666 
4,825 
2,  491,  564 
61,520 
956,  612 
1,375 
17,  628 
2,  435,  520 
10,  681) 
50 
4,  148,  029 
83,  617 
221,  700 

Soap  pounds. 

Spirits  of  turpentine  do... 
Sugar                                       pounds 

Tallow                                     pounds 

Tobacco,  not  manufactured  hogsheads, 
snuff                          pounds. 

Vinogar                         .   .          gallons  . 

Wheat                                   bushels. 

Wheat  flour  barrels. 

Wool                                                 ...pounds. 

Wood  manufactures  

35,  544 
1,  090,  156 



70,  345 
652,  848 



Total 

11  749  981 

11,282,107 

18,  430,  605 

.... 

The  detail  of  imports  from  Canada  which  pay  duty  during  the  period  of  the  re 
ciprocity  treaty  shows  that  very  few  of  such  imports  are  the  produce  or  manufacture 
of  Canada  originally.  The  chief  articles  are  iron,  salt,  foreign  spirits  and  wines, 
beer  and  ale,  and  foreign  dry  goods.  It  is  not  easy  to  identify  any  item  of 
consequence  produced  in  Canada,  other  than  "manufactures  of  wood,"  which  is 
an  item  made  up  of  local  products  in  part,  at  least. 

The  detail  of  imports  free  by  ordinary  laws  exhibits  a  very  irregular  trade 
of  this  sort.  The  chief  values  are  of  articles  of  the  United  States  brought  back, 
personal  effects,  and  unusual  movements  of  coin  and  bullion. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


£9 


Imports  from  Canada  free  ly  ordinary  laws. 


Articles. 

1855-'56. 

1856-'57. 

1857-'58. 

1858-'59. 

1859-'60. 

1860-'61. 

1861-'62. 

1862-63. 

Produce  of  the  United 
States  returned  

$549,  734 
282,  574 
3,040 

$460,  601 
3D9,  979 
1,070 

$03.  248 
232,  858 
4,672 

$430,  129 

205,  187 
600,  !i04 
9  000 

$736,  659 
271,<5(i3 
1,  142,  717 

11,418,258 
194,  430 
305,  919 

$430,  687 
220,  433 
2,612 
4,156 
39,  675 

$173,888 
271,  085 
965 
4,792,  1H5 
53 

Seeds  und  trees  ....... 

40,  088 
5,  804 
3,  358 
2,009 

65,  313 

28,042 

45,  890 
2  320 

27,  695 
2,330 

20,  171 
2,648 

T^I'^-I 

553 
393 

1,733 

40 
3,  449 

p'  .    '/  

500 
10,094 

8,963 
23,  390 

743 

14,  481 

1  900 

400 
10,686 

Shinple  and  slate  bolts. 
Produce  of  American 

6,071 

3,6i)0 

Other  articles        

1,374 

824 

3,  408 
307,  450 

10,186 

7,281 

*33,  017 

t45,  896 

Total   

687,  1)72  j  868,  753 

1,396,377 

2,  2C8,  373 

1,959,393 

736,  831 

5,  287,  772 

*  Including  9,410  pounds  indigo,  $8.428. 

t  Including  13,766  pounds  tea,  $10,247  ;  20,763  pounds  indigo,  $14,429. 

The  detail  of  imports  from  the  Provinces  other  than  Canada,  free  by  other 
laws  than  the  treaty,  is  also  shown  to  be  mainly  of  United  States  produce 
returned  and  specie  in  small  amount.  The  following  are  the  items : 


Years. 

Specie. 

Produce  of 
U.  S.  re 
turned. 

Gypsum. 

Animals 
living. 

Other  ar 
ticles. 

18r>4  '55 

$14  651 

$103  226 

$'375 

$28  175 

1855-'56                  

$33  807 

14  248 

109  974 

431 

35  179 

18o6-T>7                               ...     . 

14  930 

25  956 

88  314 

638 

17  751 

185/~  '58 

21  683 

28  539 

80  484 

3  518 

60  8  ."3 

1858-59                

18  847 

673  567 

78  600 

6  660 

23  230 

1859-'  60 

4  018 

110  096 

97  954 

5  442 

37  952 

1860  '61 

83  651 

84  510 

80  832 

4  521 

3  711 

1861  -'62         

28,  391^ 

83  523 

9  425 

'l25 

9,767 

1862-'63                     

5,542 

92  257 

20  093 

10  500 

The  import  trade  from  the  British  Atlantic  provinces  is  very  small  in  actually 
free  articles  other  than  those  affected  by  the  reciprocity  treaty.  On  the  Pacific 
coast  there  is  a  receipt  of  bullion  from  Victoria  at  San  Francisco,  the  value  of 
which  is  given  in  the  published  commerce  and  navigation  reports  as  imports  from 
British  North  American  provinces.  It  has  been  separated  from  the  above  state 
ment,  though  in  other  statements  of  trade  with  the  provinces  the  small  trade  of 
San  Francisco  with  British  Columbia  in  duty-paying  articles  has  not  been 
separated.  The  bullion  brought  to  San  Francisco  from  British  Columbia  began 
in  1850,  and  was,  in  18;>l-'62,  $756,423,  and  in  lS62-'63,  $1,663,642. 

The  record  of  imports  and  exports  at  United  States  ports  of  the  lake  district 
almost  invariably  confines  the  transactions  to  Canada,  the  exceptions  being 
only  one  outward  shipment  from  Milwaukie  to  England  in  1861,  value  $46,061, 
and  one  similar  shipment  in  1863,  value  $3,381.  It  has  therefore  been  neces 
sary  to  consider  all  the  trade  of  the  lake  district  as  conducted  with  Canada, 
although  the  registered  entries  and  clearances  of  vessels  show  frequent  trans 
actions  direct  with  English  ports.  The  following  is  the  detail  of  actual  entrances 
and  clearances  at  these  lake  ports  for  European  ports,  through  the  St.  Lawrence, 
from  the  official  returns : 


100 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Fiscal  years. 

No. 

Clearances. 

Tons. 

No. 

Entrances, 

Tons. 

1855-'56 

ior.fi   >ry7 

I 

Chicajro  to  Enjrland 

379 

1 

Chicago  to  England  

123 

1 

England  to  Chicago.  .. 

123 

9 
S 

Cleveland  to  England  
Detroit  to  England  

3,244 
987 

1 
1 

England  to  C  levelaud  .  . 
England  to  Detroit  

382 

382 

1858-'59  

16 

Chicago,     Detroit,     and 

0 

Cleveland  to  England.  .. 
Same  ports  to  Hamburg 

5,761 
633 

7 

England  to  same  ports. 

2,401 

1 

343 

IP^Q.-'fiO 

5 

To  England  and  Scotl'd 

1  436 

10 

From  England 

3,  575 

I860  'Cl 

«s 

To  England  and  Ireland.  . 

1,791 

8 

From  England  

2,  836 

1861  '62 

3 

From  England  

1,168 

186*2  '63 

1 

To  England 

394 

1 

-  From  England     ...... 

394 

Undoubtedly  the  outward  shipments  by  these  vessels  were  considerable,  and 
a  few  imports  are  specified  in  the  statistics  of  soda  ash,  iron,  salt,  &c.  But  the 
trade  is  not  a  permanent  one  in  any  sense.  In  the  last  fiscal  year  but  a  single 
vessel  cleared  and  entered,  and  it  can  therefore  scarcely  be  necessary  to  make 
a  distinct  and  precise  account  of  it  as  of  a  permanent  trade.  This  practical 
neglect  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river  as  an  outlet  to  western  produce  of  the  United 
States,  under  the  circumstances  controlling  that  route  for  the  last  four  or  five 
years,  is  particularly  significant,  and  decisive  as  to  the  channels  this  trade 
prefers.  Not  only  the  treaty  of  reciprocity,  but  the  careful  and  inviting  legis 
lation  of  Canada  in  regard  to  tolls  and  tonnage  duties,  have  united  to  remove 
all  obstacles  to  the  free  employment  of  this  route  for  the  export  of  breadstuff? 
and  provisions  from  the  western  States.  Great  hopes  were  entertained  in  Canada 
of  the  commerce  that  would  be  thus  developed,  but  the  united  efforts  of  the  two 
governments  have  proved  of  little  effect  in  opening  a  channel  preferable  to  that 
made  up  of  the  lakes,  the  canals,  and  railroads  of  the  United  States.  The 
statistics  of  downward  freight  through  the  Wclland  canal  show  that  most 
American  produce  entering  that  canal  returns  again  to  American  ports.  The 
tables  of  this  Welland  canal  tonnage,  given  here  from  the  official  Canadian 
reports,  are  particularly  instructive  on  the  point  of  the  destination  of  both 
upward  and  downward  freight. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  report  of  the  Hon.  \V.  P.  Rowland,  finance 
minister  of  Canada  in  1862,  state  very  compactly  and  forcibly  the  principal 
facts  connected  with  the  expected  occupation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river  as  a  line 
of  outward  transit  for  produce  of  the  western  States.  They  are  from  the  Cana 
dian  Trade  and  Navigation  report  for  1862: 

Movement  of  American  produce  in  and  through  Canada. 

The  movement  of  property  on  the  provincial  canals  shows  a  steady  increase.  On  the 
Welland  canal  the  movement  was: 


Tons  property. 

In  1859 709,611 

1860 944  084 

1861 1,020,483 

1862 1,243,774 


And  on  the  St.  Lawrence  canals  the  movement  was: 


In  1859, 
1860. 
1861. 

1862. 


631.769 
733,596 
886,908 
964,394 


Tonnage  of  vessels. 

856,918 
1,238  509 
1.327,672 
1,476,842 


765,636 

824,465 

1,009,469 

I,0i9,230 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


101 


The  movement  on  the  Welland  canal  has,  therefore,  increased  7£  per  cent,  in  1861  over 
1860,  and  in  1862  15  per  cent  over  1861.  Whilst  on  the  St.  Lawrence  canals  the  move 
ment  of  tonnage  has  increased  in  18t!l  by  22  per  cent,  over  1860,  and  in  1862  by  6  per 
cent,  over  1861. 

In  this  connection  I  propose  to  consider  the  effect  which  tho  removal  of  the  toll*  from 
the  St.  Lawrence  canals,  and  the  reduction  of  those  on  tho  Wellaud,  has  had  on  the  move 
ment  of  property  through  those  works. 

That  the  movement  of  property  by  the  St.  Lawrence  route  has  been  greatly  augmented 
during  the  past  three  years  is  sufficiently  apparent  from  the  figures  above  given,  and  we 
may  congratulate  tho  country  thereon;  but  th:it  this  increase  has  been  due  to  the  remission 
of  the  tolls  is  not  to  bo  assumed  without  taking  into  account  other  circumstances  which 
have  mainly  influenced  the  direction  of  trade. 

First  among  these  circumstances  may  be  stated  the  greatly  increased  production  of 
cereals  in  the  western  States,  and  the  figures  presently  introducer!  will  show  that  in  pro 
portion  to  that  increase,  and  to  the  whole  volume  of  agricultural  produce  moved  from 
Lakes  Erie  and  Michigan  to  tide-water,  we  have  not  obtained  so  large  a  traffic  since  tho 
removal  of  the  tolls  as  we  obtainci  prior  to  the  adoption  of  that  policy. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  quantity  of  grain  sent  eastward  from  the  lake 
regions,  including  Canada,  during  the  last  seven  years  : 


Years. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Other  grain. 

All  reduced 
to  bushels. 

1856       

Barrels. 
3  865  442 

Bmhcls. 
19  505  358 

Bushels. 
14  281-?  632 

Bushels. 
4  592  .">69 

57  707  769 

1857 

3  397  954 

16  763  285 

8  779  832 

2  256  944 

44  7W  851 

1858  

4  499,613 

2  J,  843,  859 

10,495,554 

5,  035,  097 

59,  872,  r-66 

1859 

3  760  274 

16,865,708 

4  423  006 

4  264  051 

44,  354,  225 

I860  

4,  106,  057 

3^,  334,  391 

18,  075,  778 

7,712,032 

78,  652,  486 

1861          ..             

6,  533,  839 

46,334,  '44 

29  524,628 

10,686,115 

119,264,233 

1862 

8,359,910 

50,699,130 

32,  985,  923 

10,  844,  939 

136,  329,  542 

The  following  statement  shows  the  proportion  of  wheat  and  flour  which  has  passed  from 
the  western  States  to  tide-water  by  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Eric  canals,  respectively,  during 
the  same  period,  (all  being  reduced  to  bushels  of  wheat:) 

Movement  of  American  brcadstuffs. 


Years. 

Down  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

Through  Erie 
canal. 

Total  to  tide 
water. 

1856 

209  612 

15  31°  833 

16  551  415 

1857                                                             .    .. 

930  280 

10  601   532 

]•>  5i]  8  12 

1858  

185^ 

,  876,  933 
988  759 

13,757,283  ' 
10  3/1  966 

1  5,6:14  ,21  15 
]•>  'jgo  725 

I860  

846  462 

23  9;"  000 

25  758  46° 

386  1 

3  103  153 

34  407  goO 

37  ">30  953 

1862  

5  320  054 

39  240  131 

44  560  185 

NOTE. — Tho  aho-c  ntat<?ment  is  computed  by  adding  to  tho  importations  from  United  Sta'os  ports,  at 
Kingston  the  quantities  sent  down  ;ho  St  Lawremv  canals  from  tho  United  S:tites  to  tho  Canadian  pors,  and 
i'  is  assumed  that  a  1  tht-  imports  at  Kingston  were  sr:r  d  nvn  he  St.  Lawrence  canals.  Thi  movement  on  the 
Eric  can.i.  during  th«>  first  s  x  years  is  taken  from  the  canal  auditors  reports;  that  for  1862  is  from  "Hunt's 
Merchants  Magazine."  The  statement  relates  only  to  wheat  and  flour. 

Hence  it 'appears  that  of  tho  whole  quantity  of  western  wheat  and  flonr  which  was 
transported  to  tide-water  through  the  New  York  and  Canadian  canals  during  the  p.ist  seven 
years,  w<^  obtained  for  the  St.  Lawrence  route,  in  185fi,  7.3  per  cent.;  1857,  15  4  percent  ; 
1858,  12.01  percent.;  1859,  16.08  per  cent.;  1860,  7.16  percent.;  1861,  8.26  per  cent.; 
1862,  11.4  per  cent. 


102  FOREIGN   AND,  DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

These  are  the  principal  commodities  which  have  heretofore  passed  through  the  St.  Law 
rence  canal.  If  we  include  with  them  the  Indian  corn,  which  figures  so  largely  in  the 
Welland  and  Erie  canal  returns,  the  percentage  will  become  still  less  favorable  to  us,  and 
the  proportions  will  be  still  further  reduced  by  bringing  into  the  comparison  the  cereal 
products  of  the  western  States  which  are  carried  to  tide- water  by  the -several  railroads 
converging  at  the  Atlantic  ports. 

While  we  have  failed  to  obtain  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  western  trade,  since  the 
removal  of  the  tolls,  as  we  obtained  in  1859  and  the  preceding  years,  the  tolls  levied  on 
that  (the  Erie)  canal  which  is  the  chief  competitor  with  the  St.  Lawrence  route  have  been 
materially  increased,  as  the  following  comparison  of  tolls  on  the  three  principal  articles 
will  show: 

Toll  per  1,000  pounds  per  mile.  1860  and  previous  years.  1862. 

On  corn.... —  2  mills.  2  A  mills. 

Onflour , 2      "  3        " 

On  wheat 2      "  3        " 

This  increase  is  equivalent  to  an  advance  of  seventy  cents  per  ton  on  wheat  and  flour 
from  Buffalo  to  tide-water,  and  of  forty  cents  per  ton  from  Oswego  to  tide-water ;  whilst 
the  advance  on  corn  is  equivalent  to  thirty-five  cents  per  ton  from  Buffalo,  and  to  twenty 
cents  per  ton  from  Oswego. 

The  rates  of  freight  have  also  increased  by  the  Erie  canal,  and  they  have  increased  in  a 
still  greater  ratio  by  the  St.  Lawrence.  During  the  four  years  next  preceding  1859  the 
average  freight  for  flour  from  Lake  Ontario  ports  to  Montreal  was  $1  84|  per  ton.  In 
1860,  the  year  in  which  the  tolls  were  removed  from  the  St.  Lawrence  canals,  the  rate  of 
freight  was  $2  11£  per  ton;  in  1861  it  was  $2  56J  ;  in  1862  it  was  $2  61  f  so  that  the 
increase  over  the  average  of  the  four  years  preceding  1859  was  seventy-two  cents  in  1860, 
eeventy-two  in  1861,  and  eighty-one  in  1862.  If  we  add  to  these  figures  the  tolls  remitted, 
we  find  that  the  forwarder  received  over  the  average  rates  which  they  obtained  in  the  four 
years  above  alluded  to,  in  1860,  forty-nine  cents  per  ton;  in  1861,  ninety-four  cents,  and 
in  1862,  one  dollar  and  three  cents  per  ton,  together  with  the  tolls  on  the  tonnage  of  his 
shipping. 

Comparing  in  a  similar  manner  the  rates  of  freight  obtained  for  carrying  wheat,  we  have 
a  still  more  striking  example  of  the  advanced  rates  which  the  forwarders  h;ive  been  able  to 
exact.  The  average  freight  rates  for  wheat  from  Lake  Ontario  ports  to  Montreal,  in  1855, 
1856,  1857,  and  1858,  was  $1  81  per  ton;  in  1860,$!  21;  in  1861,  $2  72,  and  in  1862  it 
was  $271  per  ton.  Thus  the  advance  over  the  average  rate  during  the  four  years  first 
named  was,  in  1860,  $1  21;  in  1861,  $1  13;  in  1862,  $1  13.  Adding  the  tolls  relin 
quished  by  the  province,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  advance  obtained  by  the  forwarder  has 
been,  in  1860,  $1  43,  and  in  1861  and  1862,  $1  35  par  ton,  together  with  the  tolls  due  to 
the  tonnage  of  his  vessels. 

Whatever  else  may  be  urged  in  favor  of  free  canals,  it  certainly  cannot  be  said  that  tho 
policy  of  1860  has  been  productive  of  benefit,  either  to  the  prolucer  or  consumer  of 
western  breadstuffs ;  and  from  the  advance  which  has  taken  place  in  the  freights  by  the 
St.  Lawrence  route,  as  well  as  in  both  tolls  and  freight  by  the  competing  route  to  tide 
water  at  Albany,  it  is  abundantly  manifest  that  the  forwarder  can  pay  a  moderate  toll 
without  unduly  trenching  on  his  profits. 

It  can  be  shown  from  reliable  data  that,  in  so  far  as  the  actual  cost  of  transportation 
(including  therein  the  canal  tolls  recently  imposed)  is  concerned,  western  produce  can  be 
carried  to  tide- water  much  cheaper  by  the  St.  Lawrence  than  by  any  competing  route ;  and  we 
must  trace  our  failure  to  obtain  for  our  canals  a  greater  proportion  of  the  western  trade  to 
other  causes  than  the  charges  heretofore  imposed  for  the  use  of  thos^  works.  I  am  per 
suaded  that  the  chief  cause  of  that  failure  lies  in  the  absence  of  sufficient  com  petition 
among  forwarders  engaged  in  the  St.  Lawrence  trade ;  in  the  financial  relations  between 
shippers  engaged  in  the  western  trade  and  the  capitalists  of  New  York ;  and,  finally  and 
chiefly,  in  the  lower  rates  of  ocean  freights  from  New  York  to  Europe,  occasioned  by  the 
greater  competition  at  that  port  than  is  to  be  found  at  Quebec  or  Montreal  It  is  gratifying 
to  know  that  the  Canadian  forwarder  has  been  able  to  obtain  the  advanced  rates  above 
quoted,  but  we  cannot  find  therein  a  justification  of  that  policy  which,  in  addition  to  othei 
advantages,  would  give  him  the  free  use  of  costly  works  which  complete  the  grandest 
system  of  inland  navigation  in  the  world,  and  have  not  been  constructed  without  imposing 
heavy  burdens  on  the  country.  If  it  could  be  shown  that  the  tolls  remitted  had  gone  in 
mitigation  of  the  comparatively  high  rate  of  ocean  freight  to  which  our  trade  is  subject, 
we  might  find  in  that  fact  some  reason  for  making  our  canals  absolutely  free.  ;But  it  has 
been  shown  that  this  has  not  been  the  result.  The  tolls  have  gone  to  enhance  the  profits 
of  the  forwarder  whose  freight  tariff  has  been  regulated,  not  by  the  cost  of  doing  his  work, 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


103 


but  by  the  competition  with  which  he  has  had  to  contend.  There  is  but  one  course  open 
fof  securing  that  quota  of  the  western  trade  which  the  advantages  of  tho  St.  Lawrence 
route  gives  us  reason  to  anticipate.  If  we  can  give  to  the  owners  of  the  largest  vessels 
now  profitably  engaged  in  the  trade  of  Lxke  Michigan  the  option  of  trading  to  Kingston 
and  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  to  Buffalo,  as  may  be  found  most  profitable,  we  shall  have  thrown 
down  the  barrier  which  now  forces  the  main  current  of  trade  into  the  Erie  canal.  We ' 
shall  have  more  than  balanced  the  greater  insurance  and  freights  charged  from  our  sea 
ports  to  Europe  over  the  corresponding  charges  from  New  York,  and  we  may  thereafter 
expert  Quebec  and  Montreal  to  take  rank  amongst  the  greatest  grain  marts  of  this  conti 
nent.  All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

W.  T.  ROWLAND,  Minister  of  Finance. 
QUEBEC,  May  12,  1862. 

This  very  full  and  impartial  statement  has  been  copied  at  length  because  of 
its  decisive  bearing  on  the  question  which  was,  a  few  years  since,  considered  a 
great  and  practical  one  for  the  western  producing  States,  namely  :  whether  they 
were  to  anticipate  relief  to  the  pressure  of  their  export  trade  when  the  St.  Law 
rence  should  be  fully  opened  to  them. 

The  transit  trade  through  Canada,  inward  and  outward,  by  way  of  the  St. 
Lawrence,  is  incompletely  given  in  the  Canadian  trade  reports,  as  follows  : 

Statement  of  the  transit  trade  through   Canada,  via  the  St.  Lawrence,  to  and 
from  the  United  States. 

[From  Canadian  authorities.] 


Calendar  years. 

Values  to  the  U. 

States. 

Values  from  the 
U.  States. 

1854 

$495  327 

1855 

18  015 

1856 

13  493 

1857                   

183,790 

1858                                       

26,916 

1859                                           

76,314 

1860 

21  505 

1861  

522,514 

$3,505,511 

1862 

490,293 

5,  198.920 

1863  

512,245 

2,997,818 

The  transit  trade  through  the  United  States  to  Canada  is  another  important 
element  of  the  mutual  exchanges,  one  of  which  the  volume  is  unexpectedly  large, 
larger  than  the  export  of  United  States  produce  by  way  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 
It  is  conducted  almost  wholly  over  the  railroads  leading  from  Portland,  Maine, 
to  the  frontier  of  Vermont,  and  makes  up  the  larger  half  of  the  business  of  the 
sub-port  of  entry  of  Island  Pond,  Vermont. 

Value  of  imports  into  Canada  passing  through  the  United  States  under  land. 

1855 $4,463,  774 

1856 4,  926,  922 

1857 5, 582,  643 

1858 2,  057,  024 

1859 4, 546,  491 

1860 3,  041,  877 

1861 5, 688,  952 

1862 * 5,  508,  427 

1863 6, 172,  483 


104  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

The  rapid  increase  of  this  traffic  is  remarkable.  It  affords  a  channel  for 
steamer  freight  that  appears  to  be  preferred  to  the  slower  course  by  way  of  the'St. 
Lawrence.  The  comparison  of  the  use  by  Canada  of  tfie  two  channels  of  im 
ports  is  as  follows  :  showing  that  more  than  a  third  of  the  import  trade  of  Canada 
enters  now  at  United  States  ports,  and  is  transported  over  our  railroads  under 
bond. 

Imports  via  United  States  Imports  via  St.  Lawrence. 

1855 $4,  463,  774 $12,  738,  373 

1856 4,  926,  922 16,  989,  513 

1857 5,  582,  643 14,  378,  094 

1858 2,057,024 10,768,161 

1859 4,546,491 11,472,754 

1860 3,0-11,877 13,527,160 

1861 5,  688,  952 16,  726,  541 

1862 5,508,427 17,601,019 

1863 6,  172,  483 16,  439,  930 

Evidently  the  advantages  of  unrestricted  transit  to  and  from  sea  are  quite  as 
valuable  to  the  business  of  Canada  as  to  that  of  the  United  States.  The  pre 
ponderance  of  steamship  traffic  in  the  carriage  of  all  classes  of  merchandise  is 
increasing  the  transportation  of  railroad  lines  such  as  these  from  Portland  and 
Boston  to  Canada. 

EXPORT  OF  UNITED  STATES  MANUFACTURES  TO  CANADA. 

The  reduction  in  the  value  of  manufactured  articles  of  the  United  States  ex 
ported  to  Canada  in  recent  years  as  compared  with  an  earlier  period  has  been 
referred  to.  In  the  following  table  the  extent  of  this  reduction  and  its  relation 
to  particular  articles  is  shown,  the  comparison  being  for  the  years  1858  to  1863. 
Undoubtedly  this  decline  cannot  be  a  natural  result  between  two  countries  in 
such  proximity  maintaining  open  and  equal  commercial  relations.  Especial 
causes  only  could  produce  such  a  decline  in  the  face  of  the  very  great  increase  of 
manufactures  in  the  United  States  during  these  years,  and  their  development  in 
superior  fabrics  of  every  sort.  The  Canadian  tariffs  are  chiefly  levied  ad  valorem 
on  the  invoice  values  of  goods  at  the  point  of  purchase  for  importation  into 
Canada,  whether  that  be  in  the  United  States  or  in  Europe,  and  the  consequence 
is  a  practical  difference  against  purchasing  in  the  United  States  which  increases 
with  every  accession  to  prices  here,  and  has  now  attained  to  the  full  nominal 
measure  of  the  duty  levied.  The  increase  in  the  price  of  fabrics,  caused  by  the 
successive  tariff  acts  of  the  United  States  and  by  the  internal  duties  levied,  has 
steadily  increased  this  difference,  in  connection  with  the  higher  rates  of  ad 
valorem  duty  levied  in  Canada,  until  it  now  amounts  very  nearly  to  a  prohibi 
tion  of  purchases  in  the  United  States  of  duty-paying  articles.  A  duty  of 
twenty  per  cent,  on  invoices  made  in  England,  can  scarcely  foil  now  to  amount 
to  two  such  percentages  when  the  same  or  similar  goods  are  purchased  in  the 
United  States,  simply  through  the  duplication  of  prices  attained  here. 

Efforts  have  been  made  in  Canada  to  obviate  the  difficulty  in  some  measure 
by  admitting  United  States  invoices  at  a  reduction  to  gold  values,  but  nothing 
has  been  settled  on.  While  these  conditions  continue,  the  trade  to  Canada  in 
articles  not  covered  by  the  reciprocity  treaty,  or  otherwise  free,  will  remain 
very  small,  and  that  market  for  manufactures  will  practically  cease  to  exist. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


105 


Values  of  manufactured  articles  of  the  United  States   exported  to   Canada, 

and  paying  duty. 


—  ^  —                                        —  - 
Articles. 

1858-'59. 

1859-'60. 

1860-'61. 

1861-'62. 

1862-'63. 

$303  01  G 

$314  491 

$403  591 

$246  442 

$64  495 

Hemp  manufactures,   (including 
cordage.  ) 
Iron  manufactures,  (all  other  than 

pi£-) 
Leather  boots  and  shoes.     ..    ... 

32,  762 
761,619 
211,147 

21,971 
716,597 
137,  475 

43,  664 
839,  421 
106,648 

16,378 
773,  381 
66,  770 

10,565 
395,907 
22,  860 

Tobacco   manufactured  ... 

1,205,684 

863,  934 

683,  875 

203,  681 

76,  026 

85,  232 

77,061 

83,  950 

121,381 

87,  032 

Earthenware         ...  ......  ...... 

9,  350 

11,151 

12,  347 

12,147 

8,244 

House  furniture 

136,  765 

123,251 

124,  250 

188,829 

66,718 

India-rubber  manufactures  

13,217 

20  449 

5,936 
109  419 

10,  158 
11   117 

1,151 

35  054 

528 
11   501 

Books.             

154,  034 

79,  134 

106,  324 

62,  838 

25,  164 

Paper  and  stationery 

78,  825 

61,433 

74,  272 

72,  376 

55,  171 

Jewelry 

15  960 

5  760 

12  954 

11  046 

5  044 

Hats 

116  150 

90  100 

79  016 

49  5t)5 

14  078 

Tin  manufactures  .........    ... 

15,451 

20,  565 

4,  362 

1  ,  375 

Marble  and  stone  manufactures.  .. 
Trunks  and  umbrellas 

53,  883 
5  470 

109,  009 
1  575 

97,977 
2  577 

97,  002 
1  967 

48,  293 
1  434 

Clothing  

9  373 

16,  655 

11,163 

8,494 

1,  328 

"Wood  manufactures   ...... 

45,  146 

49,  547 

36,  593 

49,  061 

58,  302 

Candles  and  soap 

11  450 

8  079 

9  558 

4  583 

2  428 

Paints  and  varnish 

27  193 

32  521 

39  903 

39  646 

30  094 

Copper  and  brass  manufactures.  .  . 
Musical  instruments 

60,511 
104  534 

49,  658 
91  732 

16,909 
122,  8UO 

32,238 

100  907 

50,  874 
67,  445 

Printin^  materials  ,.. 

1,771 

3,  437 

5,  534 

4,259 

1,260 

Other  enumerated  

21,990 

5,595 

12,776 

8,190 

4,7H4 

Unenumerated  manufactures  

624,  534 

542,  028 

549,903 

388,  229 

401  ,  227 

Total 

4  185  516 

3  548  114 

3  501  642 

2  596  930 

1  510  802 

PREPARED  PROVISIONS,  ETC.,  EXPORTED  FREE  OP  DUTY. 


Beef                    

26  506 

78  637 

1,718 

3,729 

2,310 

Pork 

542  972 

477  336 

165  745 

559  184 

670  433 

Hams  and  bacon 

68  394 

53  470 

4  568 

19  828 

63  570 

Butter  

15  256 

40,  154 

5,847 

71,472 

78,718 

Cheese    

50  126 

38,  896 

37,  945 

86,  870 

55,  394 

Lard 

69  642 

183  723 

4  486 

70  799 

40  572 

Tallow  

113,013 

136,  893 

90,  860 

144,  062 

103,  338 

Vinegar  

6,845 

3,  726 

1,816 

2,  321 

2,002 

SPIRITS  AND  LIQUORS  PAYING  DUTY. 


Spirits 

33  8°0 

68  341 

11  187 

7  576 

6  726 

Beer  and  ale  . 

2  707 

1,924 

2,  733 

1,656 

22  832 

The  exports  of  prepared  provisions,  being  nearly  all  free  of  duty,  are  fairly 
maintained.  That  of  liquors  has  nearly  ceased,  and  an  enormous  stimulus  has 
been  given  to  distillation  in  Canada  of  corn  imported  free  from  the  United  States. 

The  export  of  wheat  and  flour  to  the  coast  provinces  has  been  referred  to  as 
a  large  and  direct  trade  to  a  market  for  consumption.  It  constituted  the  chief 
part  of  the  export  trade  previous  to  the  enactment  of  the  reciprocity  treaty, 
breadstuff's  having  always  been  admitted  free  of  duty  into  the  colonial  ports  of 
the  Atlantic  coast. 


106 


FOEEIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


t 

ft 

Q 


i 


4 


(O 
%> 


s 


ss 

4. 


I 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


107 


The  fisheries  of  the  coast  provinces  constitute  a  large  natural  market  for 
provisions  and  breadstuff's  which  can  never  bo  supplied  BO  cheaply  from 
Canada  as  from  the  United  States.  The  average  imports  from  them  are  scarcely 
half  the  exports,  as  will  be  seen  by  comparing  the  annual  totals  of  trade  with 
the  provinces,  and  but  a  very  small  proportion  of  these  imports  pay  duty  on 
entering  the.  United  States.  The  average  annual  value  paying  duty  is  $21(»,172, 
for  the  eight  years  of  the  operation  of  the  treaty,  while  for  the  live  years  pre 
ceding,  the  average  paying  duty  was  81,750,000. 

Tulle  of  trade  through  the  Canadian  canals  in  produce  of  the  United  Stales, 
distinguishing  the  points  of  origin  and  destination,  for  ike  years  1861,  1862, 
and  1863. 

EASTWARD   OH   DOWNWARD   TRADE   THROUGH   THE   WELLAND   CANAL. 


18 

31. 

18 

32. 

186 

3. 

From  United  States 
ports. 

To  Canadian  ports. 

8 

3 
£ 

'O  2 

o  >_ 

."£    O 

a  & 
P 

£ 

To  Canadian  ports. 

CO 

o 
j5 
m 

r"     '/" 

1  9 
5  ~ 

0 
H 

co 

c     • 

c-< 

c 

2 

G 

0 

0 

EH 

to 
u 

3 

OQ 

T3   » 

o  T* 
.t:  o 

P 

o 
H 

Agricultural  implements, 
castings,  &c  
Ashes,  pot  and  pearl  
Apples,  fruits,  aud  cider. 
Bark            

Tows. 

4 
6 
193 

Tons. 

26 
121 
185 

Tons. 

6 
9 
39 
164 

Tows. 

19 
79 
132 

* 
Tons. 

2 
219 

368 
170 

Tons. 

6 
63 
35 

Barley 

728 

G 

3  329 

Beef,  pork,  bains,  and 
bacon                   ...... 

7G4 

2,132 

460| 

6,  1604 

3,  509 

8,429 

Butter  and  cheese      .   . 

12 

129 

23 

3951 

33 

5£ 

6 

122 

124 

338 

Coal 

53  GG3 

1  582 

47  818 

1  °31 

41  5°7 

1  629 

Corn  a,nd  corn  meal  .  .  . 

39,  836 

113,  793 

65,  402 

93,  648 

355 

Cotton 

126 

1 

Fish     

7 

53 

11| 

241 

g 

13 

Flour           ......  ...... 

1,265 

41,812 

1,809 

48,616 

17,  900 

53,  246 

Furniture             -       .... 

7 

90 

3 

71 

15 

69 

Hemp  and  flax 

17 

130 

•        69 

85 

Hides 

13 

175 

381 

93 

195 

25 

49 

15 

18 

Horses  and  cattle 

1 

13 

7 

1 

9 

Iron  and  nails  .....  .... 

32 

376 

1 

532| 

83 

593 

Lard  and  tallow  ....  .... 

23 

417 

141 

1,056* 

223 

1,322 

15 

35 

Oats 

1 

873 

1  ,  373 

2,1421 

89 

Oils    (all) 

625 

615 

757 

340* 

1  *;>3 

160 

39:5 

439 

300 

33 

Orps 

262 

] 

2  533 

Potatoes 

2 

541 

40 

Hay  and  broomeorn 

18 

118 

48 

16 

n 

l?acrS 

1 

80 

49 

44 

24 

Kyc  and  rye  meal  ...... 

361 

1,960 

2,  476 

1  ,  301 

878 

1,049 

Salt                             

40 

471 

21 

119 

101 

761 

7:u 

52 

107 

8,166 

555 

2,  135 

122 

6,  149 

147 

Tobacco,  (mostly  nmnu- 

502 

17H 

32 

Wheat.. 

105,  993 

236,  3.18 

161,2241 

286,  4781 

118,983 

233,  100 

108 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Table  of  trade  through  the  Canadian  canals,  <$r. — Continued. 


18 

51. 

18 

32. 

186 

3. 

From  United  States 
ports. 

To  Canadian  ports. 

03 

9 
jjj 

CO 

II 

'5  ~ 
P 

o 
EH 

To  Canadian  ports. 

1 

~S 

OQ 

r—    « 

II 

P 

O 

H 

To  Canadian  ports. 

35 

O 

QQ 

^  2 

11 

£ 

Whiskey 

Tons. 

Tons. 
1  249 

Tons. 
164 

Tons. 

Tows. 
31 

Tows. 
1  528 

\Vqol           

133 

2534 

352 

All  other  articles 

54 

534 

53| 

5644. 

8  191 

776 

' 

Total 

211  210 

404  634 

283  9^14 

447  2(34-1 

4)03  653 

306  865 

Lumber  and  timber. 

6,713 

22,  887 

1,2104 

24,257 

94,783 

134  997 

Total  all  classes  

217,892 

427,  52] 

285,  192 

471,5214 

298,  436 

441,  £62 

WESTWARD   OR   UPWARD  TRADE   THROUGH  THE   WELLAND   CANAL. 


Agricultural  implements, 
tools    &  c                 .... 

2 

295 

54 

199 

5 

205 

Apples   &c 

7 

255 

7 

303 

139 

481 

Beef,  pork,  hams,  &c.  .  . 
Bricks,    cement,     lime, 

4 

76 

11 

4  0°9 

28 
1214 

1 

4  °78-^ 

32 

209 

5 

5  8^9 

Butter  and  cheese 

o 

43 

4 

42 

16 

72 

Chalk  and  whitinf 

171 

505 

] 

162 

Coal 

1,568 

12,  331 

1,7444 

7  038 

2,  055 

24,  552 

Coffee 

631 

3944 

302 

Copperas 

24 

5 

Q 

Corn  

Cotton 

3,  029 
17 

6 

3,049 

27,  487 
3 

72,979 
23 

Pycs 

3 

204 

195 

Earthware    and    glass 
ware 

] 

556 

1,208 

78 

1,161 

Fish 

2 

1,234 

3 

2  360 

53 

5  7°9 

Flour 

5 

5 

244 

4  339 

129 

Furniture         

5 

714 

74 

5574 

19 

1,501 

Gypsum 

2 

39 

4 

687 

55 

999 

Hemp 

271 

333 

] 

341 

Horses  cattle  and  ^heep 

o 

305 

29 

6 

223 

Iron,  nails,  and  spikes  .. 
Junk  and  oakum 

57 
5 

9,  558 
52 

214 
34 

14,0814 
1654 

1,274 

10 

40,  622 
122 

Leather 

13 

24 

1331 

8 

Mahogany 

8 

19 

50 

Marble...    .             .    ... 

8 

916 

5 

960 

346 

3,  085 

Molasses     .            

809 

1  346 

G 

2  726 

Oats  

4 

114 

3 

Oils 

1 

620 

114 

433 

61 

384 

Ores   (iron)    . 

2  976 

6  340 

21  889 

Paints 

1 

338 

JL 

6(39 

10 

636 

Pitch,  tar,  and  turpen 
tine               ....... 

6 

75 

] 

73 

20 

96 

T?ve 

253 

618 

501 

Salt 

1  935 

72  672 

2  1554 

112  9>)O 

2  6(>8 

102,  909 

47 

278 

3 

372 

Soda  ash  

308 

784^ 

14 

615 

Su^ar              .   ........ 

5 

2  140 

107 

3  79Ji 

265 

3,892 

Tin  and  steel  .  . 

325 

5714 

14 

584 

FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


109 


Table  of  trade  through  the  Canadian  canals,  fyc. — Continued. 


18 

31. 

18 

32. 

186 

3. 

From  United  States 
ports. 

To  Canadian  ports. 

tn 
o 

~s3 
QQ 

ji 

£ 

To  Canadian  ports. 

1 
n 

It 

£ 

To  Canadian  ports. 

D 

5 
OQ 

o  "tJ 

'5  ft" 
p 

£ 

Tobacco 

Tons. 
1 

Tons. 
39 

Tows. 

Tows. 
1904. 

Tows. 
15 

Ions. 
17 

Wheat 

3,  596 

2 

5,307 

18,106 

"Whiskey  . 

39 

9 

5 

366 

14 

"Window  glass 

122 

• 

79 

32 

193 

Other  articles  

45 

4,293 

75 

9,  3934. 

4,203 

]9,fiSO 

Lumber                       .   . 

136 

200 

1  ,  4434. 

981 

5,  063 

10,497 

Total 

10  185 

116  240 

14  908^ 

171  6734. 

67  478 

323  244 

Transportation  by  tlie  St.  Laicrcnce  Canal  from  American  ports  to  Canada, 

(down  and  up.) 

[From  Canadian  official  reports] 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Ashes  

tons  

9 

99 

100 

Apples  and  vegetables  ............ 

do 

12 

3  027^ 

6  101 

lieer  cider  and  vinecrar 

do 

186 

Uutter  aud  cheese 

do 

120 

753 

Cement,  lime,  and  bricks  

do     . 

233 

83 

847 

Coal                     .                   

do 

3  216 

3,  472 

423 

Corn,  barlev,  and  grain  

do  

3,221 

3,857 

300 

Cotton 

do 

9 

Flour 

do 

3O> 

3  417 

1  167 

G  vpsurn  .   ..........     .     ...             ...... 

do 

187 

11 

Hemp                      ... 

do 

28 

80 

Hides 

do 

10 

34 

20 

Iron 

do 

gui 

08 

Lard  and  lard  oil. 

do 

34A 

471 

Live  stock 

do 

24 

23 

22 

Ores 

do 

114 

2  658 

1  276 

Pitch,  tar,  and  rosin  

do  

158 

42H 

241 

Pork  

do 

66 

684 

889 

Salt  

.     do 

27 

121 

22 

Sugar 

do 

457 

381 

102 

Molasses 

do 

1   160 

124 

Tobacco 

do 

40 

1744 

10 

Wheat  

do. 

5  143 

j«"*l 
3  254 

7  667 

do 

60 

56 

16 

Stone  

do  

557 

385 

Lumber  and  staves  

do.    .. 

1  66 

145 

563 

Firewood  

do 

1  509 

381 

Other  articles  

...      .     do 

413 

489 

777 

Total I  16,537 


22,691  I    23,118 

I 


110 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Summaries  of  the  trade  of  the  principal  ports  of  the  northern  frontier  witfi 

Canada. 

Exports  and  imports  for  eight  years,  1856  to  1863  inclusive,  as  reported  from 
the  following  collection  districts  : — Vermont :  Ports  of  Burlington  and  Island 
Pond,  Yt. — Champlain  :  Rouse's  Point  and  Plattsburg,  N.  Y. — Oswegatchie : 
Ogdensburg,  N.  Y. — Cape  Vincent :  Including  Sackett's  Harbor  with  Cape 
Vincent,  N.  Y. — Oswego  :  Port  of  Oswego  only. — Genesee :  Rochester. — 
Niagara  :  Niagara  and  Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y. — Buffalo  Creek  :  Buffalo. — 
Presque  Isle  :  Erie,  Perm. — Cuyahoga  :  Cleveland,  Ohio. — Sandusky  and 
Miami :  Sandusky  and  Toledo,  Ohio. — Detroit. — Mackinaw,  Mich. — Mil- 
waukie,  Wis. — Chicago. 


District  and  period. 

Domestic 
exports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total 
exports. 

Imports. 

DISTRICT  OF  VERMONT.     (Eurling- 
ton  and  Island  Pond.  ) 

Year  ending1  June  30,  1856  

$350,  607 

$680,  843 

$1,031,450 

$1  560  118 

1857. 

283,  009 

365,  461 

648  470 

2  709  193 

1858 

237,  686 

727  949 

965  665 

2  J96  083 

]859 

295  649 

840  905 

*1  136  505 

1  802  688 

I860  

257,  083 

526,619 

783,  702 

2  731,857 

1861   . 

244,  C57 

514  416 

809  073 

3  477  811 

1862 

197  603 

441  584 

639  387 

3  163  794 

1863  

195,  303 

541,358 

736,661 

2  567  892 

DISTRICT  OF  CHAMPLAIN.    (Rouse's 
Point  and  Plattsburg.) 

Year  ending  June  30,  1856.  .  .    

2,354,795 

1,164  009 

3,518  804 

1  718  413 

1857 

1,076,135 

1  240  927 

2  317  062 

2  334  402 

1858 

853  928 

1   138  531 

1  992  459 

1  559  896 

1859  

2,150,431 

2,  352,  209 

4,502,640 

2  360  984 

1860     .. 

997,  296 

912  963 

1  910  259 

2  538  982 

1861 

819,671 

740  244 

1  559  915 

2  187  675 

1862  

752,  956 

898,  976 

1  ,  651  ,  932 

1,621,284 

1863  

*4,  553,  680 

606  088 

5,  159,  718 

7  642  279 

DISTRICT  OF  OSWEGATCHIE.     (Og 
densburg,  N.  Y.) 

Year  ending  June  30,  1  856  

1857 

774,  605 
941  115 

739,  676 
45  400 

1,514,281 

986  515 

1,808,805 
2  452  840 

1858.  

487,  043 

197,  163 

684,  206 

961,116 

1859..  .    . 

356,  251 

71,  455 

427,  706 

1  017  281 

1860 

223,  705 

20  810 

244  515 

974  153 

1861 

179,  343 

18  840 

198  183 

675  917 

1862.  

144,  292 

15,  687 

•    159,979 

1,131,810 

1863  

344,  464 

344,  464 

703  404 

DISTRICT  OF  CAPE  VINCENT.     (In 
cluding  Sacketfs  Harbor,  N.  Y.) 

Year  ending  June  30,  1856 

666,  696 

298,  669 

965,  365 

1,605  473 

1857 

506,  685 

221  ,  632 

728  317 

1  291  457 

1858 

465,  807 

267  505 

733  312 

1  233  423 

1859 

351  833 

199  059 

550  892 

890,  698 

1860 

181  220 

160  238 

341  458 

847  007 

1861 

205  393 

117  362 

322  755 

768  500 

1862 

389  416 

119  515 

518  931 

708  902 

1863.. 

269.  836 

105.744 

375.  580 

416.  786 

*  Including  an  unusual  export  of  $3.376,977  of  gold  and  silver  coin. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  Ill 

Summaries  of  the  trade  of  the  principal  ports,  Sfc. — Continued. 


District  and  period. 

Domestic 
exports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total 
exports. 

Imports. 

DISTRICT  OF   OSWEGO. 

$4,787,750 
3,  059,  527 

$686,  357 
476,  531 
197,  163 
358,813 
137,  450 
275,  265 
69,  903 
712 

$5,474,107 
3,  536,  058 
2,  040,  952 
2,091,395 
1,625,676 
2,351,160 
1,429,561 
1,269,322 

757,910 
185,  579 
172,  021 
174,040 
239,012 
245,  254 
275,  424 
310,  352 

1,069,605 
1,718,330 
1,414,138 
2,394,528 
2,  343,  760 
2,594,818 
1,436,937 
368,  304 

949,  529 
941,970 
762,  203 
920,  195 
705,  125 
642,932 
533,  801 
524,  280 

88,  084 
49,  276 
49,  160 
30,  121 
30,  060 
37,019 
104,067 
120,  406 

764,690 
585,  449 
297.  515 

$5,321,278 
3,  76-2,  969 
1,870,774 
3,637,709 
4,  875,  989 
5,864,130 
3,  557,  403 
2,653,533 

/ 

1,117,391 
968,734 
272,  047 
353,  795 
719,451 
337,467 
177,303 
158,  827 

1,055,740 
1,531,357 
916,  969 
1,049,944 
2,172,615 
1,900,271 
1,560,795 
1,286,544 

1,837,239 
1,601.419 
1  ,  380,  624 
1,669,845 
2,  677,  739 
2,  573,  322 
2,  584,  078 
2,220,432 

4,360 
4,619 

1,846 
2,789 
7,478 
2,  700 
4,  701 
11,449 

434,719 
231,347 

180.819 

1857  

1858.         .     . 

1.849,789 
1,732,582 
1  ,  488,  226 
2,  075,  895 
1,359,598 
1,268,610 

757,910 

185J) 

I860 

1801  

1862 

1863 

DISTRICT  OFGENESEE.    (Rochester, 

N.  Y.) 

Year  endin^  June  30,  1856  

1857  . 

174,611 
157,  469 
166,156 
236,710 
245,  254 
273,  844 
310,352 

674,892 
1,540,774 
1,140,587 
1,734,405 
1,636,755 
2,  084,  444 
1,266,759 
358,  857 

868,  664 
869,371 
681,603 
773,312 
616,100 
573,  877 
517,  948' 
497,686 

88,  084 
49,  276 
49,  160 
30,  121 
30,  060 
37,019 
104,  067 
120,  406 

764,690 
585,  449 
297,515 

10,968 
14,  552 

7,884 
2,302 

1858 

1859  
1860 

1861  

1862  

1,580 

1863  

DISTRICT  OF  NIAGARA.      (Niagara 
and  Suspension  Bridge,  N.  Y.) 

Year  cudin<r  Juno  30    1856 

194,713 
177,556 
273,  551 
660,  123 
657,  005 
510,374 
170,  178 
9,447 

80,  865 
72,  599 
80,  600 
146,883 
89,  025 
69,105 
15,  853 
26,594 

18/>7 

1858  

1859 

1860 

1861  

1862.   .. 

1863 

DISTRICT  OF   BUFFALO. 

Ycur  endiufr  June  30   1856 

1857  

1858   

1859 

I860  

1861  

1862 

1863 

DISTRICT  OF  PRESQUE  ISLE.     (Erie, 
Pa.) 

Year  endin^  June  30,  1856  

1857  

1858  

1859  

I860  

1861    

1862  

1863  

DISTRICT   OF  CUYAIIOGA.       (Cleve 
land,  Ohio.) 

Year  endin  &  June  30,  1  856  

1857  

1858.., 

112  FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Summaries  of  the  trade  of  the  principal  ports,  <$r  — Continued. 


District  and  period. 

Domestic 
exports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total 
exports. 

Imports. 

Year  cndincr  June  30   1859 

$310,996 

$210,996 

$161,934 

3860 

387,412 

387  412 

236  991 

3861  
1862  

369,  390 
288,  021 



369,  390 

288,  021 

383,273 
317,195 

1863 

653,431 

653,411 

330,  083 

DISTRICTS   OF   SANDUSKY  AND  MI 
AMI.    (Sandusky  and  Toledo,  O.  ) 

Year  endin0*  June  30   1856 

280,  362 

280  362 

28,  754 

1857 

348  540 

348  540 

35  938 

1858 

42  046 

42  046 

38  474 

1859 

52  015 

52  015 

105  912 

1860 

97  398 

97'  398 

22,  593 

1861 

313  805 

313  805 

62  333 

1862         

613,369 

613,369 

47,  229 

1863 

*995,  444 

995,  444 

94,  864 

DISTRICT   OF   DETROIT. 

895,624 

895,  624 

845,  288 

1  857  

1,487,223 

$15,383 

1,502,606 

1,018,308 

1858  

5,168,031 

20,  676 

5,  188,  707 

663,  001 

1859 

3,924  624 

3,  624,  624 

1,048,027 

1860 

3  826  932 

3  826,932 

900,  589 

1861  

330,  752 

330,  752 

542,  853 

1862 

1,631,612 

325,803 

1,757,515 

528,  021 

1863 

1  928,  302 

80  298 

2,  008,  600 

740,  958 

DISTRICT   OF   CHICAGO. 

Year  ending  June  30,  3  856  
1857  

,  345,  223 

,  585,  096 

"'308 

3,345,223 
3  ,  585,  404 

277,  404 
326,  325 

1858 

713  077 

3  713  077 

222,  930 

1859 

,  269,  385 

3,269,385 

93,  588 

3860  
1861  
3862  
1863  

DISTRICT  OF  MILWAUKIE. 

,165,183 
3,  522,  343 
2,  303,  275 
3,  544,  085 

345,  493 



1,165,183 
3,  522,  343 
2,  303,  275 
3,  544,  085 

345,  493 

60,214 
77,  348 
61,383 
134,  204 

27,  694 

1857  

522,  044 

522,  044 

5,817 

1858 

543,  280 

543,  280 

106,604 

1859 

699,  088 

699,  088 

28,  946 

1860  

3861 

187,133 

785  832 



187,  in 

'  785  832 

3,  425 

8,  230 

3862 

1,425,088 

1,425,088 

5,819 

1863  

DISTRICT  OF   MACKINAW,  MICH. 

Year  ending  June  30   1856 

3,  323,  637 

3,  323,  637 

24,  479 
35,  400 

1857 

250 

3858 

9,  833 

3859 

39,312 

3860.  .       .   . 

35,590 

1861  

33,863 

3862 

3,  334 

1863 

, 

31  ,  268 

Nearly  nil  this  amount  was  exported  in  the  quarter  ending  September  30,  18G2,  at  Toledo. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  113 

• 

Summary  at  ports  eastward  of  Buffalo,  including  Buffalo. 


Year. 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  exports. 

Imports. 

1856 

$11  435  919 

$3  845  13° 

$15  231  051 

$16  074  457 

1857 

8  451  227 

2  611  074 

11  061*  301 

16  65^  371 

1858  

5  873  912 

2  897  044 

8  770  956 

10  390  937 

1859 

7  560  6'39 

4  (J37  3;32 

12  197  961 

12  78°  924 

1860 

5  687  095 

2  506  41^ 

8  19'5  507 

17  538  793 

1861  

6  4  23  534 

2  295  606 

8  724  140 

17  785  093 

186-2  ... 

4  912  616 

1  733  336 

6  645  952 

14  505  374 

1863 

*7  795  738 

1  289  943 

9  088  681 

17  649  697 

*  Including  an  unusual  export  of  $3,376,977,  at  the  district  of  Champlain,  of  gold  and  silver  coin. 


Summary  at  ports  westward  of  Buffalo. 


Year. 

Domestic  ex 
ports. 

Foreign  ex 
ports. 

Total  exports. 

Imports. 

1856... 

$3,619,476 

$3,619,476 

$1  ,  653,  619 

1857  

4  577  628 

$15  691 

4  593  319 

1  622  584 

1858 

7'  813'  109 

20  676 

7  8-)4  785 

1  203  507 

1859  ,  
1860  

5,  886,  221) 
5,  494,  096 

5,  886,  229 
5,  494,  093 

1,460,508 
1,306,880 

1861   . 

5  359  141 

5  3y)  ]4i 

890  600 

1862 

6  365  532 

125  803 

6  491  335 

767  687 

1863  

10  565  285 

80  298 

10  645  583 

1  167  302 

CANADIAN  FREE  PORTS. 

By  an  act  of  the  Canadian  legislature  which  went  into  operation  November 
30,  I860,  the  harbor  and  district  of  Gasps  Basin,  iu  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence, 
waa  constituted  a  free  'port  into  which  goods  of  every  description  might  be 
imported,  either  for  consumption  or  for  re-exportation,  without  the  payment  of 
duties.  An  extended  line  of  coast  was  embraced  in  this  district,  with  Anticosti 
island  and  the  Magdalen  islands,  the  whole  area  of  territory  being  quite  large, 
but  the  number  of  inhabitants  small.  The  district  itself  is  incapable  of  much 
development,  and  the  consequences  as  to  making  it  a  depot  of  trade  for  re-export 
do  not  appear  to  be  important.  It  is  mainly  used  as  a  point  of  outward  ship 
ment  of  fish  and  lumber,  and  of  importation  of  spirits,  groceries,  and  manufac 
tured  goods.  These  imports  are  not,  however,  apparently  much  beyond  the 
consumption  of  the  islands  and  fisheries  of  the  vicinity.  The  countries  from 
which  they  come  are  evidently  transatlantic  mainly,  and  not  in  great  proportion 
from  the  United  States.  Whatever  may  be  the  advantages  conferred  on  the 
fisheries  and  local  interests  of  the  vicinity,  there  does  not  appear  to  be  any 
general  importance  attaching  to  the  establishment  of  this  as  a  free  port. 

Ex.  Doc.    55 8 


114 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Imports  at  the  port  of  Gaspe  from  countries  other  than  Canada. 


Articles 

18 

31. 

18 

52. 

186 

3. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Wines  and  spirits  .  .  galls  . 
Coffee                          Ibs 

30,913 
11  133 

$20,  125 
1  464 

38,  740 
17  766 

$20,  382 
3  348 

61,301 

39  516 

$33,226 
6  316 

Sujrar                          Ibs 

121  489 

8  226 

244  582 

13  635 

14°  676 

9  031 

Molasses           ....  galls  . 

62,  897 

15,953 

111,722 

21,988 

87  699 

19  932 

Tea                Ibs. 

77,655 

24  339 

98  868 

35  617 

103  783 

32  108 

Tobacco                      Ibs 

62  000 

11  452 

53  667 

17  207 

50  995 

15  964 

Clothino" 

13  263 

16  991 

]•>  106 

ManuFs  and  dry  goods.  - 

126,  835 

126,  024 

119  854 

Other  dutiable  articles  .  .  . 
Free  goods  



48,543 
104,  529 



57,  828 
107,  060 



61,815 
118,271 

Totals.:  



374,  729 



420,180 



428,  623 

Exports  of  tJie  port  of  Gaspe  to  British  and  foreign  ports. 


18 

31. 

18 

52. 

186 

3. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Fish   dry                   cwt 

142  021 

$415  549 

184  676 

$560  948 

180  964 

£)803  347 

pickled  bbls. 
oil  galls  . 

75,  037 
42,  499 

161,203 

18,  876 

2Cy252 
78,  115 

35,  067 
43,  298 

39,  969 

58,  3GO 

59,  754 
36  957 

Furs  and  skins. 

5,360 

17  933 

7  820 

Timber  and  lumber 

19  262 

19  609 

31  675 

Butter  lard   and  pork 

1  477 

3  160 

6  157 

Wheat,  flour,  and  grain  .  . 

2,615 

2,  564 

3  238 

Other  articles  



6,135 



8,491 



5,904 

Totals 

630  477 

691  075 

754  852 

A  second  and  more  important  free  port,  as  regards  the  commerce  of  the 
United  States,  was  at  the  same  time  established  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  and  em 
bracing  the  whole  Canadian  coast  of  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Huron.  The 
district  has  400  miles  of  lake  coast,  and  the  adjacent  islands  are  also  included. 
Very  little  practical  importance  has  resulted  from  the  opening  of  this  port  up 
to  the  close  of  1863;  but  its  proximity  to  a  rapidly  developing  country  on  both 
sides  of  the  boundary  indicates  that  it  will  interfere  materially  with  the  com 
merce  of  other  districts  should  it  continue  a  free  port.  The  following  were 
the  imports  for  the  three  years  of  its  establishment  j  but  it  is  impossible  to  say 
what  proportion  was  from  the  United  States : 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


115 


Imports  into  Sault  Ste.  Marie  from  British  and  foreign  ports. 


1861 

1862 

1863 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Spirits 

10  245  gals 

$3  177 

8  718  gals 

$3  002 

r>   078  n-ilq 

*R2  r>P»fl 

Coffee  

131  Ibs. 

26 

'  399  Ibs 

73 

3  556  Ibs 

690 

Tea 

8  748  Ibs. 

4  648 

6  3:59  Ibs 

3  406 

14  5'U  Ibs 

8  331 

Tobacco 

3  561  Ibs 

963 

1  286  Ibs 

•  571 

7  371  llm 

0   fir  4 

Spices  

50  Ibs. 

25 

44  Ibs 

7 

115  Ibs 

24 

Fruits,  dry 

638  Ibs 

113 

5  845  Ibs 

385 

7  287  Ibs 

733 

Sugar 

33  831  Ibs 

2  882 

44  371  }]jS 

2  922 

100  304  Ibs 

8  902 

Molasses  

214  c-als. 

92 

163  gals 

78 

Soap  

Malt  liquors 

7,  103  Ibs. 
1  042  gals 

410 

297 

3,  035  Ibs. 
5  488  gals 

185 
1  259 

7,  310  Ibs. 
366  o-ils 

516 
147 

Wines  

174  srals. 

365 

413  gals 

628 

605  gals 

1  009 

Clothing 

2  227 

4  037 

13  415 

Woollens  

25,118 

22,  293 

16  834 

Cottons  . 

5  719 

6,675 

7  042 

Leather  manufactures 

\  101 

1  482 

3  190 

Hardware  

2,  672 

5;  432 

4,711 

Glass  and  earthenware 

255 

91 

677 

Machinery 

1  048 

781 

394 

Iron  and  steel 

3  098 

1  375 

634 

Gunpowder  .  

4,885 

4,992 

4,306 

Candles  

1  299 

1  442 

675 

Hay  .  . 

47  tons 

503 

47  tons 

660 

28  tons 

465 

Otlier  articles 

5  616 

5  418 

13  457 

Total  dutiable  
Free  goods  



66,515 

26,  189 



67,  587 
22,  833 



88,  566 
27,  306 

Total  imports  

92  704 

90  420 

115  872 

Exports  of  the  port  of  Sault  Ste.  Marie  to  British  and  foreign  ports. 


Articles 

18 

51. 

18 

52. 

186 

3. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Quantity. 

Value. 

Copper  .......  ..     tons 

1  495 

$125  176 

Copper  ore     ......  tons 

3  129 

$210  471 

3  114 

$250  468 

3  038 

245  394 

Fish  pickled             bbls 

1  210 

5  066 

50 

228 

299 

1  479 

Knees,  planks,  &c.  ..... 

1,401 

4,  250 

Other  wood  ............ 

125 

3,  020 

1  839 

Animals  horses,  &c. 

160 

420 

360 

Furs  

Maple  su^ar  and  ve^'tab's 

----- 

17,  000 
532 



46,  764 
421 



56,  029 

Indian  bark  work.  ...... 

761 

287 

29 

Other  articles          ...... 

242 

Totals  



235,  516 



305,858 



430,  543 

116  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

The  trade  of  this  port  or  district  is  evidently  limited  altogether  to  the  local 
consumption  and  production  of  the  few  inhabitants  at  present  occupying  it. 
Its  exports  of  copper  and  copper  ore  are  the  chief  productions,  and  are  three 
times  the  value  of  its  imports. 

The  trade  of  the  same  port  with  Canada  is  very  small,  the  imports  and  exports 
being  in — 

Imports.  Exports. 

1861 $39,179  $95 

1862 41,  743  74 

1863 57,199  253 

The  chief  product,  copper  and  copper  ore,  comes  to  the  United  States. 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  117 


INTERNAL  OR  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE 

BETWEEN  THE 

MISSISSIPPI  VALLEY  AND  THE  ATLANTIC  STATES. 


DATA — TREATMENT — GENERAL  RESULTS. 

In  the  division  of  this  report  relating  to  internal  commerce  it  is  assumed  that 
the  exchanges  conducted  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  have  attained  to 
a  magnitude  entitling  them  to  the  designation  of  commerce  in  the  broadest  and 
fullest  sense  of  the  term,  and  to  the  care  and  regard  of  the  national  authorities 
as  commerce  is  with  foreign  countries.  • 

Though  these  exchanges  pass  through  no  official  record  of  valuation  it  is  still 
assumed  that  the  statistics  of  the  transportation  lines  afford  the  basis  of  a 
reasonably  close  approximation  to  a  calculation  of  their  value. 

It  is  Assumed  that  the  carriage  of  produce  or  manufactures  the  average  dis 
tance  of  three  hundred  miles  from  the  producing  point  to  the  market  of  con 
sumption,  entitles  such  quantities  and  values  to  be  ranked  with  the  general  mass 
of  exchanges  defined  as  internal  commerce.  This  is  limited,  however,  to  trans 
portation  east  and  west,  since  that,  more  definitely  than  in  other  directions,  repre 
sents  natural  movements  from  producers  to  consumers. 

As  a  measure  of  this  exchange  between  the  east  and  the  west,  all  quantities 
are  taken  which  pass  the  line  of  the  Alleghanies  in  either  direction,  including 
the  extension  of  their  line,  or  meridian,  through  Upper  Canada.  And  an  addition 
is  made  to  the  quantities  reported  as  carried  in  through  freight  across  this  line, 
of  one-half  the  way  freight  of  the  five  great  carriers  eastward  of  the  Alleghauies 
to  tide-water.  These  carriers  are  the  Erie  canal,  the  New  York  Central  and 
Erie  railroads,  the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad. 

Assigning  values  to  the  quantities  so  taken,  which  are  the  quantities  and 
market  values  of  1862,  it  is  found  that  the  aggregate  value  of  westward  com 
merce  in  that  year,  including  the  deliveries  of  merchandise  of  all  classes  at  a 
distance  of  300  miles  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  was  nearly  the  sum  of 
$616,000,000  ;  and  that  the  return  freight,  eastward,  of  inland  produce  and  mer 
chandise  passing  the  line  of  the  Alleghanies,  attained  the  value  of  $522,000,000. 
The  total  trade  is,  therefore,  $1,138,000,000. 

As  a  general  check  on  the  calculation,  it  is  estimated  that  a  population  of  ten 
millions  west  of  the  Alleghanies  is  supplied  with  most  of  its  merchandise  by 
this  westward  carriage,  and  that  they  have  taken,  under  circumstances  of 
unusual  activity  and  ability  to  supply  themselves,  fifty  dollars  in  value  each  of 
all  classes  of  articles  and  representatives  of  value. 

To  represent  this  internal  movement  in  such  manner  that  an  independent 
judgment  may  be  formed  of  it  by  every  one,  the  statistics  of  quantities  trans 
ported  in  both  directions  are  given  in  condensed  form  from  the  reports  of  the 
various  transportation  authorities,  yet  with  enough  detail  to  show  precisely 
what  the  exchange  is. 

The  commerce  of  the  lakes  is  stated  in  the  fullest  manner  from  the  trade 
reports  of  the  cities  on  its  borders.  Their  immense  fleet  of  vessels,  with  the 
recent  increase  and  present  tonnage ;  the  lines  of  propellers  of  recent  estab 
lishment,  and  their  railroad  connections  in  transit  and  at  the  east,  with  the 


118  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

statistics  of  shipment  at  western  ports  and  of  receipt  at  eastern  terminal  points, 
are  embodied  very  fully.  Calculations  of  value  based  on  the  quantities  iden 
tified  in  this  way,  appear  to  sustain  the  calculations  applied  directly  to  the 
tonnage  of  the  great  roads  and  the  Erie  canal  which  complete  the  transportation 
from  the  west. 

The  receipts  and  shipments  of  all  leading  articles  of  produce  are  given  at  the 
chief  ports  and  cities  of  the  lake  district,  including  Toronto  and  Montreal,  in 
Canada. 

The  data  used  relate  mainly  to  the  year  1862.  N«  earlier  year  is  taken  to 
represent  our  internal  or  domestic  commerce  proper;  because,  before  the  rebellion 
the  import  and  export  trade  of  the  United  States  to  a  considerable  extent 
traversed  the  southern  ports  ;  because  it  was  a  full  year,  but  not  excessive  ;  and 
because  in  that  year  there  was  a  very  complete  severance  of  the  domestic  com 
merce  of  the  north  from  that  of  the  south  and  from  the  foreign.  The  occasional 
comparisons  with  other  years  are  made  for  specific  and  subordinate  purposes. 

The  "year"  intended  in  this  division  is  the  calendar;  and  the  values  are  at 
the  prices  ruling  in  1862,  before  any  extraordinary  rise  had  taken  place. 

INTERNAL  OR  DOMESTIC  COMMERCE. 

The  extent  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  is  so  great,  and  the  diversity 
of  production  in  its  various  parts  so  much  beyond  the  ordinary  diversity  be 
longing  to  any  single  or  continental  government,  that  the  exchanges  conducted 
within  its  limits  rise  to  the  full  measure  of  importance  which  belongs  ito  com 
merce  in  its  general  sense.  The  articles  exchanged  are  carried  to  great  dis 
tances,  and  they  are  of  the  natural  surplus  of  the  districts  from  which  they  are 
taken,  supplying  a  natural  want  in  the  districts  to  which  they  are  carried.  Sub 
tropical  staples  are  exchanged  for  the  field  crops  and  forest  products  of  the 
coolest  belt  of  the  temperate  latitudes  in  one  direction ;  and  in  another  the 
extremes  of  maritime  and  of  continental  interior  climates  are  exchanged.  Trade 
of  this  comprehensive  character  must  be  regarded  as  permanent,  and  as  entitled 
to  rank  next  to  the  highest  in  national  interest  and  importance.  If  possible,  it 
should  be  as  regularly  stated  and  as  definitely  known  through  authentic  statis 
tics,  as  the  external  trade  of  the  country  in  imports  and  exports  is  known. 

Russia  alone,  of  European  states,  conducts  a  trade  analogous  to  that  of  the 
United  States  between  its  various  districts.  Great  efforts  have  at  all  times  been 
made  by  that  government  to  foster  and  encourage  those  inland  exchanges,  and 
much  of  the  strength  and  of  the  display  of  accumulated  resources  which  occa 
sions  have  at  various  times  developed  in  Russia,  may  undoubtedly  be  ascribed 
to  its  command  of  the  products  of  an  entire  continental  zone,  and  to  its  con 
stant,  though  almost  silent,  interchange  of  these  products  from  all  points  within 
the  widely  separated  coasts  that  constitute  its  boundary.  The  other  European 
states  exchange  very  largely  with  their  colonies,  and  almost  wholly  by  sea ; 
the  statistics  of  this  trade  being  regularly  given  as  a  branch  of  their  foreign 
commerce.  Strike  from  the  commerce  of  England,  France,  Spain,  and  Holland, 
the  trade  they  conduct  with  their  own  colonies,  near  and  remote,  and  the  volume 
would  be  greatly  reduced.  During  the  last  twenty  years  the  development  of 
the  interior  of  this  continent,  and  of  the  new  territorial  area  of  the  United 
States,  has  drawn  a  large  share  of  the  means,  the  energy,  and  activity  which  in 
European  states  finds  its  proper  field  of  activity  in  foreign  commerce,  to  the 
hitherto  unnoted  trade  of  the  plains,  the  interior,  and  the  Pacific  coast.  The 
district  of  the  great  lakes  is  alone  a  vast  field  for  this  display  of  commercial 
energy,  and  the  Mississippi  valley  has  long  constituted  another,  and  almost  equal 
field.  The  railroad  system  connecting  the  Atlantic  cities  with  the  interior  has 
recently  developed  the  same  general  character,  and  has  risen  to  gigantic  import 
ance  as  an  agent  in  actual  exchanges  of  merchandise.  The  tonnage  movement 
of  the  great  railroads  from  the  interior  eastward  to  the  Atlantic  cities  in  1863 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  119 

was  little,  if  at  all,  inferior  to  the  tonnage  delivered  by  transatlantic  shipping 
arriving  at  the  ports  of  the  entire  Atlantic  coast.  The  railroad  freight  tonnage 
reached  a  total  of  nearly  3,500,000  tons,  and  deducting  from  the  shipping  arri 
vals  of  the  Atlantic  ports  a  small  proportion  for  that  which  came  from  American 
ports  north  or  south  of  the  United  States  in  transit  to  Europe,  the  total  remain 
ing  does  not  largely  exceed  the  amount  just  stated.* 

The  difficulty  of  assigning  definite  quantities  and  values  to  these  internal 
exchanges  is  great,  since  there  is  no  uniform  system  of  record  through  which 
they  pass.  The  railroads  and  canals  are,  with  one  exception,  private  corpo 
rations;  and  though  they  usually  report  with  great  fulness  the  quantities  of  the 
leading  articles  transported,  values  are  given  only  in  the  case  of  the  New  York 
State  canals.  In  many  things  these  reports  of  the  transportation  companies  are 
sufficiently  full  and  clear  for  the  purpose  of  calculating  the  values  exchanged, 
and  it  is  only  necessary  to  institute  a  system  of  estimates,  based  on  the  known 
prices  of  leading  articles.  These  are  readily  determined,  and  there  appears  no 
insuperable  difficulty  in  making  up  calculated  total  values  which  will  attain  a 
reasonable  approximation  to  accuracy.  On  the  New  York  canals  the  precedent 
of  estimating  values  per  pound  for  freight  of  all  kinds  has  been  set  for  years  in 
the  official  reports  of  the  auditor  general,  and  the  results  of  such  estimates  have 
been  accepted  without  question. 

As  a  basis  for  the  calculation,  it  is  assumed  that  goods  carried  the  distance  of 
three  hundred  miles  from  the  place  of  production  to  the  place  of  consumption 
should  be  included  in  the  account  of  domestic  or  internal  commerce.  Very 
large  quantities  of  produce  and  of  manufactured  goods  are  carried  much  further 
than  this  in  the  United  States,  as  in  the  very  heavy  shipments  from  New  York 
and  other  Atlantic  cities  to  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  and  other  points  on  the  Missis 
sippi  and  Missouri  rivers.  Probably  the  assumption  of  three  hundred  miles  as 
the  minimum  of  distance  would  raise  the  average  distance  to  five  hundred  miles, 
in  consequence  of  the  preponderance  of  freights  of  eight  hundred  to  one  thousand 
miles ;  so  that  it  would  be  reasonable  to  assume  two  hundred  miles  as  the  mini 
mum,  and  to  include  all  transportation  for  this  last-named  distance  in  the  general 
account.  In  regard  to  manufactured  goods,  domestic  and  foreign,  sent  west 
ward,  the  average  distance  for  those  sent  to  the  entire  region  west  of  the  Alle- 
ghanies  is  little,  if  at  all,  short  of  eight  hundred  miles.  The  return  trade  eastward 
has  a  somewhat  shorter  line. 

The  calculation  of  values  for  this  internal  exchange  must  be  made  from  the 
commercial  statements  voluntarily  put  forth  by  the  transporting  companies,  or 
compiled  by  Boards  of  Trade  for  commercial  information.  These  sources  of 
information  are  much  more  abundant  and  uniform  for  the  trade  between  the 
Atlantic  coast  and  the  interior,  than  for  that  between  the  northern  and  southern 
States,  and  along  the  Mississippi  river  and  valley,  north  and  south.  The  lines 
of  transportation  north  and  south  are  neither  so  regular  nor  so  much  pressed 
with  constant  business  as  those  leading  east  and  west.  Vast  as  the  freights 
were  which  were  carried  on  the  Mississippi,  outward  and  inward,  they  were 
subject  to  great  variations  in  successive  years,  and  no  trustworthy  record  of 
them  has  been  preserved.  At  the  cast,  the  coasting  trade  was  always  the  chief 

°The  total  tonnage  entered  in  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States  during  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  30,  1863,  was  7,255,076  tous.  Deducting  an  aggregate  of  3,050,309  tons 
arriving  from  Canada,  (the  larger  share  of  which  is  mere  ferry  tonnage,)  and  also  273,635 
tons  arriving  at  San  Francisco  and  other  Faciiic  ports,  there  remain  3,931,072  tons  as  the 
total  arriving  from  all  quarters  at  all  the  Atlantic  ports. 

During  the  calendar  year  1863  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  delivered  704, 17J  tons  at  its 
eastern  terminus,  while  in  1862  the  New  York  Central  delivered  1,064,128  tons,  and  the 
Eric  1)71,332  tons.  Adding  to  the  last  two  an.  advance  of  15  per  cent,  reported  in  1863 
over  1862,  and  the  three  sum  up  3,044,960  tons.  Adding  50  J, 000  tons  for  all  other 
roads,  the  total  exceeds  3,500,000  tons. 


120  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

reliance  for  carriage,  and  this  was  also  subject  to  great  and  irregular  variations. 
No  entrances  or  clearances  of  cargo  being  ever  required,  the  best  that  can  be 
done  is  to  roughly  estimate  it  by  the  tonnage  capacity  of  the  shipping  through 
which  it  was  conducted. 

With  the  progress  of  the  age  in  perfecting  railroads,  the  contrast  between 
land  and  water  carriage  has  been  steadily  reduced  to  smaller  and  smaller  pro 
portions,  until  even  the  lakes  and  rivers  lying  in  the  direct  line  of  east  and  west 
carriage  have  become  merely  the  equals  of  the  railroad  lines.  They  are  but 
portions  of  the  general  lines,  and  are  preferred  or  rejected  at  intervals,  according 
to  the  temporary  exigencies  of  business. 

The  more  important  mass  of  this  internal  commerce  is  over  the  broad  northern 
belt  occupied  by  the  great  railroad  lines,  and  in  which  the  great  lakes,  the  New 
York  canals,  and  the  Ohio  river  now  only  divide  the  transportation  with  these 
roads.  All  these  cross  a  natural  line  of  geographical  division  between  the  east 
and  the  west  at  the  Alleghanies,  and  the  continuation  of  their  line  from  the 
point  where  they  cease  as  mountains,  due  northward,  across  the  Erie  canal,  the 
New  York  Central  railroad,  and  the  Canadian  lines  of  transportation,  may  be 
taken  as  of  the  same  geographical  significance.  There  is  no  line  equally  well 
defined  in  any  other  part  of  the  United  States  over  which  the  entire  volume  of 
natural  exchanges  now  passes  between  the  two  sections.  The  trade  of  the 
Mississippi  river  has  been,  and  must  always  remain,  much  less  definite,  since  an 
alternative  is  offered  at  each  extremity  for  transportation  by  other  modes  of 
conveyance.  The  outlet  for  western  produce  to  foreign  tropical  markets 
geographically  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  is  now  in  many  respects  more 
convenient  by  lake  and  railroad  first  to  the  Atlantic  coast,  than  by  the  most 
unrestricted  use  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  New  Orleans  markets. 

The  calculation  of  transportation  east  and  west  may  be  simplified  by  taking 
the  entire  carriage  of  the  great  leading  lines,  and  rejecting  that  of  the  subordi 
nate  lines.  In  the  entire  carriage  of  the  Erie  canal  the  trade  passing  over  Lake 
Ontario  is  embraced.  A  small  proportion  of  the  lake  trade,  which  has  been 
estimated  by  the  best  Canadian  authorities  at  not  more  than  ten  per  cent.,  passes 
northward  of  Lake  Ontario,  or  goes  out  at  other  ports  or  outlets  than  the  New 
York  canals,  or  by  railroad  to  Portland,  Maine.  This  proportion  can  be  taken 
directly  from  Canadian  statistics,  or  can  be  added  simply  as  a  percentage  on  the 
total  values  of  the  lake  trade  otherwise  made  up.  As  there  are  lateral  roads 
and  canals,  as  well  as  intermediate  lake  ports,  which  represent  fragments  of  the 
general  trade  east  and  west,  and  which  deliver  or  receive  their  freight  at  points 
on  the  great  roads  far  along  their  line  from  either  terminus,  it  is  a  necessary 
and  just  simplification  to  take  the  entire  business  of  the  great  lines,  and  reject 
the  smaller  ones  altogether,  as  has  been  said.  Thus  the  New  York  and  Erie 
road  has  tributary  lines  on  the  north  connecting  it  with  Buffalo,  with  Lake 
Ontario,  and  with  the  Hudson  river;  on  the  south  it  has  a  great  tributary 
leading  from  Central  Ohio ;  the  business  of  all  being  conducted  between  markets 
really  separated  by  an  average  distance  not  less  than  three  hundred  miles. 

For  the  measure  of  the  trade  between  the  east  and  the  west,  therefore,  it  is 
proposed  to  take  the  entire  freight  carriage  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad, 
the  Pennsylvania  railroad,  the  Erie  and  Central  railroads,  in  New  York,  the 
Erie  canal,  the  Welland  canal,  and  the  Grand  Trunk  railroad  of  Canada;  or  to 
estimate  for  such  transportation  on  these  last  named  as  properly  belongs  to  the 
trade  entering  from  the  United  States,  and  again  returning,  as  has  been  stated 
above,  viz:  ten  per  cent,  of  the  carriage  of  the  Eric  canal. 

Before  proceeding  to  give  the  statement  of  values  so  exchanged  between  the 
west  and  the  east  across  the  Alleghanies  and  their  line  continued  northward, 
it  may  be  proper  to  state  at  what  other  points  this  domestic  commerce  should 
be  noted  in  order  to  obtain  an  adequate  account  of  it.  The  coastwise  trade  of 
the  Atlantic  coast  in  part  belongs  to  it,  as  does  also  -the  barge  transportation 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  121 

through  the  New  Jersey  canals,  and  through  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
canal.  But  there  are  no  railroad  lines  in  the  eastern  States  whose  traffic  would 
be  included,  beyond  the  amount  which  would  be  reached  at  the  eastern  extrem 
ities  of  the  great  lines  before  named.  That  which  is  local,  or  may  be  carried 
but  fifty  or  one  hundred  miles  on  the  eastern  end  of  either  of  the  great  roads 
or  canals,  is  again  taken  up  by  minor  roads  and  carried  to  cities  along  the  coast 
a  distance  sufficient  to  make  up  the  distance  assumed  as  the  minimum.  No 
eastern  roads  need,  therefore,  be  taken  into  the  account,  if  the  entire  movement 
on  the  great  lines  before  named  is  considered. 

The  coastwise  trade  is,  in  ordinary  times,  made  up  of  elements  that  may  be 
estimated  with  a  fair  approximation  to  accuracy.  The  coal  of  Pennsylvania  is 
carried  coastwise  to  the  extent  of  near  one-fourth  the  annual  production.  The 
products  of  the  fisheries  are,  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  their  total  in  quantity 
and  value,  also  carried  in  the  coastwise  trade,  embracing  in  this  calculation  the 
produce  of  the  whale  fisheries.  The  lumber  of  the  southern  States  is  carried 
northward,  that  of  the  Susquehanna  eastward,  and  that  of  the  coast  of  Maine 
southward,  each  in  quantities  and  proportions  which  may  be  estimated.  Naval 
stores,  rice,  and  cotton  were  carried  from  the  planting  States  in  large  quantities, 
as  they  undoubtedly  will  be  again.  Grain  and  flour  from  the  James  river,  the 
Chesapeake,  and  the  coasts  of  Maryland  and  Delaware,  have  been  carried  to 
the  eastern  States  in  great  quantities.  Lastly,  the  manufactures  and  machinery 
produced  in  all  the  New  England  States,  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New  Jer 
sey,  Delaware,  and  Maryland,  have  been  carried  coastwise  to  the  entire  south, 
from  the  Delaware  bay  to  Texas.  The  value  of  these  manufactures  has  always 
been  large;  and  though  the  trade  is  now  greatly  checked,  it  constitutes  a  traffic 
which  will  revive  promptly,  and  will  attain  far  greater  proportions  hereafter 
than  it  has  at  any  previous  time. 

In  the  west  there  are  at  least  three  central  points  at  which  exchanges  are 
conducted  rising  to  the  full  dignity  of  commerce.  Cincinnati  is  the  first  of  these, 
as  a  point  of  exchange  between  the  States  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  those  producing 
many  things  essentially  distinct  south  of  the  Ohio.  The  hemp  and  tobacco  of 
Kentucky  are  not,  however,  fully  noted  in  the  statistics  of  trade  at  Cincinnati. 
The  cotton  and  iron  of  Tennessee  come  to  the  Ohio  river  only  in  small  quan 
tities  also. 

St.  Louis  is  the  next  general  commercial  centre  the  trade  of  which  is  not  em 
braced  in  the  account  of  exchanges  between  the  east  and  the  west.  The  entire 
trade  of  St.  Louis,  and  of  such  points  southward  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  river 
as  are  now  increasing  in  trade  through  the  Illinois  Central  railroad  or  other-1 
wise,  should  be  taken  into  the  exhibit  of  domestic  commerce. 

Chicago  is  a  large  receiving  point,  and  a  larger  distributor  both  of  agricul 
tural  produce  and  of  manufactured  goods  than  either  of  the  cities  first  named, 
but  a  large  share  of  its  exchanges  will  be  noted  in  the  statistics  of  trade  over 
the  great  railroad  and  lake  lines.  The  exchanges  here  conducted  are  so  exten 
sive,  however,  that  they  should  be  given  separately,  subsequently  estimating 
what  proportion  may  be  taken  as  included  or  not  included  in  other  statements 
of  internal  exchanges. 

The  Lake  Superior  trade,  now  only  at  the  moderate  proportions  of  ten  or  twelve 
million  dollars  in  value  shipped  outward,  and  twelve  millions  (including  mining 
machinery)  shipped  inward,  is  a  distinct  and  notable  item  of  trade.  The  copper 
nd  iron  produced  there  are  largely  smelted  and  wrought  at  Detroit,  Cleveland, 
Pittsburg,  and  Buffalo,  but  a  small  share  of  its  products  being  shipped  direct 
to  the  Atlantic  cities.  There  is  a  considerable  lumber  trade  of  the  upper  lakes, 
and  a  trade  in  the  salt,  fish  and  local  products  of  the  State  of  Michigan  which 
occupies  a  class  of  lake  coasting  vessels  in  a  profitable  and  important  business, 
which  does  not  go  much  beyond  the  cities  of  the  lake  shores. 

Beyond  all  these  is  the  trade  of  Saint  Paul  and  the  northwestern  border,  and  of 
Leaven  worth  and  the  great  plains  to  the  gold  region ;  which  constitutes  a  distinct 


122  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC  COMMERCE. 

and  very  important  division,  not  only  for  what  it  now  is,  but  in  view  of  its 
rapid  expansion,  and  the  enormous  development  it  is  soon  to  attain. 

At  the  south,  New  Orleans  was  always  a  focal  point  for  extensive  domestic 
exchanges,  conducted  both  coastwise  and  by  the  Mississippi  river.  We  can 
now  merely  state  to  what  these  exchanges  attained  before  the  disturbances 
which  have  destroyed  that  trade  for  the  time,  and  which  leave  it  doubtful  to 
what  extent  and  in  what  time  they  will  be  resumed. 


SPECIFIC  CALCULATION  OF  THE  EXCHANGES  BETWEEN  THE 
EAST  AND  THE  WEST. 

I.    WESTWARD    FREIGHTS. 

The  reports  of  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  are  more  full  and  complete  as  re 
gards  the  details  of  articles  carried  than  those  of  any  other  line  of  transporta 
tion  so  extensive,  and  they  may  therefore  be  taken  as  the  best  to  initiate 
the  calculation  of  values  proposed.  Prices  may  be  assigned  to  almost  every 
article  in  detail,  if  desired,  and  the  total  value  may  be  so  deduced,  or  an 
average  may  be  taken  with  less  labor  which  will  closely  approximate  the  same 
result.  The  general  classification  into  which  these  articles  are  thrown  is  the 
same  as  that  employed  in  describing  the  freight  of  the  New  York  and  Erie  and 
the  New  York  Central  roads,  and  therefore  a  classified  price,  calculated  to  agree 
with  the  total  derived  from  the  average  of  all  articles  in  detail,  could  be  used 
with  safety  for  all  similar  statements  of  freight  aggregates.  Thus  the  detailed 
list  of  articles  appears  to  show  that  one  third  of  the  tonnage  carried  westward 
on  the  Pennsylvania  road  is  properly  described  as  dry  goods,  another  third  as 
drugs  and  groceries,  and  the  remaining  third  as  iron  and  heavy  goods.  If  this 
division  is  correct,  it  is  not  material  whether  the  values  assigned  per  pound  to 
each  be  absolutely  correct,  so  that  their  total  does  not  exceed  the  total  deduced 
by  a  calculation  of  values  for  each  article.  For  the  year  1862  the  westward 
freight  of  this  road  was  as  follows : 

From  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg 256,  204,  920  pounds,  or  123,  102  tons. 

From  Baltimore  to  Pittsburg 34,  206,  488  pounds,  or    17,  1 03  tons. 

Totals 290,  411,  408  pounds,  or  145,  205  tons. 


The  schedule  of  articles  shows  a  large  preponderance  of  dry  goods,  drugs, 
medicines  and  dyes,  groceries,  boots,  shoes,  and  hats,  and  similar  articles  of 
high  relative  value.  It  is  well  known  that  the  maximum  often  assumed  by  car 
riers  as  the  limit  of  value  at  which  they  will  compensate  shippers  for  goods  lost 
in  their  care,  is  usually  insisted  upon  by  losers  as  being  below  their  true 
value.  This  maximum  is  one  dollar  per  pound ;  but  as  it  is  usually  applied  to 
other  goods  than  those  here  distinguished  as  the  third  class,  or  heavy  goods, 
it  is  but  an  incidental  proof  favoring  an  increase  of  the  general  average  of  prices. 
It  is  proposed  to  assume  an  average  value  of  forty-three  and  one-third  cents 
per  pound  for  this  westward  freight ;  and  in  dividing  it  into  three  equal  portions, 
to  assign  one  dollar  per  pound  to  the  dry  goods,  or  highest  class,  twenty  cents 
per  pound  to  the  drugs  and  groceries,  and  ten  cents  per  pound  to  the  iron  and 
heavy  goods. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  123 

1 .  Dry  goods 90, 803, 803  pounds,  at  $1  per  pound $96, 803, 803 

2.  Drugs  and  groceries 96,  803, 803  pounds,  at  20  cents  per  pound. . .       19, 360, 761 

3.  Iron  and  heavy  goods 96,  803, 80*2  pounds,  at  10  cents  per  pound ...         9, 680, 381 

Totals 290, 41 1 , 408  pounds,  at  43£  cents  per  pound . .     125, 844, 945 

This  is  of  through  freight  only,  and  that  which,  being  carried  farthest,  may 
be  presumed  to  average  the  highest  value  per  pound.  During  the  year  1862 
the  price  of  many  descriptions  of  dry  goods  had  largely  increased  as  com 
pared  with  1860,  and  this  was  particularly  true  of  the  classes  most  largely 
carried  to  the  interior  markets — cotton  and  cotton-mixed  goods,  coarse  woollens, 
and  leather  manufactures.  It  is,  in  fact,  probable  that  the  values  here  assumed 
are  too  low,  and  that  a  total  value  higher  by  some  millions  would  be  more 
nearly  correct  for  the  year  1862;  but  as  this  year  is  exceptional  as  compared 
with  former  years,  it  may  be  better  to  retain  a  relatively  low  rate — one  certainly 
not  requiring  abatements  for  over-estimate. 

Next,  the  quantities  carried  locally  on  the  Pennsylvania  road  from  its  eastern 
terminus  to  points  along  its  line  require  to  be  considered.  For  reasons  else 
where  stated  it  is  assumed  that  these  freights  passing  through,  or  departing 
from,  each  terminus,  belong  in  the  general  account,  since  there  is  nothing  taken 
for  the  freights  of  other  roads  connected  with,  and  continuing  the  business  of, 
the  great  lines.  The  record  of  the  local  freight  of  the  Pennsylvania  road  is  in 
complete,  in  consequence  of  the  employment  on  it  of  "cars  of  individual  trans 
porters,"  who  do  not  make  return  of  their  business  in  the  statements  of  the 
company,  merely  paying  tonnage  rates  or  mileage  rates  for  their  cars  in  bulk. 
For  1862  the  total  reported  as  carried  by  cars  of  the  company  from  the  eastern 
terminus  westward,  but  not  through  to  Pittsburg,  is  91,565,194  pounds,  to  which 
may  be  added  for  the  individual  transporters  at  least  enough  to  raise  the  aggre 
gate  to  100,000,000  pounds,  or  5,000  tons,  of  2,000  pounds  each.  Of  this 
freight  about  one-eighth  is  dry  goods,  one-fourth  groceries,  and  the  remainder, 
five-eighths,  heavy  goods.  For  groceries  and  heavy  goods  it  is  perhaps  neces 
sary  to  reduce  the  prices  taken  in  the  former  case,  as  follows : 

1.  Dry  goods 12, 500,  000  pounds,  at  ,$1  per  pound $12, 500, 000 

2.  Groceries,  &c 25, 000, 000  pounds,  at  15  cents  per  pound  ...         3, 750,  000 

3.  Heavy  goods 62, 500, 000  pounds,  at  6  cents  per  pound 3, 750,  000 

Totals 100, 000, 000  pounds,  at  20  cents  per  pound ...      20, 000,  000 

These  are  minimum  quantities  and  values,  which  should  not  be  excluded  from 
the  account  of  movements  westward.  Probably  the  larger  share  of  the  articles 
have  already  been  brought  from  points  averaging  a  hundred  miles  beyond  the 
eastern  terminus  of  the  road — New  York  and  the  New  England  States — and 
they  are  to  be  carried  at  least  a  hundred  miles  further,  on  the  average,  before 
being  distributed  to  consumers. 

The  detailed  tables  which  follow  are  given  for  their  general  value  in  illus 
trating  the  trade  of  the  east  with  the  interior.  Were  such  details  accessible  for 
the  great  roads  of  New  ,York,  a  similar  diversity  and  corresponding  general 
divisions  would  undoubtedly  appear.  The  Central  road  of  New  York  carries  a 
larger  proportion  of  light  and  valuable  goods,  and^  the  Erie  road  a  larger  pro 
portion  of  heavy  goods,  the  two  together  averaging  very  nearly  the  same  in 
classification  and  in  values  with  the  Pennsylvania  road. 


124 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Articles  carried  westward  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad. 

1.— THROUGH  TO  PITTSBURG,  FROM  PHILADELPHIA  AND  BALTIMORE. 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

.  1862. 

1863. 

Pounds. 
225  592 

Pounds. 
51  035 

Pounds. 

38  907 

Pounds. 
215  393 

Pounds. 
105  443 

Agricultural  products,  not  specified. 

1,  838,  887 
ICO  771 

338,  690 
90  085 

567,  346 
26  830 

340,  682 
178  237 

1,395,  198 
3  355 

3°4  160 

1  870  157 

5  670  f>3° 

15  7°4  187 

2  476  417 

1  329  651 

715  866 

669  073 

1  046  125 

Boots,  shoes  and  hats  

8,  615,  496 

8  782  194 

4  891  408 

4  697  429 

5  903  451 

8  278  049 

3  529  048 

6  926  !62 

4  689  9°5 

1  428  234 

90  085 

°6  830 

'  178'  °37 

9T7  6°4 

Cedar  and  willow  ware     

105  073 

189  196 

119  323 

°54  289 

258  215 

Coffee 

10  615  235 

6  781  574 

14  566  908 

7  6  '55  703 

7  908  753 

Confectionery  and  foreign  fruits  

3,  580,  979 
2  076  608 

2,  739,  882 
5  057  33° 

2,  784,  837 
3  567  48° 

435,  930 
2  70°  r>69 

1.  678,  155 
7  360  764 

Cotton  -                       ..     

109  721 

323  910 

'968*  310 

21  800 

Dry  goods  

Drugs  medicines   and  dyes        

57,  297,  296 
9  413  469 

61,  472,  760 
12  837  228 

43,  225,  689 
12  541  640 

73,291.468 
21  336  263 

50,  338,  433 
11  375  625 

Earthenware  and  queensware  
Feathers  furs  and  t-kius            

5,  170,  240 

'    6,620,087 
5  770 

3,  305,  229 

6,  260,  364 

77  805 

7,  922,  857 
28  590 

399  251 

75  063 

Flour  and  meal             .        .   ..  

;'64  655 

20  3';9 

2  625 

2  453  364 

2  789  863 

549  391 

2  360  48° 

o  546  576 

Glass  and  glassware        

1  191  785 

1  047  644 

548  878 

809  127 

500  933 

Grain  of  all  kinds 

2  (PO  335 

6  890 

043  g-y> 

60  75-^ 

Grass  and  other  seeds     

276  456 

52  864 

143  376 

173  870 

75  638 

214  465 

89  078 

86  960 

3  °I9  103 

3  718  288 

Groceries,  except  coffee  

19,  286,  909 
172  159 

22,  850,  097 
17  370 

27,  184^  460 

65,  107.  825 
18  °21 

64,  854,  635 
10  299 

10  890  368 

10  734  309 

10  024  622 

9  192  983 

21  500  527 

1  9°6  499 

2  718  632 

1  574  400 

1  095  513 

1  285  653 

Hides  and  hair                            . 

206  482 

183  112 

121  412 

328  155 

265  948 

Iron,  pig  and  blooms  

14  250 

655  627 

155  320 

rolled                     ... 

1  220  102 

1  877  535 

1  898  189 

2  591  217 

3  417  202 

4  46°  895 

987  210 

35  1°9 

1  945  408 

1  613  169 

Leather                     .                  

3  617  383 

860  268 

2  684  536 

2  434  852 

741  732 

40°  857 

33!  848 

405  732 

363  458 

4  763  265 

1  211  656 

9  074  107 

11  896  913 

15  829  4% 

2  499  250 

2  506  359 

2  036  545 

2  183  337 

5  845  654 

Malt  and  malt  liquors  

174  185 

111  097 

99  °30 

385  586 

112  205 

272  073 

134  597 

ogo  OOQ 

oo]  g()7 

566  875 

Oil,  (not  coal  or  petroleum)  
Oysters 

2  69  '  272 
'  369*  001 

2,  226,  555 
319  710 

1,  544,  998 
799  853 

1,477,852 
1  756  070 

753,  230 
2  044  538 

2  849  384 

3  275  046 

2  012  527 

1  635  6'u) 

1  367  514 

685  081 

5  975  0'!5 

7  603  0°4 

Salt  

1,  284,  325 
5  °76  160 

1.  908,  192 
4  544  560 

3,  561,  278 
3  349  024 

5,  803,  964 
11  °84  3-)7 

655,  374 
5  5°°  366 

Soda-ash,  (pot  and  pearl)  

17,  228,  845 
36'3  689 

10,916,453 
290  °04' 

5,  066,  895 
191  137 

15  701,119 
310  194 

15,  745,  830 
297  701 

Tobacco  and  ci°'ars           

3  65'  t  796 

2  806  571 

2  725  801 

2  454  705 

2  643  452 

1  037  648 

1  813  038 

45°  899 

1  177  053 

417  171 

4  621  154 

3  842  798 

2  010  596 

1  049  598 

131  306 

358  005 

19  5°0 

30  81° 

2  g-->i  ()••>.-> 

1  857  383 

Woollen  yarns           .           

378  436 

259  203 

393  953 

374  439 

155  758 

1  179  82° 

797  280 

24  000 

24  752 

260  866 

Government  goods  .           .     ,  

1  11  9'  986 

I 

Total  pounds    

207  677  029 

199  493  368 

179  835  833 

290  441  408 

277  656  350 

Total  tons 

103  839 

99  747 

89  918 

145  2u6 

13^  828 

Articles  carried  westward  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad — Continued. 

2.— TO  WAY  STATIONS,  FROM  PHILADELPHIA. 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Pounds. 
510  196 

Pounds. 

2°4  8'>8 

Pounds. 
r>5  475 

Pounds. 
137  233 

Pounds. 

150,  P87 

Agricultural  products,not  specified. 

2,204,396 
143  156 

1,  212,  315 
10  495 

864,  504 
2  450 

399,  4  19 
11  335 

6JO.  765 
1,430 

Boots  shoen  and  hats  

961  870 

831  559 

755  991 

2  226  803 

951,046 

206  845 

214  419 

136  894 

4:!7  382 

138,  449 

Carriages  .  .  . 

129,  555 

1.  984,  OU5 

145,  159 

101,  735 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  125 

Articles  carried  westward  on  tlie  Pennsylvania  railroad — Continued. 

2. —TO  WAY  STATIONS,  FROM  PHILADELPHIA. 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

'     1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Cedar  ware        

Pounds. 
164,  222 

Pounds. 
192  682 

Pounds. 
193,  968 

Pounds. 
213  197 

Pounds. 

283  890 

Coffee                                         .     ... 

4  864  813 

3  134  597 

2  243  281 

1  256  331 

400  763 

Confectionery  and  fruits  

1,  322,  815 

1,343  511 

917  498 

323,  235 

265  975 

Coal                                           

50  277  775 

29  004  600 

24  965  400 

15  689 

1  178  455 

979  47') 

480  868 

4°3  3°7 

1  288  153 

Cotton                                      

3  435  105 

4  045  264 

353  785 

78  662 

85  334 

8  440  136 

9  557  632 

7  817  107 

9  508  609 

7  °46  163 

2  120  975 

2  720  544 

2  151  144 

2  212  420 

1  400  121 

Earthenware  and  queenswure  

1,  343,  382 
26  573 

1.  353,  262 

872,  734 
2  316 

1,  086,  4-18 
66  030 

1,  173,  072 
73  639 

Flour 

66'6  853 

196  487 

503  °44 

193  410 

408  875 

42  294 

200  578 

553  961 

511  582 

556  496 

Furniture  

1.  162,  129 

1.  227,  535 

943  628 

1  562  2)4 

785  249 

676  767 

862  195 

542  417 

298  284 

402  547 

Grain  of  all  kinds  

798  166 

469,  697 

386  937 

7  059  334 

916  957 

31  522 

50  937 

53  494 

65  974 

1°°  030 

Groceries,  except  coffee  

29  806,037 

26  752  162 

15  330  775 

14  565  927 

23  9G4  692 

Guuno  and  phoaphiite  of  lime  

458,  162 
4  22°  8°1 

520,  906 
3  870  895 

689,  736 
2  675  481 

264,  424 
3  7li6  848 

421,  740 
6  °38  060 

Hides  and  hair 

2*  684'  8  18 

2  038  860 

2  575  501 

1  681  103 

2  066  815 

6I!0  654 

654  352 

134  169 

°48  3°9 

198  683 

Iron   pig--*  and  bloom    

4  577  929 

1  921  438 

2  660  843 

7  138  1°2 

2  288  928 

rolled 

6  313  083 

4  81°  794 

2  384  477 

5  549  369 

10  444  511 

railroad  

*1  103  324 

'  716'  155 

437  097 

2  599  362 

'096*718 

Leather 

531  957 

539  269 

751  1°9 

404  7(ji 

348  962 

Lime  and  plaster     . 

1  098  8'  >8 

816  507 

2  398  147 

1114  509 

735  430 

786  700 

1  140  015 

415  615 

*997  0>0 

Lard  lard  oil   and  tallow  . 

528  673 

18  543 

14  168 

50  431 

59  155 

Lumber  and  timber  

978  439 

1  083  081 

1  362  840 

354  125 

613  067 

Machinery  and  castings  .   . 

4  003  670 

3  901  548 

3  058  830 

5  560  790 

7  868  548 

Marble  aud  cement  

4  541  786 

4  658  529 

585  550 

2  999  678 

3  880  611 

Malt  aud  malt  liquors 

1  077  621 

1  115  094 

3  037  113 

491  993 

997  959 

535  8°1 

'  497*  908 

311  61° 

1  040  7l>8 

Oil  petroleum  

*o,  oo. 

30*015 

6°l'  837 

376  974 

637  355 

1  °94  755 

9°8  411 

176  616 

°01  312 

Oysters  

442  230 

255  071 

249  852 

160  539 

399  834 

3  102  244 

2  153  130 

1  235  125 

1  197  467 

1  °75  873 

Powder  

252  635 

530  185 

8°8  344 

Salt. 

7  ogg  g(;8 

5  900  581 

8  796  116 

4  4°0  OT3 

6  383  ''55 

Salt  meats  aud  fish 

6  296  887 

4  937  215 

5  575  495 

3  902  300 

4  948  (!40 

Soap  and  caudles  

6  349  700 

'   57'  679 

'l27'  019 

177  763 

Soda-ash  

509  005 

196  807 

57  470 

221  174 

389  869 

1  047  9°8 

863  777 

704  975 

770  786 

761  844 

Tar,  pitch,  and  rosin 

652  3-'7 

615  141 

237  254 

71  3G9 

43  652 

Wines  and  liquors,  foreign  

1  295  971 

927  093 

1,207  518 

1  059  126 

141,750 

Whiskey  and  alcohol 

666  700 

886  381 

68  700 

807  388 

1  908  246 

Wool  and  woollen  yarn  

427  739 

495  135 

217  722 

1431,230 

228  299 

Miscellaneous  

7  971  828 

3  227  907 

23  680  266 

252  002 

452  417 

Government  goods  

2  241   636 

Totul  pounds 

173  733  029 

134  604  840 

128  267  Q04 

91  565  194 

100  900  069 

Total  tons  

86  866 

67  302 

64  134 

45  782 

50  049 

The  local  freight  taken  up  at  all  points  of  the  line  for  carriage  beyond  the 
mountains  is  unnoted  in  the  previous  calculation  of  through  freights.  This 
was  in  1861  and  1862  as  follows: 

1861. — Coal,  23,947  tons;  other  merchandise,  114,126,409  pounds. 

1862. — Coal,  5,701  tons;  other  merchandise,  207,484,614  pounds. 

The  portion  of  this  taken  up  at  stations  east  of  the  mountains  may  safely  be 
assumed  to  be  one- half,  2'iving  a  value,  at  a  minimum  of  five  cents  per  pound, 
of  over  $5,000,000. 

From  the  calculation  of  both  branches  of  the  local  freight  carried,  that  de 
parting  from  the  east  to  way  stations,  and  that  arriving  at  Pittsburg  from  way 
stations,  it  is  clear  that  a  sum  not  less  than  $10,000,000  might  be  assumed  as 
the  value  of  that  carried  an  average  distance  of  three  hundred  miles  from  pro 
ducer  to  consumer,  and  of  $5,000,000  for  that  crossing  the  line  of  the  Allegha- 
nies  in  the  general  east  and  west  exchange. 


126 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Next  in  accessibility  and  fulness  are  the  statistics  of  transportation  over  the 
New  York  Central  road.  Specific  articles  are  named  only  in  a  very  few  in 
stances,  but  a  classification  is  adopted  which  distinguishes  "Products  of  the  For 
est,"  "  Products  of  Animals,"  "  Vegetable  Food,"  "  Other  Agricultural  Products," 
"Manufactures,"  and  "Merchandise" — terms  too  vague,  as  at  present  applied,  to 
correspond  with  any  commercial  or  financial  usage.  In  the  traffic  westward  the 
terms  "  Merchandise"  and  "Manufactures"  largely  predominate,  and  in  that  sent 
eastward  the  chief  amounts  are  of  vegetable  food  and  products  of  the  forest  and 
of  animals.  For  the  freight  going  westward  it  is  scarcely  possible  to  separate, 
and  distinguish  articles  at  all.  The  following  table  comprises  the  tonnage  of 
such  trade,  as  given  in  the  reports  of  the  company,  for  six  years : 

Through  tonnage  westward  over  the  New  York  Central  railroad. 


Articles. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Products  of  the  forest  

Tons. 

180 

Tows. 

88 

Tons. 
97 

Tons. 
43 

Tows. 
62 

TONS. 
71 

Products  of  animals  ...... 

410 

673 

972 

873 

385 

1  108 

Vegetable  food 

2 

924 

5 

13 

14 

1 

Other  agricultural  products 
Manufactures       -  ....  .... 

1,071 

2,580 

1,414 

2,737 

1,077 
2,215 

863 
3  245 

1,078 
3  951 

1,335 

16  574 

Merchandise 

74  '266 

102  001 

108  488 

104  750 

146  834 

183  490 

Other  articles    ...  ....  .... 

4,  624 

6,001 

6,  143 

6,  154 

8,689 

11,215 

Totals 

83  133 

113,  838 

118,  977 

115,941 

161  013 

213  794 

Way  tonnage  westward  over  the  New  York  Central  railroad. 


Articles. 

3858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Products  of  the  forest  
Products  of  animals 

Tons. 

4,788 
5  090 

Tons. 

7,  264 
9  297 

Tons. 
6,  832 
10  958 

Tons. 
5,  794 
10  014 

Tons. 
6,  955 

8  585 

Tows. 
10,  744 

1  108 

4  956 

10    'IfiQ. 

19  423 

11  691 

ft  'I'M 

17  7  fin 

Other  agricultural  products 
Manufactures 

3,  628 
13  942 

5,  238 
15  772 

7,  789 
23  543 

7,'  899 
21  854 

5,792 
24  761 

8,717 
24  852 

50  282 

63  089 

71  571 

63*  327 

67  387 

76  414 

Other  articles 

20  538 

29  526 

44  955 

44  754 

40  278 

43  769 

'  Totals 

103  224 

149  554 

178  9^8 

170  333 

162  292 

191  551 

Totals  way  and  through. 


Manufactures  .  .  

16  522 

18  509 

25  758 

25  099 

28  712 

41  246 

Merchandise 

124  548 

165  090 

180  059 

173  077 

214  221 

259  904 

All  other  classes 

45  287 

79  793 

91  108 

88  098 

80  372 

104  015 

Aggregates  

186  357 

263  392 

297  925 

286  274 

323  305 

405  345 

As  this  road  runs  parallel  with  the  Erie  canal,  and  is  further  relieved  of 
heavy  and  cheap  freight  by  other  canals  and  by  Lake  Ontario,  no  necessity 
appears  to  exist  for  a  reduction  of  values  for  either  division  of  the  freight  below 
the  averages  assumed  for  the  through  and  way  freight  of  the  Pennsylvania  road. 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


127 


Under  the  assumption  that  way  freights  are  properly  included,  for  reasons  before 
stated,  the  two  totals  of  freights  westward  may  be  divided  in  three  equal  parts, 
to  which  the  values  before  taken  for  dry  goods,  groceries,  and  heavy  goods, 
respectively,  may  be  applied.  When  put  together,  the  "merchandise"  amounts 
to  two-thirds  of  the  whole,  or  to  214,221  tons,  out  of  323,305  tons,  which  is 
sufficient  proof  of  the  generally  high  grade  of  the  goods  carried. 

Values  of  through  freight  westward. 

53,  671  tons,  at  $2,000 $117,  342,  000 

53,  671  tons,  at  $400 21,  408,  400 

53,  671  tons,  at  $200 ?.».  10,734,  200 


161,  013  tons.     Total  value ,       ,    149,  544,  600 


Values  of  way  freight  westward. 

20,  286  J  tons,  at  $2,000 $40,  573,  000 

40,  573"  tons,  at  $300 12,  171,  900 

101,  432  J  tons,  at  $120 12,  171,  900 


162,293    tons.     Total  value 64,916,800 


By  the  calculation  here  assumed  the  total  value  of  the  westward  freight  of 
this  road  in  1862  was  $214,461,400 — a  sum  which  appears  excessive.  Yet  the 
elements  of  the  calculation  are  sustained  by  all  the  facts  that  can  be  ^obtained 
bearing  on  the  quality  and  value  of  the  goods  sent  westward  by  such  mode  of 
conveyance.  The  westward  tonnage  of  the  Erie  canal,  the  associate  of  this 
line  of  transportation,  which  must,  from  the  nature  of  the  case,  carry  the  larger 
share  of  cheap  and  heavy  freight,  has  for  years  been  officially  estimated  at  the 
average  value  of  18  cents  per  pound.  The  total  values  here  given  for  railroad 
freight  average  on  all  the  classes  about  forty- cents  per  pound — a  liitle  more  than 
twice  the  rate  assumed  for  canal  freight.  When  the  advance  in  values  existing 
in  1862  is  considered,  this  average  price  cannot  be  considered  excessive. 

Westward  transportation  on  the  Erie  railroad. 

The  westward  freight  of  the  Erie  railroad  is  not  classified  in  the  reports  of 
that  company,  although  the  eastward  freight  is,  sufficiently  for  all  practical 
purposes.  It  is  undoubtedly  altogether  similar  to  the  business  of  the  other 
roads,  so  far  as  the  through  freight  is  concerned.  The  way  or  local  traffic  is 
probably  more  exclusively  or  distinctively  a  local  tr^de,  and  a  greater  portion 
of  heavy  and  low-priced  goods  is  carried.  It  is  proposed,  therefore,  t  o  take 
the  same  divisions  applied  to  the  other  roads  in  valuing  the  through  tonnage, 
and  to  assume  for  the  local  tonnage  a  classification  and  prices  lower  than  those 
applied  to  the  Pennsylvania  line. 

The  tonnage  westward  for  three  years  is  stated  as  follows  in  the  report : 


Year. 

Through. 

Way. 

Total. 

1861 

Pounds. 
175  5(57  350 

Pounds. 
845  567  060 

Pounds. 
1  0%>1   Jo4  410 

1862  

299,793  230 

1  ]Q(5  oil  030 

1  4(J5  804  260 

1863  

339,840  1JO 

1  233  210  350 

1  573  050  460 

128 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Applying  the  calculation  assumed  for  through  freight,  we  have : 

99,  931,  077  pounds,  at  $1 $99,  931,  077 

99,  931,  077  pounds,  at  20  cents 19,  986,  215 

99,  931,  077  pounds,  at  10  cents 9,  993,  107 


299,  793,  230  pounds.     Total  value 129,  910,  399 


The  way  tonnage  of  this  road  undoubtedly  requires  a  reduction  to  lower 
classes  and  values  than  those  before  employed.  It  reaches  a  very  large  aggre 
gate  for  the  year  1862,  not  less  than  553,005  tons  of  2,000  pounds.  Of  what 
chief  articles  this  immense  amount  is  made  up  the  reports  of  the  company  do 
not  state;  but  it  may  perhaps  embrace  some  considerable  amounts  of  coal,  stone, 
wood,  or  other  freights  of  the  lowest  class,  carried  between  points  along  its  line. 
Assuming  that  300,000  tons  of  the  way  freight  is  of  this  class,  and  not  properly 
of  goods  exchanged  between  remote  points  of  production  and  consumption,  the 
remaining  253,005  tons  may  be  taken  as  similar  to  the  way  freights  before 
considered — one  eighth  being  of  goods  worth  one  dollar  per  pound,  one-fourth 
being  worth  15  cents  per  pound,  and  the  remainder  six  cents  per  pound,  viz : 

31,  626  tons,  at  $2,000  per  ton $63,  252,  000 

63,  252  tons,  at  $300  per  ton 18,  975,  600 

158,  127  tons,  at  $120  per  ton 18,  975,  240 

253,  005  tons.     Total  value ,  , .  101,  202,  840 


Stone,  "lumber,  and  coal,  for  local  consumption,  being  thus  excluded,  the 
proportion  of  goods  of  a  general  character  assumed  to  be  carried,  both  for  con 
sumption  along  the  line  and  for  further  distribution  by  the  lateral  roads  connect 
ing  with  Buffalo  on  the  north  and  with  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio  on  the  south, 
does  not  appear  unduly  large.  The  values  are  large  in  the  aggregate,  it  is  true, 
but  the  business  is  enormous  in  comparison  with  any  other  interior  line  of  land 
carriage  in  the  world. 

There  remain  to  be  considered  the  carriage  of  merchandise  by  the  Erie  canal, 
and  such  small  portion  as  the  Canadian  lines  carry  westward — this  last  being 
really  so  small  in  tonnage  westward  that  it  hardly  need  be  embraced  at  all.  In 
eastward  tonnage  it  is  important,  for  many  reasons  which  do  not  apply  to  goods 
going  westward. 

The  Erie  canal  carried  the  following  aggregates  of  freight  westward  for 
fourteen  years  to  1862,  inclusive: 


Year. 

To  Buffalo. 

To  Oswego. 

Total. 

Value  at  18 
cts.  per  Ib. 

1849 

Tons. 
68,  020 

Tons. 

20,  287 

Tons. 
88  315 

$31  793  400 

1850 

79  405 

35  091 

144  495 

41  218  560 

1851  

99,918 

74,  981 

174,  899 

62,  963,  640 

1852  

143,787 

76,  012 

219  799 

79  127,640 

1853 

163,  192 

98,  560 

261  752 

94  230  720 

1854 

167  550 

64  329 

231  879 

83  476  440 

1855 

145  530 

74  936 

220  466 

79  367  7CO 

1856    

114,696 

68,817 

183,513 

66,  064,  680 

1857       

74,  7  JB 

43,  393 

118  126 

42  525,300 

1858 

47  350 

29  540 

76  890 

27  680,400 

J859 

72  767 

26  109 

98  876 

35  595,360 

1860 

72  030 

47  652 

119  682 

43  085  520 

1861  .    .     

35,  278 

17  184 

52,  4(52 

18,  886,  320 

1862 

52,  945 

18  094 

71  039 

25,  574,  040 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  129 

The  valuation  here  made  is  that  of  the  auditor  general  in  the  annual  reports 
of  the  "Trade,  Tolls,  and  Tonnage  of  the  Canals  of  New  York,"  the  table  just 
given  being  copied  from  that  report  for  the  year  1862. 

It  is  apparent  from  this  table  that  the  business  of  the  canal  rose  to  higher 
proportions  as  a  carrier  of  merchandise  westward  before  the  completion  of  the 
railroad  than  since  that  time.  The  railroads  of  that  vicinity  were  first  consoli 
dated  in  a  single  organization  and  adapted  to  the  purposes  of  successful  freight 
business  in  1853  and  1854 — not  completely  until  the  latter  year.  The  quan 
tities  and  values  attain  their  maximum,  therefore,  in  1853,  and  after  this  date 
they  steadily  decline  from  $94,230,000  to  $25,574,000.  No  change  in  the  price 
per  pound  assigned  to  this  freight  is  made  in  the  series  of  years  of  which  TVC 
nere  take  account.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  cite  the  values  taken  in  earlier 
years,  which  were  in  183(5,  '37,  and  '38,  12  J  cents  per  pound;  in  1839,  15 
cents;  in  1840,  16  cents;  in  1841,  18  cents;  in  1842,  15  cents;  and  from  1843 
to  1846,  inclusive,  17£  cents.  All  subsequent  to  1847,  and  including  that  year, 
was  estimated,  as  in  the  table  copied,  at  18  cents  per  pound.  A  list  of  articles 
constituting  the  tonnage  in  1862  is  given,  from  which  it  is  evident  that  the 
valuation  per  pound  should  be  increased  for  that  year.  It  appears  that  the 
chief  articles  are  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  crockery,  iron,  iron  manufactures,  and 
general  merchandise,  the  proportions  of  which  are  as  follows : 

Sugar 16,230  tons  of  2,000  pounds. 

Molasses 4,598    "  " 

Coffee 1,005    " 

Iron  and  steel 2,198    "  " 

Railroad  iron 2,553    "  " 

Nails !..       984    "  " 

Crockery 2,535    "  " 

Merchandise 40,576    "  " 

It  is  evident  that  these  articles  made  up  the  bulk  of  the  traffic  in  previous 
years  as  well  as  in  1862,  and  that  the  average  value  per  pound  was  greater  in 
that  year  than  in  I860.  No  more  direct  effect  of  the  increased  duties  on  imports 
and  the  high  internal  taxes  levied  could  be  produced  than  upon  the  staples 
named  above,  and  undoubtedly  the  18  cents  average  of  1860  should  be  22  or 
23  cents  at  least  in  1862.  Assuming  it  at  23  cents,  there  is  added  to  the  value 
of  the  entire  carriage  of  the  canal  the  sum  of  $7,103,900,  making  the  total 
$32,077,940,  instead  of  $25,574,040. 

The  general  summary  of  quantities  and  values  deduced  from  these  several 
calculations  presents  the  following  aggregates,  embracing  only  the  three  chief 
railroads  and  the  Erie  canal,  and  taking  no  account  of  various  lines  which  carry 
a  less  proportion  westward  than  they  do  eastward.  A  small  estimate  should  be 
added  for  the  business  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  which  is  usually  one 
of  the  large  carrying  lines,  but  which,  in  consequence  of  the  interruption  of  its 
business  then,  caused  by  the  war,  had  very  little  through  trade  westward  during 
the  year  1862: 

Tons.  Value. 

Pennsylvania  railroad — Through 145,  205  $125,  844,  94r> 

Way 50,000  20,000,000 

Erie  railroad — Through 14(J,  896  129,  910,  399 

Way 253,  005*  101,  202,  840 

New  York  Central  railroad— Through 161,  013  149,  544,  600 

Way 162,  293  64,  916,  800 

Erie  canal— Through 71,039  25,  574,  040 

Totals 992,  451  616,  993,  624 

c  Exclusive  of  300,000  tons  rejected  as  being  merely  local. 
Ex.  Doc.    55 9 


130  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Adding  a  small  estimate  for  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad,  we  have,  approx 
imately,  1,000,000  tons  of  merchandise  carried  westward  from  the  seaboard  to 
the  interior,  exclusive  of  merely  local  consumption,  and  of  all  deliveries  not  more 
than  fifty  miles  from  the  eastern  terminal  points  of  the  several  great  lines,  and 
a  value  for  this  commerce  of  more  than  $600,000,000. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  in  considering  whether  these  quantities  and  values 
are  excessive  or  not,  that  several  important  partial  or  lateral  outlets  of  this  trade 
have  not  been  noticed  at  all.  The  railroad  from  Portland,  Maine*  to  Canada  is 
one  of  these,  the  Champlain  canal  another,  and  the  railroads  of  northern  New 
York  also  add  something,  together  furnishing  a  moderately  large  amount  which, 
being  shipped  through  Canada,  reaches  some  port  of  the  lakes  to  enter  the  States 
south  or  west  of  the  lakes  for  consumption.  The  proportions  of  this  trade  are, 
under  any  aspect  of  the  case,  and  with  any  abatements  from  these  quantities 
and  values  which  the  best  corrected  judgment  may  make,  so  vast  that  they 
cannot  fail  of  due  appreciation  after  being  once  brought  to  attention. 

It  is  apparent  that  in  this  calculation  quantities  and  values  are  embraced 
which  do  not  pass  the  meridian  of  the  Alleghanies  for  the  exclusive  consumption 
of  the  population  beyond  that  line.  Even  if  the  limit  of  distance  assumed  were 
300  miles,  there  would  be  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  miles  of  the  length  of  each 
of  the  New  York  lines  east  of  this  assumed  meridian  that  would  be  supplied  by 
a  carriage  far  enough  to  constitute  a  part  of  the  general  trade.  By  making  a 
deduction  for  such  portion  of,  say  twenty  millions  of  dollars,  the  preceding 
estimates  may  be  verified  by  another  and  wholly  distinct  test,  namely,  by 
computing  the  consumption  per  capita  of  the  entire  population  of  the  Trans- 
Alleghany  States  and  parts  of  States.  Portions  of  New  York  and  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  portions  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  all  the  remaining  northwestern 
States  this  side  the  Rocky  mountains,  received  their  supplies  of  both  foreign 
and  domestic  merchandise  wholly  through  these  lines  during  the  year  under 
consideration.  The  population  of  these  States  in  I860  was  as  follows  : 

Ohio 2,  339,  511 

Michigan » 749,  113 

Indiana 1,  350,  428 

Illinois 1,  711,  951 

Wisconsin 775,  881 

Iowa 674,  913 

Minnesota 172,  123 

Kansas 107,  206 

Missouri 1,  182,  012 

Nebraska 28,  841 

Estimate  for  other  Territories 200,  000 

Parts  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 350,  000 

"     "     Kentucky  and  Pennsylvania 250,  000 


9,891,979 


The  natural  increase  on  the  reported  population  of  1860  would  add  something 
more,  and  it  may  safely  be  assumed  that  the  population  supplied  beyond  the 
Alleghanies  in  that  year  was  in  round  numbers  ten  millions.  The  estimated 
value  of  the  merchandise  of  all  classes  supplied  to  this  population  we  have  re- 
duce'd  to  $597,000,000,  from  which  should  farther  be  taken  an  amount  of 
special  war  material  and  public  property  probably  above  15  millions  in  value, 
as  here  computed  from  its  tonnage.  The  sum  remaining  to  apply  to  individual 
consumption  would  then  be  near  580  millions  of  dollars,  or  fifty-eight  dollars 
per  capita  of  the  population 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


131 


This  i^,  of  course,  the  consumption  of  both  domestic  and  foreign  merchandise, 
and  it  places  upon  the  personal  consumption  of  the  people  all  the  usual  demand 
of  valuable  goods  for  ordinary  public  uses.  Tiie  circumstances  existing  in  all 
parts  of  the  country  for  that  year  greatly  stimulated  the  demand  for  articles 
required  for  other  than  ordinary  personal  use,  for  which  it  would  be  reasonable 
to  make  a  deduction  in  comparing  consumption  with  that  of  ordinary  times. 

It  has  been  shown  by  the  comparison  of  imports  and  population  for  a  series 
of  years,  that  the  average  annual  consumption  of  foreign  goods  per  capita  in 
the  United  States  has  attained  to  ten  dollars,  for  a  period  of  ten  years  preceding 
the  war. 


Year. 

Imports  con 
sumed. 

Population. 

Consumption 
per  capita. 

1852 

$195  656  060 

24  604  261 

7  0*» 

1853  

250  420  187 

25  342  388 

9  88 

1854  

279  712  187 

26  102  659 

10  71 

1855 

233  020  227 

26  8^5  738 

8  67 

1856  

298  261  364 

27  692  310- 

10  77 

1857  

336  914  524 

28  523  079 

11  81 

1858  

251  727  008 

29  378  771 

8  57 

1859  

317  873  053 

30  260  134 

10  5Q 

1*60 

335  220  919 

31  429  891 

10  »¥> 

1861  

315,  004,  728 

32,  373,  388 

9  73 

Average  of  ten  years  

9  92 

This  consumption  was  calculated  upon  the  basis  of  the  entire  population  of 
the  United  States,  of  course  including  three  and  a  half  to  four  millions  of  slaves 
of  the  southern  States.  Excluding  the  slaves,  and  taking  only  the  active  popu 
lation,  such  as  are  embraced  in  the  northeastern  States,  the  consumption  per 
capita  would  be  increased  at  least  one  half. 

And  again,  the  previous  calculation  is  based  upon  the  entry  or  invoice  value 
of  imports  only,  not  including  duties  paid,  or  the  cost  of  handling  and  shipment. 

The  values  assigned  to  the  freight  carried  are,  of  course,  in  excess,  so  far  as 
they  relate  to  foreign  articles,  being  those  which  actually  attach  to  the  goods  at 
the  line  of  transit  to  their  western  consumers.  For  both  the  reasons  here 
named  it  would  be  safe  to  assume  that  sixteen  dollars  for  each  inhabitant  would 
represent  the  goods  of  foreign  origin  transported. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  goods  carried,  are,  however,  of  the  produce  and 
manufacture  of  the  eastern  States.  As  some  guide  to  the  proportion  of  these, 
the  census  estimate  of  $2,000,000,000  of  domestic  manufactures  in  I860  may 
be  taken.  Deducting  from  this  aggregate  $45,000,000  exported  to  foreign 
countries,  there  remains  an  amount  consumed  by  31,000,000  of  inhabitants  of 
$1,955,000,000,  or  $153  for  each  person.  Here,  again,  the  contrast  between  the 
slave  and  the  free  population  requires  an  addition  when  applied  to  the  people  of 
the  northwestern  States,  increasing  the  same  to  870  or  $75. 

Of  this  sum  of  $75  worth  of  movable  goods,  of  the  classes  usually  exchanged 
from  one  State  to  another,  it  is  probable  that  not  more  than  one-third  were 
mad-j  or  produced  in  the  section  beyond  the  Alleghanies,  and  that  two-thirds 
were  sent  there  from  the  manufacturing  east.  Nearly  all  textile  fabrics,  cordage 
and  leather  manufactures,  were  carried  from  the  east.  Drugs,  medicines,  chemi 
cals,  iron,  steel,  and  the  finer  manufactures  of  machinery,  tools  and  cutlery,  book*, 
paper  and  paper  manufactures,  brass  and  copper  manufactures,  and  manufactured 
clothing  of  all  classes.  Taking  these  proportions  as  correct,  there  are  more 
than  $30  worth  of  all  these  domestic  products  consumed,  and  the  division  of 
values  will  be  as  follows : 


132 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Value  of  foreign  produce  consumed t $160,  000,  000 

Value  of  domestic  produce  and  manufactures 350,  000,  000 

Value  of  public  property  included IS,  546,  000 


528, 546, 000 


This  classification  of  values  consumed  is  only  intended  to  aid  the  discussion 
by  such  light  as  may  in  this  way  be  thrown  upon  it.  There  are  no  settled 
rules  applicable  to  such  cases,  and  the  circumstances  are  in  the  present  case,  for 
many  reasons,  peculiar.  The  activity  of  trade  and  exchanges  increases  far  more 
rapidly  than  the  population  has  done  for  the  past  twenty  years,  a  result  in  part 
due  to  the  increased  power  of  consumption  and  command  of  means  by  the  peo 
ple,  and  in  part  to  the  greater  cheapness  and  promptness  of  transportation. 
The  'proportion  of  foreign  values  transported  by  these  lines  to  the  western 
States  for  consumption  is  largely  increafied  in  1862  by  the  necessity  to  obtain 
sugar  and  coffee  almost  wholly  from  the  Atlantic  cities,  instead  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  as  in  former  years.  The  loss  of  New  Orleans  sugar  is  an  important  item, 
as  the  heavy  tonnage  of  these  articles  in  the  following  statement  shows : 

Tonnage  of  leading  articles  on  the  Erie  canal,  in  1862,  to  the  several  western 

States. 


States,  &c. 

Sugar. 

Molasses. 

Coffee. 

Iron  man 
ufactures. 

Crock'ry& 
glassware. 

Other  mer 
chandise. 

To  Ohio  

Tons. 
2  363 

Tons. 
759 

Tons. 
194 

Tons. 
536 

Tons. 

487 

Tows. 
10  430 

Michigan 

2  387 

759 

172 

502 

289 

4  173 

Illinois 

7  750 

1  807 

418 

1  477 

1  029 

13  %9 

Wisconsin  .  .  

1,980 

1,017 

174 

2,  372 

440 

5,756 

Indiana       ...     ...  . 

104 

263 

8 

42 

58 

634 

Minnesota  .         .  . 

66 

29 

5 

6 

28 

Iowa 

101 

53 

15 

331 

95 

640 

Kentucky  ......  ...... 

28 

60 

1 

438 

Missouri 

12 

13 

350 

36 

1  641 

Canada 

1  301 

210 

20 

40 

78 

1  679 

Total  to  other  States.. 
Left  in  New  York  

16,  230 
11,407 

4,958 
4,  592 

1,005 
630 

5,735 
10,294 

2,535 
1,550 

40,  576 
3(>,  258 

Total  moved  from  tide-water 

27,  637 

9,550 

1,635 

16,  029 

4,085 

76,  834 

For  this  large  way  tonnage  no  estimate  has  been  made  to  represent  the  general 
westward  commerce,  though  by  the  most  rigid  rules  of  classification  there  would 
be  a  share  of  it  coming  within  the  definitions  properly  applying  to  these 
exchanges.  Actual  deliveries  to  consumers  at  points  three  hundred  to  five 
hundred  miles  from  the  seaboard  would  probably  cover  one-third  of  the  way 
freight  above  described  as  being  left  in  New  York. 

The  Champlain  canal  is  also  a  channel  foi  large  shipments  to  Canada,  and  in 
some  cases  for  western  localities  through  Canada.  In  the  following  table  the 
entire  movement  of  merchandise  from  tide-water  by  both  the  Erie  and  Cham- 
plain  canals  is  given,  distinguishing  that  going  out  of  the  State  from  that  left 
within  its  limits,  and  giving  also  the  internal  movement  westward  on  these 
lines,  from  one  point  to  another  along  them. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  133 

Movement  of  merchandise  westward  on  the  New  York  canals. 


Year. 

TONNAGE  GOING  WESTWARD  FROM  TIDE-WATER. 

Internal  movement 
westward. 

By  Erie  canal. 

By^Champlain  canal. 

Total  from 
tide-  water. 

» 

To  western 
States. 

Left  in  N. 
York. 

To  Vt,  and 
Canada. 

Left  in  N. 
York. 

1836... 

38,893 
25,291 
34,  629 
34,  197 
22,  055 
31,040 
'    24,063 
37,  335 
42,  415 
49,618 
58,  330 
75,  883 
84,872 
87,  899 
115,045 
177,  623 
219,799 
261,752 
331,879 
220,  466 
183,513 
108,  125 
76,  890 
98,  876 
119,682 
52,  462 
71,039 

67,  637 
51,799 
71,287 
75,910 
70,  979 
85,  866 
59,  755 
63,  199 
78,  557 
77,  883 
85,  582 
115,  787 
124,  896 
122,  444 
112,446 
143,410 
153,  182 
134,932 
112,  366 
104,257 
139,  104 
60,815 
61,176 
56,648 
66,  247 
46,818 
61,  503 

5,165 
4,573 
5,  631 
7,  291 
5,981 
6,813 
4,996 
6,709 
7,930 
8,  837 
10,611 
12,475 
14,520 
17,  086 
15,882 
17,124 
14,248 
13,  227 
6,583 
4,473 
5,810 
11,603 
5,621 
6,582 
11,537 
8,  096 
3,  598 

6,  194 
4,821 

6,  402 
7,177 
6,  945 
9,  122 
5,  399 
6,443 
6,714 
8,404 
8,  602 
11,040 
18,374 
9,  406 
13,126 
11,073X 
8,858 
16,490 
21,084 
13,  766 
19,  498 
7,616 
5,999 
7,  558 
8,071 
10,225 
10,086 

117,886 
86,  484 
117,949 
124,  575 
105,  960 
132,844 
94,213 
113,686 
135,616 
144,742 
163,  125 
215,185 
242,  661 
236,  835 
256,  499 
349,  230 
396,  087 
426,  401 
371,912 
342,  962 
347,  925 
188,  160 
149,  686 
169,  664 
205,  537 
117,601 
146,  226 

10,  006 
8,  293 
6,341 
7,711 
6,  061 
8,213 
7,233 
5,  523 
6,314 
6,  708 
6,  674 
9,  705 
18,797 
18,620 
12,871 
16,174 
24,  208 
31,926 
34,110 
31  ,  440 
23,  883 
34,  794 
38,  755 
41,518 
44,  823 
17,495 
21,701 

1837 

1838 

1839  

1^40  

1841 

1842  

1843  

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847  

1848  

1849 

1850  
1851  

1852  

1853 

1854 

1855         

1856 

1857 

1858  

1859                .   .     .   . 

1860 

18131  

1862     .. 

Tonnage  of  "  Manufactures"  "Merchandise"  and  "Other  articles"  (not  mer 
chandise,)  going  westward  from  tide-wafer. 


Year. 

Manufactures. 

Merchandise. 

Other  articles. 

1852  

34,371 

396,  087 

92,  969 

1353                     

39  571 

426,  401 

118,  169 

1^54 

40  262 

371  912 

137  660 

1855 

40  147 

342  962 

132  608 

1856  

54,  775 

347,  925 

1  96,  395 

1857                      

31  ,  820 

188,  160 

167,0^4 

1858 

25  047 

149  6-<6 

126  216 

1859  

22,  602 

169,664 

137,290 

I860          

32,  030 

205,  537 

16*,  198 

1861 

19,  520 

117,601 

223,  135 

1862 

65,340 

146  226 

271  397 

Westward  transportation  on  the.  Canadian  canals. 

The  westward  movement  on  the  Canadian  canals  is  at  present  a  part  of  the 
general  carriage  of  merchandise  from  eastern  to  western  markets  within  the 
United  States.  For  reasons  before  stated,  it  is  not  proposed  to  calculate  values 


134 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


for  tliis  tonnage  and  add  them  to  the  totals  previously  made  up,  the  way  busi 
ness  of  the  great  roads  and  of  the  canal  being  in.  part  taken  to  cover  these 
values.  A  large  business  is  done  on  the  Welland  canal  in  articles  originally 
from  the  United  States  and  destined  to  markets  south  of  the  lakes.  The  fol 
lowing  is  the  Canadian  official  account  of  the — 

4 

Westward  or  upward  trade  through  the  Welland  canal . 


• 
From  United  States  ports. 

1861. 

1862. 

To  Canadian  ports. 

oa 
-2 
_:3 

QQ 

ro    » 

|    1 

P 

O 

H 

To  Canadian  ports. 

S 
1| 

m 

r?£ 

|! 
g 

Agricultural  implements  p«nd  tools 

Tons. 
2 
7 
4 
76 
2 

Tows. 
295 
255 
11 
4,029 
43 
171 
12,  331 
631 
24 

"~G" 

Tons. 
5* 

28 
12H 
1 

Tons. 
199 
303 

4,278* 
42 
505 
7,o:38 
394* 
5 

Apples  and  green  fruit.  ....     ...  ..    ....... 

Beef  pork   find  beans 

Brick1*   cement   lime  clay  and  slate 

Butter  and  cheese 

Coal 

1,568 

1,744* 

Cotfee 

Corn       .   . 

3,029 
17 

3,049 

Cotton 

Dves 

3 

204 
1,208 
2,360 

Earthenware  and  glassware  ......         ...   .. 

1 
2 
5 
5 
2 

556 
1,234 
5 
714 
39 
271 
305 
9,558 
52 
13 
8 
916 
809 

Fish 

3 
24* 
7* 
4 

Flour 

Furniture 

557* 
687 
333 
29 
14,  081* 
165* 
133* 
19 
960 
1,346 

Gvpsum  ......          ...         ...       ....... 

Horses   cattle  and  sheep 

2 
57 
5 

I  i"on,  nails,  and  spikes  ....  ....  ......  ...... 

iii 

3* 

2l 

Junk  and  oakum 

Leather 

SVIabogany 

Marble                                    .         .         .... 

8 

5 

Molasses 

Oats 

4 
1 

114 

Hi 

Oils        .              

620 
2,976 

433 
6,  340 
669 
73 

Ores  of  iron              .           ..... 

Paints 

1 

6 
253 
1,935 

338 
75 

i 

618 
2,155* 

Rye.    ..                

Salt 

72,672 
47 
308 
2,140 
325 
39 
2 
9 
122 
4,  293 
200 

112,922 

278 
784* 
3,791* 
571* 
190* 

Ship  stores 

Soda  ash 

Sugar  .   

5 

107 

Iron  and  steel 

Tobacco  .   . 

1 

3,596 
39 

Wheat 

5,307 

Whiskey 

5 

79 
9,  393* 
981 

1 

75 
1,443* 

45 
136 

Total  

10,815 

116,240 

14,  908* 

171,673* 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  135 

Some  portion  of  this  tonnage  is  of  articles  of  low  value  per  ton,  the  least 
valuable  being  coal,  iron  ore,  lumber,  and  salt.  Iron  ore  is  taken  from  minos  in 
Canada  near  Kingston,  and  the  salt  is  mainly  the  product  of  the  works  of 
central  New  York. 

As  this  table  gives  the  entire  upward  or  westward  trade  of  the  Welland  canal, 
it  affords  a  striking  proof  of  the  preponderance  of  trade  on  that  canal  in  articles 
carried  from  one  market  in  the  United  States  to  another.  The  return  trade 
eastward  exhibits  the  same  excess  of  freights  destined  to  United  States  markets,  as 
will  aopear  in  the  table  corresponding  to  this,  illustrating  transportation  eastward. 

II.    TRANSPORTATION  EASTWARD. 

The  eastward  freight  over  these  great  lines  of  transportation  is  in  some 
respects  better  known  and  more  readily  determined  as  to  both  quantities  and 
values  than  that  carried  westward.  The  chief  items  that  compose  it  are  well 
known  staples  of  agricultural  produce,  each  of  which  has  been  carefully  calcu 
lated  at  all  the  points  of  shipment  at  the  west,  and  of  receipt  at  the  east.  For 
the  last  eight  or  tea  years,  however,  the  quantity  of  miscellaneous  freight  has 
been  rapidly  increasing,  including  a  share  of  manufactured  goods.  The  tables 
of  the  Pennsylvania  road  are  again  the  best  to  illustrate  the  present  condition 
of  the  trade,  and  a  table  of  articles  carried  for  five  years  to  1863  is  here  given, 
corresponding  to  the  table  of  articles  carried  westward. 

By  a  careful  analysis  of  values  of  the  specified  articles  of  western  freight 
sent  eastward  over  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  in  1862,  it  appears  that  the  average, 
exclusive  of  coal,  is  very  nearly  ten  cents  per  pound.  The  New  York  canal 
freight  is  estimated  by  the  auditor  of  the  canal  department,  in  his  annual  reports 
to  average  two  cents  per  pound  in  value ;  an  average  which  is  applied 
there  only  to  the  lowest  grad*  s  of  western  freight.  Railroad  freight  is  unques 
tionably  far  more  valuable  per  ton  than  that  now  carried  on  the  Erie  canal. 
The  freight  carried  over  the  chief  New  York  roads  is  not  stated  in  detail 
in  their  reports.  The  Erie  road  in  part  classifies  the  freight  sent  eastward 
from  Dunkirk,  but  not  its  entire  eastern  business.  Evidently  the  proportion 
of  fourth-class  freight  is  larger  than  on  any  other  road,  but  as  a  great  share 
of  this  is  live  stock,  pork,  beef  and  meats,  the  value  is  not  so  low  as  if  grain 
was  carried.  Some  of  these  weights  and  quantities  are  as  follows,  for  1862  : 

Live  stock 46,  989  cattle,  "J         Pounds. 

258,  089  hogs,     J 
21,  454  sheep,  >      ",0ol,9. 


4,  306  horses, 

Fourth-class  freight .".  343,943,694 

Miscellaneous  freight 58,  116,  982 

Flour,  1,078,102  bbls 215,  620,  400 


Total  pounds 728,  732,  994 

This  is  all  from  Dunkirk.  The  freight  received  from  the  Atlantic  and  Great 
Western  should  be  included  also,  but  it  is  placed  in  the  aggregate  of  "  way 
freight,"  and  it  is  believed  to  be  a  just  division  to  take  one-half  the  way  freight 
eastward  as  the  proper  associate  of  that  classed  as  "  through."  The  totals  are 
therefore  as  follows : 

Through  eastward 942,  627,  210 

Way  eastward  (one-half  of  1,002,037,030) 501,  018,  510 

1,  443,  645,  720 


136  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

The  value  of  this,  at  ten  cents  per  pound,  is  $144,364,572. 

The  freight  carried  over  the  two  great  railroads  of  New  York  is  not  specified 
in  detail  in  the  reports  of  those  roads.  That  of  the  New  York  central  road  is 
in  part  classified  as  products  of  the  forest,  of  animals,  vegetable  food,  and 
manufactures ;  but  such  distinctions  are  now  only  general  and  do  not  suffice  to 
base  estimates  of  value  on.  The  division  made  in  that  report  of  aggregate 
tonnage  eastward  in  the  year  ending  September  30,  1862,  is  as  follows : 

Tons. 

Products  of  the  forest 32,  462 

Of  animals 350,  050 

Vegetable  food 461,  337 

Other  agricultural  products 38,  375 

Manufactures 63,411 

Merchandise 28,  884 

Other  articles : 89,  609 


Total  tons ~ . _.^ _., 1,064,128 


or  pounds  212,825,600. 

This  distribution  indicates  a  generally  high  grade  of  value.  Products  of 
animals  cannot  be  less  than  twelve  cents  per  pound  on  an  average,  and  the 
remaining  classes,  other  than  vegetable  food,  going  much  higher.  The  average 
cannot  be  less  than  ten  cents  per  pound. 

Taking  from  the  above  aggregate  one-half  the  way  freight  eastward,  there 
remain — 

Through  freight 616,  177  tons. 

One-half  way  freight 223,  975  tons. 

Total 840, 152  tons. 

or  1,680,304,000  pounds;  at  ten  cents,  value  $168,030,400. 

The  several  great  railroad  lines,  therefore,  carried  an  estimated  value  of  freight 
eastward,  across  an  assumed  line  of  division  between  the  west  and  the  east,  as 
follows : 

The  New  York  Central $168,  030,  400 

New  York  and  Erie 144,  364,  572 

Pennsylvania 113,  000,  000 

Baltimore  and  Ohio,  (estimated) 25,  000,  000 

Total,  four  roads..  .    450,394,972 


With  these  total  values  of  eastward  freight  by  the  great  railroad  lines  should 
be  connected  the  value  of  the  eastward  freight  of  the  Erie  canal,  the  details  of 
which  are  given  in  subsequent  tables.  That  value  is  officially  stated  by  the 
auditor  general  for  the  year  1862  at  $72,131,136  for  "  property  coming  from 
other  States"  alone.  The  way  freight  is  not  taken  into  account.  The  sum 
mary  of  values  transported  eastward  thus  becomes  : 

By  the  four  railroads $450,  394,  972 

By  the  Erie  Canal 72,  131, 136 

Grand  total. .  522,  526,  108 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  137 

The  various  railroads  of  Canada  carried  a  portion  of  the  western  produce  of 
the  United  States  sent  eastward  to  markets  within  the  United  States  and  for 
export ;  but  as  the  account  of  way  tonnage  taken  on  the  New  York  roads  13 
large,  it  may  be  considered  as  merely  covering  the  amount  so  carried  by  Cana 
dian  lines.  Certain  branches  of  the  Central  railroad  of  New  York  probably 
bring  to  it  portions  of  the  freight  going  by  way  of  the  Welland  canal  and  Lake 
Ontario,  and  leaving  that  lake  at  Oswego.  Some  moderate  amount  is  carried 
to  the  New  York  and  Erie  by  its  connecting  roads  to  Buffalo.  Together,  the 
minor  avenues  of  railroad  carriage  eastward,  north  of  Pennsylvania,  will  com 
plete  the  account,  and  sustain  the  aggregates  above  given  under  any  possible 
diminution  the  calculation  might  require  for  the  leading  roads. 

The  following  tables  give  the  detail  of  eastward  freight  in  very  full  and 
satisfactory  form  over  the  Pennsylvania  road,  which  has  been  taken  as  the  basis 
of  the  calculation.  Values  approximating  as  nearly  as  could  be  estimated  from 
current  prices  were  computed  in  detail  on  each  of  the  items  of  this  freight,  the 
result  being  an  average  on  the  whole  amount  a  fraction  less  than  ten  cents  per 
pound.  Possibly  the  resulting  values  are  too  great;  but  as  the  freights  of  these 
roads  have  been  taken  as  representative»quantities,  and  as  much  miscellaneous 
carriage  of  produce  and  merchandise  eastward  occurs  which  cannot  be  noted 
on  either  of  them,  the  final  sum  of  values  is  believed  to  be  too  small,  rather 
than  too  large. 

Among  the  larger  unnoted  items  is  the  freight  of  all  kinds  through  Canada 
which  returns  to  the  United  States  at  Oswego,  Cape  Vincent,  Ogdcnsburg, 
through  the  canal  to  Lake  Champlain,  and  over  the  railroads  leading  into  Ver 
mont  from  Canada.  Again,  there  are  lateral  roads  carrying  from  various  points 
to  connect  as  way  freight  on  some  one  of  the  great  lines.  The  Erie  road  receives 
immense  accessions  in  this  way. 

Cattle,  sheep,  horses,  and  all  descriptions  of  live  stock,  also  continue  to  be 
driven  in  large  numbers  from  every  part  of  the  West,  and  over  all  the  common 
roads  of  the  country,  from  the  Maryland  line  to  Lake  Erie.  The  aggregate  of 
their  value  is  less  now  than  formerly,  so  many  take  the  railroads  in  preference ; 
yet  the  total  value  of  animals  so  moved  cannot  be  less  than  two  or  three  millions 
of  dollars  annually. 

The  calculation  of  eastward  freights  on  the  great  lakes  is  given  at  length, 
and  with  the  fulness  which  that  most  important  trade  demands,  in  the  following 
separate  section.  From  the  statements  of  the  total  movement  eastward,  with 
which  it  closes,  another  estimate  of  values  may  bo  made,  covering  the  business 
in  flour  and  grain  in  1862  : 

Flour barrels . .   8,3-59,91 0,  value,  estimated  $50,  159,  460 

Wheat bushels. .50,699,130,  value,  estimated    63,  373,  912 

Corn bushels.  .32,985,922,  value,  estimated    16,  492,  961 

Other  grain bushels . .  10,844,939,  value,  estimated      5,  422,  470 


Total 135,  448,  803 


It  is  difficult  to  make  any  further  calculation  on  specific  articles — provisions, 
metals,  textile  raw  materials,  or  the  very  large  value  of  animals. 


138  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

Articles  carried  eastward  on  the  .Pennsylvania  railroad. 

1.— THROUGH  FROM  PITTSBURG  TO  PHILADELPHIA  (AND  BALTIMORE.) 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Pounds. 

]Q'{    5Qg 

Pounds. 
115  °05 

Pounds.     . 
93  755 

Pounds. 
2°  810 

Pou7ids. 

88  536 

Agricultural  products,  not  specified. 

15'irk  oak 

1.  629,  361 
3  555 

1,  403,  260 
4  330 

21,  069,  Oil 

1,  421.  468 
°9  6°7 

268,  997 
3  3^0 

393  344 

°46  050 

170  078 

474  059 

4  675 

13  140 

3°  295 

160  9-16 

81  061 

Brotvn  sheetings  and  bagging  

64  279 

6  245 

173  315 

1  009  770 

141  °00 

6  457  506 

9  135  4°6 

1°  510  840 

20  178  °76 

7  366  5°8 

8  3()5 

877  767 

506  958 

f>\  410 

28  141 

5  965 

3  150 

460  683 

8  6°0 

Coal            

907  Q05 

421  500 

Coffee 

1  095 

°P3  488 

6  740 

Copper  tin  and  !cad.  ......  .... 

1  63°  104 

1  206  057 

3  426  235 

1  554  184 

1  674  7°4 

Cotton 

17  897  569 

28  673  305 

23  7')°  849 

14  9°1  387 

19'  63fi  070 

Dru^s  and  medicines  

738  491 

1  345  775 

1  614  243 

1  249  814 

3°1  541 

50°  503 

674  185 

3  601  003 

4  3(54  £50 

769  83'3 

Furtiienware  

399  772 

•58  220 

271   155 

3^7  854 

174  404 

454  443 

2  °43  847 

3  467  6°9 

4  664  }30 

7  615  177 

Feathers  furs  and  skins  

356  487 

699  835 

381  111 

81°  °27 

64  64°  °65 

65  352  948 

°0°  979  055 

186  °°6  963 

109  435  850 

Furniture  -  

'  488,  095 

520  218 

560  875 

846  469 

419  336 

245  991 

44°  078 

1  796  960 

1  °61  105 

1  1(34  £'»8 

122  134 

100  388 

95  440 

79  340 

29  J81 

2  555  716 

3  345  637 

o  777  061 

4  511  971 

5  657  408 

Grain  all  kinds  not  specified  

14  550  235 

34  754  447 

95  983  853 

79  260  660 

70  504  0(13 

1  9°8  °33 

6  453  516 

6  428  8^° 

8  143  310 

9  gyi  &.•(() 

Groceries  not  coffee  

1  424  105 

2  101  721 

1  239  283 

5  953  375 

5  002  037 

258  595 

506  219 

588  764 

531  860 

4  °36  164 

528  972 

608  948 

678  756 

1  906  427 

950  347 

785  484 

795  163 

1  373  756 

4  250  ^7° 

4  °83  043 

Hides  and  hair        

2  674  210 

1  838  378 

1  827  959 

1  010  704 

2  773  032 

16  913 

4  607 

rolled      

176  217 

410  941 

747  015 

9  ?66  520 

13  686  173 

10  486  567 

17  290  731 

28  755  069 

57  020  395 

34  oq4  o<>  c) 

Leather  

1,  703,  Ml 

1.  759!  689 

2.  686,  835 

2,  293.  587 

1.830,(;33 

Livestock  

Lumber  and  timber  

65,  103,  756 
568  989 

67,  254,  680 
680  425 

152,  199,  358 
605  755 

226,  892,  Oil 
970  290 

270,713,390 
2  230  P;K) 

838  195 

1  211  656 

6  3*9  665 

6  233  630 

586  301 

Malt  and  malt  liquors  

1,  166,  124 

439,  871 

1,953  342 

2,687  191 

2  443  5':Q 

374  683 

306  587 

183  225 

390  167 

408  335 

25  884 

17°  900 

3.31  634 

348  r'14 

448  860 

13  262  674 

28  513  591 

140  908'  276 

196  487  7°5 

other 

354  638 

1  307  048 

191  414 

2  453  070 

2  573  737 

1  028  455 

1  124  873 

2  675  358 

Pot  and  pearl  ashes  

655,  247 

587,  461 

408,  973 

541,481 

328  145 

174  886 

3  093  138 

3  8°8  211 

Si-It  meats           -- 

31,  199,  251 

42,  068,  444 

64,  692,  007 

109,  189,476 

89  054  734 

1,404  535 

969  218 

2  221  232 

4  488  747 

3  107  535 

1,  028,  615 

273,  020 

553  824 

25  255 

30  000 

202  875 

2  466  170 

Tobacco               

4,  192,  776 

8,259,413 

46.  463  895 

49  615,202 

57,301,066 

166  922 

2  914  097 

3  428,887 

401  165 

\Vhiskev  and  alcohol  .   .'.  

11,  990,  226 

25.  364,  584 

34.200,619 

33  712,  244 

28  353.  141 

335  365 

5,678  520 

9  321  144 

5  343  711 

5  444  (>84 

Miscellaneous  

277,  790 

232,  763 

37,  741 

275,  601 

391,  586 

259  533  638 

352  014  718 

772  878  216 

1  005  767  988 

973  618  °81 

Total  tons 

129  767 

176,  007 

386  439 

502  884 

486  810 

2,— FROM  WAY  STATIONS  TO  PHILADELPHIA. 


Arficles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

18C3. 

Agricultural  products,  not  specified  . 

Pounds. 

1.234.150 
4  650  307 

Pounds. 
2,  927,  484 
5  541  536 

Pounds. 
2,  210,  179 
5  135  3°4 

Pounds. 
251,145 
7  ^64  55° 

Pounds. 
7,  646,  984 
3  8°4  6l>4 

Bark               

1  495  595 

5  73°  257 

2  825  8.58 

1  668  044 

1  532  037 

91  56') 

1°4  483 

517  4*9 

316  °75 

335  --5 

Coal  

218,8.53.843 
(jo  474 

244,56-.',  139 
"9  295 

220,  310,  372 

305,  102,  941 
41  263 

367,93:.'.  !>7 
980  85) 

°43  089 

164  <>->5 

74  976 

36  961 

290  213 

Dry  goods  boots  and  Bhoes  

2  131  001 

1  2%  847 

8°7  380 

966  079 

840.  752 

3D  396  464 

49  718  700 

51  077  947 

45  477  686 

65  324  571) 

Feathers  and  furs  ... 

33,665 

6\  443 

6,258 

'   2T  233 

9,679 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  139 

Articles  carried  eastward  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad — Continued. 

2.— FROM  WAY  STATIONS  TO  PHILADELPHIA. 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Pounds. 
203  700 

Pounds. 
°86  6">6 

Pounds. 

4">8  598 

Pounds. 
277  6°0 

Pounds. 
goo  r,07 

2r)7  077 

6'"'  017 

i<;<;  h7,-< 

142  665 

5  150  782 

!-y»)      77) 

60°  608 

344  001 

439  909 

>~>  7';7 

1  244  163 

8<t->  0"3 

651  348 

1  422*  144 

862  263 

'   34*  4G8 

15  148 

°r>  °66 

•'•'    1.7) 

15  674 

47  441  7;!4 

45  037  736 

39  425  9IC 

68  160  045 

43  299  742 

Grass  and  other  needs  

1,  859,  331 
377  f,44 

2,  473,  039 

67  *)42 

1.206,505 
216  37(5 

2,  271,  139 
396  414 

2,  961,  873 
11  266  845 

1  075  911 

438  091 

393  °°6 

955  6'  '6 

1  545  370 

07  (J3g 

27  365 

11<)  616 

27  422 

188  863 

Hides  and  hair 

81  0-44 

146  507 

15  4°7 

33  342 

81  892 

5  17°  488 

2  73(i  2'  '5 

3  614  736 

7  477'  326 

4  38o  :  -7 

rolled  

6  861  486 

14  483  531 

13,  009,  505 

17,  432,  981 

21,288  !'30 

158  596 

5  663  807 

5  210  450 

53  458 

machinery  and  castings  

586  617 

675  085 

432,  661 

1,  107,  146 

1,  017,  KG 

Lard  and  tallow  .                    . 

341  352 

294  049 

491  384 

450  411 

405  121 

Leather  

3  451  951 

3,572  548 

3,  269,  997 

3,  055,  798 

4,  077,  553 

Live  stock      

33  731  504 

26  999  143 

25  999  770 

35,203  327 

36  871  940 

57  891  445 

60  078  974 

44  200  390 

68  099  656 

97  0-27  l.r>4 

Marble  and  cement  

1  962  2.'<9 

l'  142*  767 

3  315 

56  585 

10,  5")fi  2?  I 

23  254 

63  758 

21  535 

168  056 

1  993  009 

Marketing  1  

1  794  557 

1  373  729 

3  301  146 

1  349  639 

3  246  958 

856  715 

()i.-)  on-1 

1  184  359 

Paper  and  rags  

1  670  674 

2  17q  217 

1  351  846 

1,417  213 

2,  180,  177 

5°3  303 

438  127 

Salt  meats  

195  240 

346  548 

111  965 

nil  7,-'<; 

1,578  896 

141  460 

1  657  °65 

135  450 

348  070 

627  170 

Tobacco    

813  679 

1  303  007 

998  016 

2,073  988 

3,  899,  757 

181,451 

11,178 

181  800 

173  °00 

44  603 

34  845 

604  5!4 

i  176  716 

\Vhiskeyandalcohol  

8  137  567 

ft  21  5  533 

1,967  706 

3,932  584 

2,  936,  380 

°r>8  618 

294  703 

994  876 

5°9  771 

2  230  f  69 

Miscellaneous  

2  509  260 

4  004  824 

522  607 

72,  251 

990,  819 

Total  pounds  

446  793  507 

497  122  713 

430  110  438 

582.232,  162 

710.4C6  856 

TotfU  tons 

223  397 

248  561 

215  055 

291  116 

355  213 

3.— FROM  PITTSBURG  TO  WAY  STATIONS. 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Agricultural  implements  

pounds. 
666  938 

Pounds. 
375  029 

Pounds. 
211  464 

1  96")  'i07 

4°7  5°0 

21°  614 

Books,  &c  

29  561 

21  649 

44  800 

41  0°8 

6">  "t'6 

og  707 

Butter  and  eggs  .         ...            .  . 

°1  474 

21  448 

1°  503 

150  935 

6°  414 

67  'i'lO 

Cedar-ware  .... 

1°9  498 

157  11° 

236  036 

Coal  oil   petroleum  .. 

1  587  979 

6  407  311 

4  i4(;  (;o9 

Coffee  

346  767 

124  303 

144  465 

Confectionery  and  foreign  fruit  

94  062 

69  518 

82  043 

Copper,  tin,  and  lead  

154  388 

156  227 

17")  °12 

Cotton  

°8  100 

074  509 

187  778 

Drugs,  medicines,  and  dyes  

4  .">.">  4s° 

239  904 

119  "67 

Dry  goods  

•  6(>7  184 

689  393 

318  960 

Karthenware  and  China  .             

167  207 

211  984 

121  C65 

Feathers  and  furs  

6  567 

11,716 

5  573 

Flour  . 

6  0°6  710 

6  163  337 

5  169  (>74 

Fresh  meats  and  poultry  

39  993 

23  76!) 

116  757 

Furniture  . 

•"<;<;  -HI 

608  879 

786  7*6 

Fruits,  green  and  dry  

338  072 

197  776 

948  5^6 

Glass  and  glassware 

4'->4  740 

449  793 

738  076 

Grain  of  all  kinds  

1  428  960 

1  883  °85 

5  701  6:'9 

Grass  and  other  seeds 

'!'•   Cli~> 

27  374 

241   197 

Groceries,  except  coffee  

3  087  078 

2  589  259 

3  704  :;43 

565  014 

578  451 

2  068  541 

Hemp  and  cordage  .     ... 

261  285 

31  926 

44  776 

Hides  and  hair.   ... 

1  079  916 

r>fi->  <t(il 

]  652  284 

Iron,  pig  and  blooms  ..     .. 

593  026 

7i:.-t  TilH 

120  486 

rolled         ..         >. 

2  145  058 

3  173  328 

3  655  P<»0 

railroad  

9!  486!  083 

6,  215,  300 

11.  101,  072 

140  FOREIGN  AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Articles  carried  eastward  on  the  Pennsylvania  railroad — Continued. 

3.— FROM  PITTSBURG  TO  WAY  STATIONS. 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

18G3. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 

Pounds. 
2  (M7  01Q 

178  666 

33°  887 

815  °8° 

37  494 

98  119 

47  7<a 

89  940,  900 

76,  545,  8c6 

83,  4(J8,  462 

50  184 

20  100 

29  4(56 

3  017  7°0 

3  893  291 

2  506  658 

i-jMnoer  an< 

1  056  034 

1  113  135 

1  335  °39 

1  054  075 

835  727 

1  643  777 

Marble  ami  ce  men  . 

'  'M'j'  606 

°'34  3°7 

930  40° 

1  037  463 

851  2(52 

1  166  893 

67  393 

18  739 

23,009 

991  426 

32°  474 

797  8')7 

i,     i  ,  bi  5   u 

76  547 

8  140 

19  784 

3  270  523 

gait           

754,  276 

218  208 

346,  135 

2  567  907 

3  044  513 

2  877  9(8 

490  665 

224  992 

269,  589 

358  474 

444  363 

994  743 

137  330 

7°  6°8 

14  362 

4  775  373 

6  303  586 

8,566  7(>') 

85  961 

43  413 

61  446 

108  686 

131  358 

43  556 

139  754  173 

128  476  311 

154  3,-r1  8-J8 

69  877 

64,  238 

77,  194 

Through  tonnage  eastward  over  the  New  York  Central  railroad. 


1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Products  of  the  forest  

Tons. 
1  709 

Tons. 
2  14° 

Tons. 
o  408 

Tons. 

0  OQl 

Tons. 
2  141 

Tons. 
1  8°6 

Products  of  animals  

104,  257 
114  03° 

112,  210 
101  °88 

133,  241 
133  988 

166]  (578 
°°3  179 

254,  994 
287  °31 

285,  318 
241  036 

1  818 

8  171* 

5  668 

15  054 

°0  959 

35  541 

3  733 

3  817 

6  6^8 

14  683 

17  4()7 

13  910 

Merchandise  '.  

361 

1  458 

2  837 

2  808 

5  536 

22  062 

Other  articles 

3  365 

5  155 

8  759 

11  353 

°8  819 

11  240 

Total    

229  275 

234  241 

293  5°9 

435  956 

616  177 

610  933 

Way  tonnage  eastward  over  the  New  York  Central  road. 


Products  of  the  forest  

17  691 

25,  660 

32,  968 

31  272 

30  321 

40  188 

62  319 

81  987 

78  191 

74  399 

95  056 

100  161 

Vegetable  food  

182.  517 

128,  171 

190  456 

206  679 

175  106 

146  577 

Other  agricultural  products 

11  856 

15  273 

24  635 

23  5°5 

17  416 

26  774 

27  684 

34  710 

44  870 

40  815 

45  914 

33  629 

Merchandise 

9  573 

12  234 

18  691 

16  698 

23  348 

28  309 

Other  articles  

38,  135 

38.  651 

46,918 

51,  684 

60  790 

57,588 

Total 

349  775 

336  686 

436  729 

445  07° 

447  951 

433  3°6 

Totals  way  and  through. 


Manufacture**  

31  417 

38  527 

51  498 

55  498 

63  411 

47,539 

9  934 

13  69° 

21  528 

19  506 

28  884 

50  371 

537  699 

518  708 

657  °3° 

806  0°4 

971  833 

946  349 

579  050 

570  9°7 

730  258 

881  028 

1  064  128 

1  044  259 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


141 


EASTWARD    FREIGHT    OVER    THE    ERIE    CANAL. 

Tons  arriving  at  tide-water  by  way  of  the  Erie,  canal,  the  produce  of  the 
western  States  or  Canada. 


Year. 

Products  of 
the  forest. 

Products  of 
Agriculture. 

Manu 
factures. 

Other 
articles. 

Total. 

1836 

5,400 

48,  000 

654 

165 

54,219 

1837 

7,637 

47,  546 

471 

60-1 

56  255 

1838  

9,  231 

72,  972 

500 

530 

84,233 

1839 

28,  644 

91  ,  369 

801 

857 

121,671 

1840 

21,241 

134,600 

1,267 

1,040 

158  14S 

1841 

45  398 

173,437 

3,  702 

1  639 

224  176 

1842  

31,068 

185,  898 

2,  659 

1,851 

221,477 

1843                 

36,  775 

214,655 

2,077 

2,869 

256  376 

1844 

68,  088 

236,  155 

853 

2,  929 

308  025 

1845 

91  235 

206,  422 

2  565 

4  320 

304  551 

184G 

87  010 

410,111 

2  926 

6  873 

506  830 

1847  

117,  323 

683,  138 

5,508 

6,  871 

812,  840 

1848           

142,  433 

489,  478 

5,560 

12,683 

650  154 

1849 

214  259 

535,  538 

6  146 

12  716 

768  659 

1850 

328  062 

491  810 

7  848 

22  519 

850  239 

1851  

368,  752 

687,  694 

14,471 

15,  375 

,  086,  292 

1852    . 

336  892 

778,  818 

21  642 

14  626 

151  978 

1853 

444  080 

727,  655 

23  355 

18  600 

213  690 

1854  ' 

380  677 

677  695 

10  640 

25  37C) 

094  391 

1855  

348,215 

709,  653 

10,  239 

24,769 

092  876 

1856                   

835  797 

856,  147 

2  851 

17  755 

212  550 

1857 

436  604 

548  374 

10  078 

24  942 

019  998 

1858 

391  139 

833  929 

19  085 

28  946 

273  0()9 

]859  

550,  405 

420,  897 

8  598 

54  863 

034  763 

I860 

647  705 

1   177  001 

5  808 

66  461 

896  975 

Ifc61 

325  230 

1  761  932 

18  248 

53  015 

2  158  4-  '5 

1862  

563,  346 

1,968,441 

14  170 

48^  880 

2  594,837 

WAY    FREIGHT    EASTWARD    OVER    THE    ERIE    CANAL. 

Tons  arriving  at  tide-water,  the  2}yoduce  of  New  York,  by  way  of  the  Erie 
canal,  including  the  contributions  of  the  lateral  canals. 


Year. 

Products  of 
the  forest. 

Products  of 
Agriculture. 

Manu 
factures. 

Other 
articles. 

Total. 

1836 

208  769 

*]?  870 

10  152 

28  105 

364  °)01 

1837  *  

174,  207 

98  172 

7,  879 

51,193 

331,251 

1838  

189,  733 

101  053 

6,  729 

38,  501 

336  016 

1839          .... 

157  075 

63  713 

5,885 

37,914 

264  596 

1840 

119  352 

159  823 

5  1388 

24  613 

309  J67 

1841 

192  121 

92  483 

9  076 

14  663 

308  344 

1842  

125,  623 

102  030 

7,  746 

23,  273 

258  672 

1843       

202  810 

124  313 

21,465 

30,  381 

378  969 

1844                  

288  786 

135  171 

27,  579 

40  255 

491  791 

1845 

328  955 

004  032 

40  619 

61  433 

655  039 

1846     

320,  8:>8 

202,  474 

31,857 

45,  493 

600,  662 

1847          

328,  652 

192  224 

20,  937 

76  596 

618,412 

1848                 

264  549 

184  714 

19,  250 

65  668 

531   183 

1849 

227  847 

200  471 

18  399 

51  348 

498  068 

1850 

269  894 

200  493 

15  217 

35  56(3 

521  620 

1851            

183,  593 

168,  433 

15,401 

54,  958 

422,  385 

1852                         

290,  574 

136  549 

14,232 

51,366 

452,728 

1853... 

391,224 

168.017 

20.  045 

58,  462 

637.  7  U 

142  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

Tons  arriving  at  tide-water,  the  produce  of  New  York,  fa. — Continued. 


Year. 

Products  of 
the  forest. 

Products  of 
Agriculture. 

Manu 
factures. 

Other 
articles. 

Total. 

1654  

357,  690 

148,  330 

16,  440 

79,  707 

602,  167 

1855                                      .    .. 

2-20,  865 

43,  624 

22,  320 

41,030 

327,  839 

1856                                      

173,  608 

118,  164 

24,725 

58,  083 

374,  580 

1857 

66,  824 

68,  381 

13,747 

48,  249 

197  201 

1858 

147,511 

23,  421 

17,843 

34,  813 

223,  588 

1859                    •        

226,  450 

84,107 

14,  920 

85,  917 

311,394 

I860                       

166,  687 

120,226 

15,  135 

77,  038 

379,  086 

1861 

104,094 

109,791 

7,516 

69,  783 

291,184 

1862 

143  246 

118  906 

5  419 

54  686 

322,  257 

TRANSPORTATION  EASTWARD  ON  THE  GREAT  LAKES. 

The  commerce  of  the  great  lakes  might  of  itself  be  taken  as  the  measure  of 
the  internal  exchanges  of  the  northern  States  east  and  west,  adding  to  its 
quantities  about  half  the  freight  of  the  Erie  railroad,  and  the  whole  carried  on 
the  Pennsylvania  Central  and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  roads.  But  as  the  busi 
ness  of  the  Erie  canal  and  the  New  York  railroads  is  somewhat  more  definitely 
stated,  and  as  nearly  all  the  produce  and  merchandise  moved  on  the  lakes  goes 
finally  over  one  or  the  other  of  these  lines,  the  calculations  of  lake  commerce 
which  here  follow  are  regarded  as  duplications  of  the  quantities  and  values 
previously  given.  It  will  be  seen  that  they  sustain  the  aggregates  first  taken, 
and  furnish  evidence  that  cannot  reasonably  be  doubted  that  these  exchanges 
between  the  east  and  the  west  constitute  the  most  gigantic  system  of  internal 
commerce  the  world  has'  known. 

The  shipping  employed  on  the  great  lakes  has  had  various  alternations  of 
fortune,  being  sometimes  highly  profitable,  and  therefore  stimulated  to  great 
development  in  both  sailing  and  steam  vessels.  It  first  began  to  be  conspicuous 
in  1833,  and  rose  rapidly  in  the  five  years  succeeding  to  50,000  tons.  In  1843 
an  increase  again  began,  which,  with  but  one  or  two  partial  reverses,  as  in 
1857,  has  continued  to  the  present  time.  An  immense  and  highly  profitable 
business  has  been  done  by  lake  shipping  in  the  carriage  of  grain  and  Hour 
during  the  last  four  years,  beginning  with  the  fall  trade  of  1800,  the  conse 
quence  of  which  was  a  great  increase  of  building  in  all  classes  of  vessels 
adapted  to  the  trade.  The  following  table  shows  the  high  prices  paid  for 
freight  on  wheat  from  Milwaukie  and  Chicago  to  Buffalo  during  the  months  of 
navigation  from  1859  to  1863.  It  is  taken  from  the  report  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commerce  of  Mil \vaukic  for  1863. 

Table  slioicing  the  monthly  range  of  freights  on  wheat  to  Buffalo,  in  cents  per 

bushel. 


Months. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

April              ...........         .... 

6   a    8 

10   a    8 

9   «    7 

Muv  

Cirt  10 

10   a    5 

8   a    9 

~Aiv 

7-^  u   54- 

5|alO 

ll'4-a    8 

JUly                             

(j$a    4 

fc'^a  10 

7    (i    4 

Au°'ust                .-         .......... 

5   a  13 

5   a    9 

4    a    (J 

17   a  14 

11    a  J5 

14   a    8 

6    a    7 

7i  (i  6-1 

13   a2U 

ICAa  '->4 

8   a  17 

6-V  <i  1  24- 

November        ....    ............. 

10   «6 

12£alO 

14^  a  20 

14   a  15 

9^a    b 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


143 


Those  prices  are  much  above  the  average  in  previous  years,  and  they  have 
developed  the  lake  shipping  to  an  unprecedented  extent.  The  following  table 
is  the  official  record  of  tonnage  existing  at  all  the  ports  of  the  lakes  and  St. 
Lawrence  river  at  the  close  of  each  year  from  1830  forward: 

TONNAGE    OF    VESSELS    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES,  OF  ALL    CLASSES,  EMPLOYED 

IN    THE    LAKE    TRADE. 

The  annual  totals  of  registered  and  enrolled  tonnage  at  all  tlie  lake  j)orts, 
officially  reported  to  the  Treasury  Department. 

Tons. 

1847 134,659 

1848 160,250 

1849 177,077 

1850 186,790 

1851 200,507 

1852 221,235 

1853 251,492 

1854 286,564 

1855 339,193 

1^56 369,950 

1857 398,709 

1858 395,140 

1859 422,381 

1860 450,  726 

1861 475,678 

1862 547,165 

1863 611,398 

The  tonnage  here  recorded  includes  all  descriptions  of  enrolled  tonnage  in 
river  and  canal  trade,  and  it  therefore  exceeds  the  amount  actually  employed  in 
east  and  west  transportation.  There  is  also  a  small  abatement  to  be  made  on 
account  of  the  character  of  the  official  record,  the  law  requiring  the  name  and 
tonnage  of  each  vessel  to  be  retained  until  official  notice  of  its  loss  or  transfer 
is  received.  On  this  account  perhaps  fifty  thousand  tons  is  of  vessels  lost  or 
transferred  to  other  districts,  the  exchange  of  papers  in  regard  to  which  is 
incomplete. 

Perhaps  the  best  record  of  the  vessels  and  tonnage  actually  employed  in  this 
trade  is  that  made  up  by  the  western  Boards  of  Trade,  great  care  being  taken  to 
perfect  this  record  at  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Detroit,  Toledo,  Cleveland,  Buffalo, 
and  Oswego.  The  Chicago  Board  of  Trade  make  the  following  report  of  both 
American  and  Canadian  shipping  in  the  lake  trade  in  their  report  for  1862: 


Tons. 

1830  .... 

7,728 

1831  ... 

8,879 

1832  .  .  . 

12,738 

1833  ... 

15,226 

1834  ... 

19,044 

1835  ... 

29,709 

1836  .  .  . 

32,  000 

1837  ... 

37,480 

1838  ... 

49,  159 

1839  ... 

46,  935 

1840  ... 

48,262 

1841  .. 

54,  5G9 

1842  ... 

58,808 

1843  ... 

66,  938 

1844  ... 

73,  124 

1845  ... 

86,071 

1846  ... 

101,545 

144 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


TaUc  showing  tlic  number,  class,  tonnage,  and  valuation  of  vessels,  American 
and  Canadian,  engaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  lakes,  1858  to  1862. 


Class. 

AMERICAN. 

CANADIAN. 

Xo. 

Tonnage. 

Valuation. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Valuation. 

1858  —  Steamers     .    ...... 

72 
113 

69 
129 
830 

48,  031 
56,  994 
6,  366 
42,  592 
177,  170 

67 
14 
5 
37 
212 

24,  784 
4,197 
415 
10,  793 
32,  959 

Propellers            .   . 

Tno-s 

Barks  and  bri^s 





Schooners     .      ...... 

Total 

1,213       331,153 



335 

73,  148 



1859  —  Steamers 

68 
118 
72 
.     32 
64 
833 

46,  240 
55,  657 
7,779 
9,666 
30,  452 
173,  362 

$1,779,900 
2,217,100 
456,  500 
482,  800 
456,  000 
4,  378,  900 

54 
36 
17 
15 
14 
197 

21,402 
4,  127 
2,921 
5,720 
3,  295 
32,  198 

$989,  200 
140,500 
184,800 
134,  000 
78,  400 
778,  300 

Propellers  

Tuo-s                    

Barks 

Bri^s 

Schooners 

Total 

1,198 

323,  156 

9,811,200 

313 

69,  663 

2,  305,  200 

13GO  —  Steamers  .  . 

75 

190 
44 
76 
831 

47,  333 
57,210 
17,929 
21,505 
172,  526 

2,439,840 
3,  250,  390 
584,  540 
484,250 
5,  233,  085 

77 
27 
23 
16 
217 

25,  939 

7,289 
7,882 
3,815 
31,792 

1,499,680 
407,  290 
246,  480 
94,  380 
898,  560 

Propellers 

Barks 

Brif  s 

Schooners 

Total 

1,216 

316,  503 

11,992,105 

360 

76,717 

3,  146,  390 

lg(3i  —  Steamers 

65 
107 
91 
48 
75 
843 

42,683 
50,018 
9,155 
19,616 
22,  124 
180,  357 

1,489,800 
2,  123,  000 
565,  700 
469,  000 
435,  900 
4,  525,  000 

63 
15 
22 
19 
15 
222 

21,107 
4,562 
4,  842 
7,153 
4,  223 
33,  771 

1,019,200 
176,  000 
202,  300 

188,500 
101,000 
822,  300 

Propellers.....  ...... 

Tuo-s                   

Barks 

Bri^s-  . 

Schooners 

Total 

1,229 

323,  953 

9,  608,  400 

356 

75,  658 

2,  509,  300 

1862  —  Steamers 

66 
122 
132 

60 
75 

•  908 

43,  683 
52,  932 
17,280 
26,  555 
22,  124 
199,  423 

1,403,800 
2,  344,  800 
922,200 
786,  800 
466,  700 
5,  439,  800 

64 
J6 
22 
22 
14 
229 

28,  104 
5,154 

8,482 
7,871 
4,  223 
35,  062 

1,020,200 
181,000 
202,  300 
224,  500 
107,000 
872,  500 

Propellers 

Tug-s     

Burks                   .  .    ... 

Briers 

Schooners 

Total  

1,363 

361,997 

11,364,100 

367 

88,  896 

2,  607,  500 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


145 


At  Buffalo  the  report  of  E.  P.  Dorr,  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Lake  Under 
writers  for  1862,  shows  the  following  numbers,  tonnage,  classes,  and  value  of 
vessels  engaged  in  the  lake  trade : 

Comparative  statement  of  the  tonnage  of  the  northwestern  lakes  and  the  river 
St.  Lawrence  on  the  first  day  of  January,  1862  and  1863. 


1862 

1863. 

Class  of  vessels. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

Steamers    .....  ......  .... 

147 

64,  669 

$2,  668,  900 

143 

53,  622 

$2,190,300 

Propellejs 

203 

60,  951 

2,814,900 

254 

70  253 

3,573  300 

Barks 

62 

25  118 

621  800 

74 

33  203 

982  900 

Briers  - 

86 

25,  871 

501,100 

85 

24,  831 

526,  200 

Schooners                   ...... 

989 

204,  900 

5,  248,  900 

1,068 

227,  831 

5,  955,  550 

Sloops                            .   .  . 

15 

2,800 

11,850 

16 

667 

12  770 

Barges 

3 

3  719 

17  000 

Totals     

1,502 

383,  309 

11,  862,  450 

1,643 

413,  026 

13,  257,  020 

The  following  are  the  numbers  and  tonnage  of  each  class  owned  and  regis 
tered  in  the  district  of  Buffalo  : 


Class  of  vessels. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Steamers 

12 

10  198 

13 

10  266 

o 

7  598 

9 

5  753 

Propellers  

49 

29  046 

ri7 

33  255 

48 

28  565 

57 

34  556 

Tuo-s    ..        .           

30 

2  810 

3° 

2  774 

36 

2  613 

66 

4  760 

Barks  . 

3 

4  Q45 

10 

4  834 

9 

4  261 

18 

7  674 

Brigs  

17 

5  611 

18 

5  555 

19 

5  663 

15 

5  090 

Schooners  

133 

34  668 

135 

33  475 

118 

29  454 

134 

34  334 

Sloops,  &c  

9 

3,438 

Scows  

330 

216 

Totals  

249 

86  378 

285 

90  159 

239 

78  055 

3117 

96  156 

The  following  is  the  increase  of  the  lake  marine  in   1862,  distinguishing 
American  and  Canadian  vessels,  as  reported  by  the  same  authority : 


Class  of  vessels. 

UNITED  STATES  VESSELS  BUILDING. 

CANADIAN  VESSELS  BUILDING. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Value. 

Steamers  .  .  . 

3 

5 
8 
2 
38 

1,114 

3,815 
1,  194 

1,037 
15,  546 

$83,  550 
276,  125 
89,  550 
46,  665 
654,570 

2 

6 

970 

1,960 

$72,  750 
147,  000 

Propellers  

Propeller  tugs  

Barks    

6 
10 
19 

2,  690 
3,100 
6,600 

121,050 
139,500 
198,  000 

Schooners 

Totals  

56 

21,706 

1,150,455 

43 

15,320 

678,  800 

Ex.  Doc.  ' 


146 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC  COMMERCE. 


SUMMARY. 

Aggregate  tonnage. 

5  steamboats 2,084 

11  propellers 3,775 

8  steam  tugs 1,194 

8  barks 3,727 

48  schooners 17, 646 

19  barges 6,600 


99  vessels  building — total  tonnage 37,026 


The  Milwaukie  Chamber  of  Commerce  reports,  as  engaged  in  the  trade  of 
that  port  alone,  the  following  number  and  tonnage  of  vessels  in  1862  and 
1803: 


Class  of  vessels. 

1862. 

1863. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

No. 

Tonnage. 

Steamers 

7 

2  546 

8 

5  353 

Propellers  .     .     .... 

69 

38  541 

Barks 

8 

3  487 

70 

28  883 

Brigs 

8 

2  481 

20 

6  2>;)5 

Schooners  

107 

19,  330 

405 

81  769 

No  explanation  is  given  of  the  sudden  and  great  increase  in  propellers  and 
schooners  in  1863  over  1862,  but  it  is  probably  due  to  the  connecting  of  lines 
regularly  at  Milwaukie  in  1863  which  did  not  previously  connect  there.  The 
names  of  several  propeller  lines  of  recent  establishment  are  given  in  the  report, 
however,  the  eastern  connections  of  which  indicate  the  destination  of  their 
freight. 

1.  The  People's  Line  and  Western  Transportation  Co.:  Twelve  propellers  to 
Buffalo,  Erie  railroad  and  Erie  canal. 

2.  The  New  York  Central  Line:    Ten  propellers  to  Buffalo,   New  York 
Central  road  and  Erie  canal. 

3.  The  Grand  Trunk  Line:  Eight  propellers  to  Sarnia,  Canada,  Grand  Trunk 
railroad. 

4.  Evans's  Line:  Seven  propellers  to  Buffalo,  New  York  Central  and  Erie 
canal. 

5.  Northern  Transportation  Citizens'  Line :  Eight  propellers  to  Oswego  and 
New  York  canals. 

6.  Great  Western  Railway  Line :  Seven  propellers  to  Sarnia,  Canada,  Great 
Western  railroad. 

7.  Detroit  and  Milwaukie  Jlailroad  Line:  Two  steamships  to  Grand  Haven, 
Michigan. 

8.  Montreal  Propeller  Line :  Five  propellers  weekly,  to  Montreal,  Canada. 
It  will  be  observed  that  three  of  these  lines  are  to  Canada,  and  that  two, 

having  15  propellers,  connect  with  railroads  of  Canada  at  Port  Sarnia,  nearly 
opposite  Detroit.  This  is  the  point  in  Canada  at  which  the  large  quantities  of 
western  produce  enter  in  transit  to  eastern  markets  of  the  United  States.  Though 
appearing  in  the  statistics  as  exports  to  Canada,  they  are  not  such  in  fact, 
merely  taking  that  as  a  shorter  route  at  certain  seasons  to  the  markets  of  the 
Atlantic  seaboard. 


FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  147 

The  Detroit  statistics  compare  1857  with  1860  and  1862,  as  follow  : 


1857 

1860 

1862. 

« 

No. 

Tons. 

Value. 

No. 

Tons. 

Value. 

No. 

Tons. 

Value. 

Sail  vessels  
Steam  propellers 

849 

117 

225.419 
59,  891 

$7,  599,  700 
2,  959,  500 

581 
77 

173,  736 
43,  390 

$4,  352,  600 
1,  690,  900 

851 
120 

355,  101 
65,  458 

$8,  356,  470 
3,  228,  500 

Total 

9G6 

285,  310 

10,  559,  200 

658 

217,  126 

6,  043,  500 

971 

420  559 

11  584  970 

This  statement  shows  a  greater  decline  in  1858  to  1860  than  is  apparent  from 
other  evidence,  but  it  also  shows  the  decline  to  have  been  more  than  recovered 
in  1862.  While  the  commerce  of  the  lakes  was  undoubtedly  much  depressed 
in  1858  and  1859,  the  subsequent  high  prices  of  freight,  and  the  vast  amount 
of  produce  forwarded,  restored  it  to  the  fullest  proportions  that  could  have  been 
anticipated  under  any  circumstances. 

The  Chicago  statement  copied  above  shows  that  1,730  vessels,  with  an  aggre 
gate  capacity  of  450,893  tons,  were  engaged  in  lake  commerce  of  a  general 
character,  east  and  west,  in  1862,  of  which  one-fifth  was  Canadian,  or  foreign. 
Undoubtedly  the  business  of  1863  was  enlarged  by  50,000  tons  in  addition, 
making  500,000  tons  as  the  capacity  for  that  year.  We  have  now  to  obtain  an 
approximate  estimate  of  the  produce  and  merchandise  actually  moved  by  this 
large  fleet.  Unfortunately  the  tonnage  reported  as  entered  and  cleared  at  the 
several  ports  is  an  imperfect  guide  to  the  business  in  consequence  of  the  absence 
of  discrimination  between  vessels  entering  with  passengers  and  in  ballast  from, 
those  arriving  with  cargoes.  At  Detroit,  Buffalo,  and  several  other  ports,  an 
immense  tonnage  arrival  is  reported  which  is  merely  ferry  and  passenger 
transit,  having  very  little  significance  in  the  carriage  of  merchandise  either 
between  domestic  ports,  or  between  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

GRAIN,  FLOUR,  AND    PRODUCE    SENT    EASTWARD    FROM    THE    LAKE    CITIES  AND 

PORTS. 

Chicago  is  the  chief  exporting  city  of  the  lakes  in  most  agricultural  staples, 
though  Milwaukie  ,at  present  exceeds  it  in  the  amount  of  wheat  shipped  east 
ward.  The  business  of  Chicago  is  enormous  in  a  great  number  of  articles,  of 
provisions  as  well  as  of  grain,  and  its  commercial  reports  have  for  many  years 
been  clear  and  accurate  as  to  all  the  conditions  of  its  trade,  the  receipts  and 
exports  by  all  lines  of  transportation.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  flour 
and  grain  forwarded  in  detail  for  1862,  and  the  totals  for  nine  years,  as  given 
in  the  Board  of  Trade  report  of  that  city  for  1862  : 


148 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Flour  and  grain  forwarded  to  all  points  from  Chicago  in  1862. 


Forwarded  — 

Flour.     |    Wheat 

Corn. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Barley. 

Parrels.       Bushrlf. 
6-18  345    7  535  396 

Bushels. 
21  948  ^67 

Bushels. 
o  nq  9-}() 

Bufhels. 
587  741 

Bushels. 
°°6  831 

1208    2613784 

1  411  747 

115  025 

58  650 

38  5r>0 

64  869         75  GOO 

531  644 

600 

525 

6858     

8  310 

38  550 

Cleveland   by  lake  

9.800 

45.925 

Cape  Vincent   by  lake  

|      102500 

199  118 

!         3  500 

8  OQ8 

2  050 

Other  United  States  ports  by  lake  

4294,       27,114 

185,960 

37  948 

1  000 

3  6°5 

199  753         83  200 

498  687 

36  329 

48  169 

9  044 

Port  Colborne   Canada   by  lake  

953        508,050 

1.984,860 

35  450 

46  900 

59  625 

14  634     1  415  650 

1  764  010 

800 

50  050 

291  6^7 

50  311 

18  8°5 

6  876         63  425 

88  000 

.......... 

Sarnia  Canada  by  lake  - 

28.466       351,146 

640,679 

13  778 

1  475 

168  938       562  67? 

683  278 

34  362 

4  412 

1  775 

9  150 

85  925 

Prescott  Canada  by  lake  

358         16.550 

39.250 

6  500 

2,650 

8,050 

3  025 

TV'lleville   Canada   bv  lake  

566   

7,150 

690  

238  749 

347 

857 

1  750 

4  165 

Illinois  Central  railroad 

3  772           5,892 

34  272 

9  630 

15  931 

]38           1  426 

5  943 

456   

47,542 

Chicago  and  Alton  railroad  

1  

59.494 

3.172         45,062 

31.229 

9.399 

13  572 

Michigan  Southern  railroad  

285,034         87.836 

32,075 

113,759 

5,049 

4.986 

174.354        159  933 

31,187 

109  922 

4,167 

36  985 

Pittsburg,  Ft.  Wayne,  and  Chicago  railroad 

213,573         42,444 

61,900 

133,770 

3,300 

49.669 

1  739  849  13  808  898 

29  452  610 

{  3  112  366 

871  796 

532  195 

In  this  table  seven  lines  leading  inland  or  northward  along  the  lake  shore 
are  included,  which  together  took  9,085  barrels  of  flour,  52,380  bushels  wheat, 
and  465,000  bushels  of  other  grains.  These  quantities  are  so  small  that  they 
will  not  practically  reduce  the  following  aggregates  for  nine  years,  in  which 
they  cannot  be  distinguished. 

Total  quantities  of  flour  and  grain  forwarded  to  eastern  markets  from  Chicago 

for  nine  years. 


Forwarded  — 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Oats. 

Rye. 

Barley. 

1854          

Barrels. 
Ill  6°7 

Bushels. 
2  306  925 

Bushels. 
6  6°6  054 

Bushels. 
3  229  987 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 
147,  811 

1855 

163  419 

6  298  155 

7  517  6°5 

1  888  538 

92  Oil 

1856                

216  389 

8  364  420 

11  129  663 

1  014  637 

:::::::::::: 

19,  O.'J. 

1857 

2">9  648 

q  g46  052 

6  814  615 

506  778 

17  993 

1838  .                .  . 

470  402 

8  850  257 

7  726  264 

1,  519  069 

7,  569 

132.  020 

185Q 

686  351 

7  166  608 

4  349  360 

1  185  703 

134  404 

486  218 

1860...  . 

608  132 

12  402'  197 

13  700  113 

1  091,698 

156,  642 

267,  449 

1661 

1  603  9°0 

15  835  953 

24  372  725 

3  633  237 

393  813 

226  534 

1862  

l'  739  849 

13  608*  898 

29  452,  610 

3,  112,  366 

871,  796 

532,  195 

The  destination  of  this  movement  is  very  largely  to  Canada,  Collingwood, 
Goderich,  Sarnia,  Kingston,  Port  Colborne,  Montreal  and  Toronto  being  the 
points.  The  quantities  so  sent  in  1862  were:  flour,  420,544  barrels;  wheat, 
3,098,424 bushels;  corn,  6,005,661  bushels;  oats,  157,252  bushels;  rye,  200:659 
bushels;  barley,  71,919  bushels.  These  were  nearly  one-fourth  the  total  quan 
tities  sent  eastward,  except  in  oats  and  barley. 

The  quantity  of  flour  sent  eastward  by  railroad  is  very  great,  amounting  to 


FOREIGN    AND  DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


149 


672,961  barrels,  or  more  than  one-third  of  the  whole.  Of  this  a  portion  pro 
bably  took  the  lake  again  at  Detroit  or  Toledo,  one-half  or  more  being  carried 
entirely  through  by  railroad. 

The  shipments  or  transportation  of  other  articles  from  Chicago  eastward  is 
somewhat  difficult  of  calculation,  lake  and  railroad  carnage  being  to  a  great 
extent  blended  in  the  statements.  The  trade  in  provisions  outward  is  largely 
increasing,  particularly  in  fresh  pork  products.  The  Board  of  Trade  report  for 
1862  says :  "  The  progress  made  in  pork -packing  in  Chicago  during  the  past 
two  years  is  without  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  any  other  city  in  the  United 
States.  During  the  past  two  seasons  a  large  proportion  of  the  hogs  cut  have 
been  made  up  into  English  middles,  for  the  Liverpool  and  London  markets. 
In  the  early  part  of  this  season  nearly  every  packing  house  in  the  city  was 
engaged  in  this  branch  of  the  business.  The  favor  with  which  Chicago  brands 
have  been  received  in  the  leading  markets  of  England  warrants  us  in  the  belief 
that  the  trade  will  be  one  of  permanence." 

From  this  statement  it  may  be  reasonably  inferred  that  the  statement  follow 
ing  of  hogs,  cattle,  and  cut  meats  forwarded  is  mainly  to  eastern  markets, 
whether  by  railroad  or  by  lake. 


Cattle,  /togs,  meats,  whiskey,  wool,  lead,  &c.,  sent  from  Chicago,  1862. 


Cattle. 

Hogs, 
live. 

Hogs, 
dressed. 

Beef. 

Pork. 

Cut  meats. 

Lard. 

By  lake 

735 
1,338 
30,637 
23,837 

52,757 

449 
2,190 
141,617 

97,688 

204,481 

Bbls. 
22,345 

Bbls. 
108.735 

Lbs. 

225.000 
47.642 
24,586,533 
22,52,2,794 

24,458.828 

Lbs. 

34,120 
20.1XX 
21,669,941 
20,112,178 

12010.184 

Chicago  and  Milwaukie  railroad 

51 

11,481 
24,446 

8,631 

Michigan  Southern  railroad  

29,598 
86,238 

11,657 

42,498 
29,431 

11,885 

Michigan  Central  railroad  
Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago 
railroad 

Total  

109,304 

446,425 

44,609 

149,838 

192,549  I  71,840,797 

54,476,42J 

Cattle,  hogs,  meats,  whiskey,  wool,  lead,  S^c.,  sent  from  Chicago,  1862 — Continued. 


Tallow. 

Hides. 

High  wines 
or  whiskey. 

Wool. 

Lead. 

Set-da. 

By  lake    

Lbs. 

365  000 

Lbs. 
4  851  9°0 

Bbls. 
17  551 

Lbs. 
132  480 

Lbs. 
1  378  000 

Lbs. 

1  459  875 

Chicago  and  Milwaukie  railroad  

32000 

142  5-50 

11  915 

67  151 

4')  160 

Michigan  Southern  railroad  
Michigan  Central  railroad  

2,431».rt',>3 
4,657  753 

2,  898!  751 
2  258  153 

12.907 
27  964 

371,603 
660  374 

846,111 

918.764 
2  3  '}  061 

Pittsburg.  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago 

965  855 

5  061  °55 

14  747 

918  6°7 

3  880  486 

1  133  "66 

Total.... 

8  460  531 

15  °12  6°9 

85  084 

o  0g3  084 

6  17  L  748 

5  990  4''G 

The  preponderance  of  railroad  carriage  in  these  articles  is  very  great;  barrelled 
pork,  beef,  whiskey,  hides,  wool,  and  lead  being  largely  carried  by  lake,  and 
pork  only  in  excess  over  the  carriage  by  railroads. 

A  rough  estimate  of  values  may  be  affixed  to  these  quantities  deduced  from 
the  prices  current  reported  in  Chicago  in  1862,  but  the  conditions  are  subject 
to  so  much  change  that  it  will  be  but  a  rough  estimate. 


150 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Articles. 

Quantity. 

Price. 

Amount. 

Flour.                              

bbls. 

1  ,  730,  800 

$5  00 

$8,  654,  000 

Wheat                      .             

bush. 

13,  756,  000 

95 

13,068  200 

Corn                                    ...  ....  .-- 

do.. 

29,000  000 

32 

9,280  000 

Oats 

do 

3,000  000 

32 

960  000 

Rye                    

do.. 

870,  000 

50 

435,  000 

do.. 

500,  000 

75 

375,  000 

Cattle                   

No. 

109  304 

30  00 

3  279  120 

Hogs   live                              -     ... 

No. 

446  425 

7  50 

3  248  188 

Hogs  dressed 

No 

44  609 

8  00 

356  872 

Beef  '         

bbls. 

149,838 

12  00 

1,758,056 

Pork                  

do.. 

192,549 

10  00 

1,925,490 

Cut  meats                     .     ...  ....    - 

Ibs. 

71,840  797 

6 

4,310  448 

Lard 

...  do. 

54,476  423 

8 

4  358  114 

Tallow 

do 

8  460  531 

9 

761  446 

Hides 

do 

15  212  629 

14 

2  129  768 

Whiskey                        

bbls. 

85  ,-084 

12  50 

1  ,  063,  550 

Wool                           

Ibs. 

2,083  084 

50 

1  041  542 

Lead 

do 

6  171  748 

6 

570  305 

Seeds 

do 

5  990  426 

8 

479  234 

Total  estimated  value.  .....  .... 

57,854  334 

PRODUCE  SENT  EASTWARD  FROM  MILWAUKIE. 

The  produce  sent  from  Milwaukie  is  next  to  that  of  Chicago  in  amount  atid 
value.  The  following  are  the  shipments  eastward,  nearly  all  by  lake  through 
out,  though  a  part  crossing  Michigan  by  railroad  in  1861,  1862,  and  1863,  for 
ten  years,  to  1863  inclusive : 

Exports  of  flour  and  grain  from  Milwaukie. 


Year. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Corn. 

Barley. 

Rye. 

1854     

Barrels. 
145,  032 

Bushels. 

1,809,452 

Bushels. 
404,  999 

Bushels. 
164,  900 

Bushels. 
331,  3o9 

Bush'  Is. 
113,443 

1855 

181,568 

2,641,746 

13,  833 

112,  132 

63,  379 

20,  030 

1856 

188,  455 

2,761,979 

5,  443 

218 

10  398 

1857 

228  442 

2  581  311 

2  775 

472 

800 

1858                  

298,  688 

3,994,213 

562,  067 

43,  958 

63,178 

5,378 

1859 

282,  956 

4,  732,  957 

299,  002 

41,364 

53,216 

11,577 

I860 

457  343 

7,568  608 

64  682 

37,  204 

28  056 

9  735 

1861         

674,  474 

13,  300,  495 

1,200 

1,485 

5,  220 

29,810 

1862                

711,405 

14,915,680 

79,  094 

9,489 

44,  800 

126,  301 

1863 

603,  526 

12,  837,  620 

831,600 

88,  989 

133,  449 

84  047 

The  exports  of  flour  and  grain  from  all  the  lake  ports  in  1863  were  as  follows  : 


Flour. 

Wheat. 

Oats. 

Corn. 

Barley. 

Rye. 

Racine  .  

Barrels. 
12,  457 

Bushels. 
747,  898 

Bushels. 
2,148 

Bushels. 

69,  085 

Bushels. 

Bushels. 

Kenosha  ......  .  .. 

122  470 

5,210 

13,  790 

400 

Sheboypran  . 

19  Oil 

255  436 

9  701 

560 

Port  Washington  
Green  Bay 

4,164 
140  397 

76,  880 
586  805 

3,443 

50 

4,109 

2,560 

Mttwaokie  

603,  526 
1,536,691 

12,  837,  620 
10  389  381 

831,690 
5  564,650 

88,  989 
25  674  082 

133,447 
668,  735 

84,  047 
835,  133 

Total  in  1863  .   ... 

2,301,664 

24  751  673 

6  416  842 

25  832  206 

816,  133 

919,712 

FOKEIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


151 


The  shipment  of  provisions  eastward  from  Milwaukie  in  1862  -was  large: 

Beef,  33,174  barrels,  3,217  tierces,  equal  to 7,  599,  900  pounds. 

Pork,  56,434  barrels,  equal  to* 11,  286,  800  pounds. 

Bacon,  12,665  boxes,  equal  to 5,  382,  625  pounds- 
Lard,  20,897  .barrels  and  kegs,  equal  to 5,177,  593  pounds. 

Tallow,  4,750  barrels,  equal  to 1, 106,  750  pounds. 

Other  produce  shipments  were: 

Butter,  1,068,967  pounds,  value $138,  965 

Wool,  1,314,210  pounds,  value 657,  105 

Hides,  No.  32,941,  value 98,  823 

Seeds,  8,684  pounds,  value 26,  052 

Whiskey,  estimated  20,000  barrels,  value 180,  000 

The  value  of  the  produce  of  all  classes  shipped  at  Milwaukie  is  approximately 
as  follows,  for  1862: 

Flour $3,  557,  020 

Wheat 14, 169,  896 

Other  grains 126,  278 

Beef 436, 692 

Pork 564,  340 

Bacon , 322,958 

Lard 41 4,  207 

Tallow 95,  000 

Butter,  wool,  &c 1,  000,  945 


Total 20,  787,  336 


To  which  may  be  added,  for  grain  and  flour  shipped  from  Racine,  Kenosha, 
Sheboygan,  and  Green  Bay,  $2,590,685,  giving  an  aggregate  approximately  as 
follows : 

Chicago $57,  854,  333 

Milwaukie 20,  787,  336 

Other  ports  of  Lake  Michigan 2,  590,  685 

Total  value 81,  232,  354 


Eastward  freights  on  the  Milwaukie  and  Prairie  du  Chien  and  the  Milwaukie 
and  La  Crosse  railways  in  1863. 


Articles. 


Milwaukie  and 
Prairie  du  Chien. 


Milwaukie  and 
La  Crosse. 


Flour barrels . 

Wheat bushels. 

Rye bushels. 

Barley bushels. 

Oats bushels . 

Corn bushels. 

Beans bushels. 

Grass  seeds bushels . 

Live  hogs No. 

Dressed  hogs pounds. 

Cattle No. 

Eggs pounds . 


106, 201 

4, 502, 197 

85,943 

132,877 

786,216 

106, 638 

11,275 

8,344 

55,  027 

19, 780, 205 

22,112 

277, 418 


2a5, 623 

5, 764, 325 

41,041 

118,157 

103, 500 

3,  336 

2,513 

350 

5, 993 

9,407,769 

4,325 

172, 171 


152 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 
Eastward  freights,  fye. — Continued. 


Articles. 

Mihvaukie  and 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

Mihvaukie  and 
La  Crosse. 

Butter  

1,300,580 

563,  084 

Lard                                          

pounds  . 

1,774,8-24 

12,015 

Tallow                               

.  .  pounds. 

216,604 

117,948 

\Vool                                      

.  ...         pounds. 

440,691 

280  980 

Hides  '  

pounds  . 

1,722,529 

2,  308,  826 

bushels 

27  623 

Pork  a  1  1  1  1  beef  ......  ....  ......  ....  .... 

barrels  . 

t  

1,045 

Farm  products  not  specified  ......  .... 

.  .  pounds  . 

300  573 

Horses 

P      No 

1  193 

Barrels    empty 

No 

9  432 

Staves 

pieces 



436  300 

Lumber   .     ..                 ............... 

feet. 

2,651  192 

Pier  iron                                .    .   ... 

pounds 

3  450  165 

Ice 

....  tons 

560 

Agricultural  implements 

pounds 

251  914 

Shingles           -             ................. 

bunches. 

... 

5  993 

Stave  bolts         .......         .             .. 

cords 

150 

Merchandise 

.   ..pounds 

2  770  496 

Machinery 

pounds 

]]Q   080 

Mi  scellaneous  ,  .. 

pounds  . 

8,054  684 

Westward  freight  over  the  Milwaukie  and  Prairie  du  Chien  and  the  Mil  wait 
kie  and  St.  Paul  railroads  in  1863. 


Articles. 

Milwaukie  and 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

Milwaukie  and 
St.  Paul. 

Merchandise 

pounds 

47,101,026 
397,  957 
3,  598,  650 
9,  706,  468 
9,  056,  673 
5,981,250 
976,  745 
16,371 
349,  942 

76,  508,  426 
982,  691 
2,191,156 
9,  059,  1  37 
5,  679,  050 
3,  333 
182,  080 
190,  OOG 
386,  000 
215 
2,958 
278 
80,  000 
219 
18 
45,  282 
4,  492 
8,093 
1,425 
1,969 
9,  238 
10,112 
2,  043 
3,650 
15,  308 
1,034,718 

Machinery  .. 

pounds 

Agricultural  implements  . 

pounds 

Miscellaneous 

pounds 

Lumber 

feet 

No 

Lathes  

feet 

Hoops  ......      .     .  . 

No 

Staves 

pieces 

Hides  

Coal  

tons 

5,328 

80 

Pier  iron  .. 

tons 

Bark       

pounds 

Bricks  . 

M 

780 

Stone  .. 

Salt  

55,  107 
3,  099 
2,  054 
724 

Cement  

barrels 

High  wines 

barrels 

Flour  

Wheat  

Barrels,  empty  .. 

No 

14,486 
7,317 

Horses,  cattle,  and  sheep 

No 

Pork  and  beef  

..."  barrels 

Corn  

Wool  

Farm  products,  not  specified.  . 

pounds 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


153 


There  are  various  minor  products  of  the  vicinity  of  Lake  Michigan  which 
constituted  items  of  noticeable  value  in  these  exports — in  the  Milwaukie  trade 
reports  cranberries,  beans,  eggs,  staves,  shingles,  brick,  &c. — but  their  aggregate 
value  is  small.  At  ports  of  the  lake  further  northward  there  are  furs,  fish, 
lumber  and  wood  in  large  amount.  The  fisheries  of  the  straits  are  extensive 
and  profitable,  and  though  great  quantities  are  now  sea*  west,  for  consumption 
in  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  and  the  vicinity,  there  is  a  more  considerable  portion 
going  eastward  to  all  parts  of  the  lake  district.  From  all  miscellaneous 
sources,  however,  not  more  than  two  or  three  millions  of  dollars  in  •  value  would 
be  added  to  the  outward  or  eastward  trade  of  the  Lake  Michigan  district. 

THE  LAKE  SUPERIOR  TRADE. 

The  next  important  accession  to  the  lake  trade  going  eastward  is  the  export 
trade  of  Lake  Superior,  mainly  the  product  of  its  copper  and  iron  mines.  The 
following  statement  of  the  superintendent  of  the  ship  canal  at  the  Falls  of  the 
Sault  Ste.  M?rie  shows  the  transit  of  vessels  through  that  canal  monthly  for  1862 : 


Months. 

SCHOONERS. 

PROPELLERS. 

STEAMERS. 

TOTAL. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

No. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

In  April 

1 

20 
18 
18 
21 
22 
14 
7 

744 

10,  698 
9,834 
9,  960 
11,677 
10,  849 
7,549 
3,813 

1 
28 
27 
25 
24 
29 
23 
17 

786 
19,  991 
18,812 
17,  686 
17,537 
20,  109 
16,  198 
12,  776 

1,530 
37,345 

77,  982 
56,  739 
71,820 
63,808 
32,  4*9 
17,899 

May 

28 
146 
100 
135 
100 
29 
5 

6,856 
49,  336 
29,  093 
42,  608 
32,  850 
8,742 
1,310 

June 

July     

Alioriist            .  .    ...... 

September 

October 

November  ....  ....  ...... 

Total  .... 

543 

175,  595 

121 

65,124 

174 

124,  833 

359,612 

The  character  of  this  trade  is  such  that  this  movement  would  necessarily 
represent  an  equal  number  of  vessels  and  amount  of  tonnage  each  way,  as  all 
vessels  that  go  up  return  again  the  same  season  unless  lost.  The  eastward 
movement  of  the  year  1862  would  therefore  be: 

271  schooners tons . .   82,  797 

60  propellers tons . .   32,  561 

87  steamers tons..   62,  416 

Or  418  vessels  of  all  classes ,     ,...,.  .tons..  177,  774 


The  shipments  outward  for  1862  were  estimated  by  the  same  authority  to  be 
150,000  tons  of  iron  and  iron  ore,  and  9,300  tons  of  pure  or  native  copper, 
valued  together  at  $12,000,000.  Very  little  else  was  shipped  outward — a  few- 
furs,  copper  ore  from  the  Canadian  side,  and  minor  articles.  The  inward  or 
westward  shipments  of  merchandise,  machinery  for  working  mines,  supplies  to 
miners,  &c.,  are  estimated  to  have  been  of  the  value  of  $10,000,000  for  the 
same  year. 

The  following  statement  of  the  production  and  shipment  of  copper  from  the 
opening  of  the  mines  in  1845  will  show  the  development  already  attained: 


154 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Aggregate  shipments  of  copper  from  Lake  Superior  from  1845  to  1862. 

Value. 

Shipments  in  1 845 pounds . .  1,300  $290 

1846 tons . .  29  2,6 1 9 

1847 tons..  239  107,550 

1848 tons. .  516  206,400 

1849 tons..  750  301,200 

1850 tons..  640  266,000 

1851 tons..  872  348,800 

1852 tons..  887  300,450 

1853 tons..  1,452  508,200 

1854 tons. .  2,300  805,000 

1855 tons . .  3,196  1,437,000 

1856 tons..  5,726  2,400,100 

1857. . tons. .  5,759  2,015,650 

1858 tons. .  5,896  1,610,000 

1859 tons . .  6,041  1,932,000 

1860 tons . .  8,614  2,520,000 

1861 tons.-.  10,347  3,180,000 

1862 tons. .  10,000*  4,000,000 

Shipments  of  the  copper  districts— four  years. 

1859.        I860.        1861.        1862. 

Keweenaw  district 1,910.3  1,910.8  2,151.9       2,726.8* 

Portage  lake 1,533.1  3,064.6  4,708.6       4,288.9* 

Ontonagon 2,597.6  3,610.7  3,476.7       2,706.1 

Carp  lake 20.5  7.1 

Sundry  mines , 7.6  „ 

The  production  of  iron  and  the  export  of  iron  ore  in  the  Lake  Superior 
region  were  as  follows: 

Tone  ore.  Tons  pig.     •  Value. 

1855 1,445  $14,470 

1856 11,597  92,776 

1857 26,184  209,472 

1858 31, 035  1, 627  249, 269 

1859 65,679  7,258  575,521 

1860 116.998  5,660  736,490 

1861 45,430  7,970  410,460 

1862 115,721  8,590  984,976 

The  destination  of  the  copper  shipped  is  to  Buffalo  and  eastward,  hut  the 
iron  and  iron  ore  go  in  part  to  Cleveland  and  Pittsburg.  Copper  is  also  smelted 
at  Pittsburg  to  some  extent.  A  very  large  trade  with  Lake  Superior  is  con 
ducted  at  Cleveland,  at  which  point  many  of  these  products  are  first  received. 

THE    LAKE    FISHERIES. 

The  lake  fisheries  are  described  in  the  Buffalo  trade  report  as  being  located 
and  successful  at  a  great  number  of  points :  *» 

"In  the  Sandusky  bay,  in  the  Manmee  bay  and  Maumee  river,  in  the  Monroe  bay,  in 
the  Detroit  river,  in  the  St.  Clair  river  and  rapids,  in  Lake  Huron  from  Huron  to  Point 
aux  Barque,  in  the  Au  Sable  river,  in  Thunder  bay  nbove  Au  Sable  river,  including  Sugar 
island,  in  Saginaw  bay  and  river,  in  Tawos  bay,  between  Thunder  bay  and  Mackinac, 

*  Estimated. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


155 


including  Hammond's  bay,  in  and  about  Mackinac  at  Boavcr  island  and  its  surroundings, 
between  the  De  Tour  and  the  Sault,  along  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  in  Green 
bay  in  WT-cousiu  and  Michigan,  at  Presque  Isle,  Pennsylvania,  in  Superior's  numerous 
bays  and  inl  :ts,  are  found  the  principal  fishing  grounds  of  the  lakes,  and  the  annual  catch 
ranges  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  thousand  barrels,  valued  at  four  to  six  hundred  thousand 
dollars  The  lake  fisheries  are  only  second  to  the  cod  fisheries  off  the  Atlantic  coast,  from 
Cape  Cod  bay  to  Cape  Breton,  and  are  a  source  of  very  considerable  wealth." 

The  receipts  offish  at  Buffalo  only  are  fully  stated,  and  the  decline  apparent 
in  the  proceeds  of  the  fisheries  received  there  results  from  the  increased  demand 
for  them  in  the  western  States  generally,  and  their  wider  distribution. 

Lake  imports  of  fisli  at  Buffalo. 


Years.  Barrels. 

1854 11,752 

1855 7,241 

1856 6,250 

1857 5,290 

1858 4,203 


Years.  Barrels. 

1859 13,391 

1860 26,655 

1861 8,313 

1862 8,647 


TRADE  OF  LAKE  ERIE  EASTWARD 

Toledo. 

Toledo  has  within  a  few  years  become  a  point  of  very  extensive  shipment  of 
grain  and  produce  eastward.  The  country  adjacent  to  it,  and  westward  to  Lake 
Michigan,  is  extremely  productive,  sending  a  large  annual  surplus  to  distant 
markets,  and  the  Michigan  Southern  railroad  brings  large  quantities  of  flour 
from  Chicago  to  take  water  transportation  further  eastward.  In  five  years, 
closing  with  1862,  this  road  delivered  the  following  extraordinarily  large  quan 
tities  of  flour,  grain,  and  other  produce,  at  Toledo: 


Articles. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Flour  barrels  . 

253,  158 

379,  610 

394  542 

752  309 

882  576 

\Vheat    ......  bushels 

940,  393 

1  024  026 

1  949  893 

2  4.;>0  320 

2  850  694 

Corn  do..  . 
Oats,  barley,  and  rye.  . 
Pork                   barrels 

266,  229 
'132,  630 
51,212 

190,219 
88,  006 
80,  279 

831,372 
179,625 

62  880 

200,  440 
22,  925 

91  738 

258,  300 
187,  345 
55  813 

Beef         .  .           do 

47  185 

17  829 

32  225 

Cattle               number 

1  552 

1  253 

1  641 

2  281 

1  803 

Hogs,  live  do.  .  . 

1,552 

962 

1,397 

1,482 

3,006 

Hogs,  dressed.  pounds  . 
Pork   boxes          do 

3,  277,  415 

4,728,175 

3,714,567 

5,  515,  077 

6,345,224 
17  506  50'i 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  new  product  of  cut  pork  for  European  markets  appears 
largely  in  1862,  evidently  in  greater  part  from  Chicago. 

The  Dayton  and  Michigan  railroad,  leading  from  the  southwest,  in  western 
Ohio,  also  brought  a  large  amount  of  produce  in  1862 : 


Flour barrels..     158,257 

Wheat   bushels . .  1,277,006 

Corn bushels . .       98,422 

Pork barrels . .       21,639 


Beef 

Pork  in  boxes 
Dressed  hogs . 


,  ..ban-els..  4,662 
.  .pounds.. 5,972,836 
..pounds..  529,081 


The  Toledo  and  "YVabash  railroad  brought  from  central  Indiana : 


Flour barrels . .     247,389 

Wheat bushels . .  2,565,958 

Corn bushels.  .2,678,327 

Oats  and  rye bushels . .      60,239 


Pork barrels 

Beef barrels . 

Dressed  hogs pounds 


.      60,978 

33,124 

4,302,078 


Cut  pork pounds . .  1,549,267 


156 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  Wabash  and  Erie  and  Miami  and  Erie  canals  delivered  at  Toledo  in  1862 : 


Flour barrels . .     217,860 

Wheat bushels . .  3,007,204 

Cora bushels . .    738,863 

Oats  and  rye bushels . .         5,621 


Pork barrels . .       28,898 

Beef barrels . .         3,469 

Whiskey barrels . .       ^  1 ,906 

Bacon pounds.  .2,431,371 


Together  these  lines  sum  a  large  aggregate  of  receipts  at  Toledo,  of  which 
only  a  small  portion  has  before  been  noted  as  leaving  Chicago  eastward  by  the 
Michigan  Southern  railroad.  The  total  quantities  received  are  : 


Flour barrels . .  1,585,325 

Wheat bushels . .  9,827,629 

Cora bushels..  3,813,709 

Pork ,  barrels . .  167,328 

Beef barrels . .  73,480 

Lard pounds..  125,800 

Pork  in  boxes,and  bacon,lbs.27,450,067 


Whiskey barrels. .       157,115 

Hides pounds . .   6,300,000 

Hogs number..       327,680 

Cattle number . .         74,840 

Sheep  ....     ...  .number. .         17,400 

Cloverseed bushels . .        60,540 

Dressed  hogs pounds . .  11,1 76,383 


The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  receipts  of  flour  and  grain  at  Toledo  for 
three  years : 

I860.  1861.  1862. 

Flour barrels..       807,768       1,406,676       1,585,325 


Wheat bushels..   5,341,190  6,277,407  9,827,629 

Corn bushels..   5,  386,  951  5,312,038  3,813,709 

Oats bushels . .        129,  689  41,  423  234,  759 

Barley bushels..       115,  992  12,  064  63,  038 

Bye bushels..         37,787  31,  193  44,368 

Total  grain 11,  Oil,  609  11,  674, 130  13,  983,  593 


The  lines  of  shipment  eastward  from  Toledo  are  two  propeller  lines  of  six 
to  ten  vessels  each,  one  connecting  with  the  New  York  central  railroad  at  Buf 
falo,  and  one  with  the  Erie  railroad  at  Dunkirk.  There  are  also  vessels  running 
to  Oswego,  Ogdensburg,  Port  Colburne,  Canada,  and  other  points.  The  Cleve 
land  and  Toledo  railroad  takes  a  large  amount  of  flour  on  the  south  shore  of 
the  lake  to  Cleveland. 

Table  showing  the  shipments  of  flour,  wheat,  and  corn  from  Toledo  in  1862. 


Ports. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

To  Buffalo                                                

Barrels. 
836,  762 

Bushels. 
5  063,216 

Bushels. 
1,471,218 

Dunkirk         

488,  905 

65,  050 

111,436 

5,818 

3,  146,  824 

741,233 

Cape  Vincent                                            -               -  -  - 

35,  250 

69,  750 

Osrden^ljurcr 

38,706 

382,335 

341  709 

Sa^inaw  and  Port  Huron 

550 

41,,  600 

Cleveland 

13  500 

45  080 

Eric          ...                    .             ...                 ..  . 

33,160 

Montreal         .                                                         .   . 

142,  506 

164,  174 

Kingston 

5CO  814 

188,717 

Toronto  

7::,  470 

Port  Colborne  

174,  279 

208,  910 

Other  Canadian  ports  

2,  1*7 

50,  020 

By  Cleveland  und  Toledo  railroad                               ** 

174,  397 

17,533 

157,  336 

Total 

]  547  325 

9  402,327 

3,  697,  808 

FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


157 


This  is  fill,  therefore,  the  proper  eastward  trade  of  the  belt  embraced  in  the 
general  calculation,  and  it  is  mainly  lake  commerce  strictly.  The  larger  share 
of  the  shipments  eastward  from  Chicago  by  railroad  here  return  to  the  lake, 
though  they  again  take  the  railroads  in  New  York,  the  Erie  at  Dunkirk  and 
the  Central  at  Buffalo.  The  shipments  eastward  of  other  produce,  pork,  beef 
and  provisions,  are  not  given  in  the  trade  report*  from  which  the  preceding 
statistics  have  been  taken,  but  it  is  assumed  that  the  shipments  are  at  least  equal 
to  the  receipts.  Of  pork,  beef,  lard,  tallow,  &c.,  they  are  undoubtedly  much 
greater  than  the  receipts  by  railroads  and  canals,  since  there  is  no  considerable 
consumption  at  Toledo,  and  a  lage  number  of  hogs  are  packed  in  the  city. 
Live  stock,  hogs,  cattle  and  sheep,  were  sent  eastward  mainly  by  the  Cleveland 
and  Toledo  railroad.  The  numbers  by  railroads  and  by  lake  were : 

Cattle.  Hogs.  Sheep. 

By  lake 4,  093  14,  945  1,  156 

By  railroad 85,370  341,640  34,800 


Total  sent  east  1862 89,  463 


356, 585 


35,  956 


The  value  of  this  produce 

leaving  Toledo  eastward  is,  approximately  — 

Flour  

$7,  736,  625 

Wheat  

9,  402,  327 

Corn  

1,  479,  123 

Pork  

1,  840,  608 

Beef  

891,  760 

Whiskey  

1,571,150 

Hides  

630,  000 

Hogs  

2,  600,  440 

Cattle  

2,  245,  200 

Sheep  

35,000 

Cloverseed  

240,  000 

Pork  in  boxes  and  bacon  

1,  647,  004 

Dressed  hogs  

670,  583 

Total  value 30,  989,  820 


THE  TRADE  OF    DETROIT  EASTWARD. 

The  position  of  Detroit  is  one  of  extensive  transit  of  produce  brought  by  the 
rnilroads  crossing  the  State  from  Lake  Michigan,  as  well  as  one  of  importance 
as  a  primary  market  of  the  produce  of  the  State  of  Michigan.  The  Michigan 
Central  railroad  carries  largely  of  freight  from  Chicago,  which  has  once  been 
noted  in  the  statistics  of  eastward-bound  produce.  The  various  branches  of  this 
and  the  other  roads  in  the  State  make  the  chief  market  of  their  surplus  at  Detroit. 
The  receipts  of  flour  and  grain  for  three  years  from  all  sources  were  as  follows  : 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Flour  

862  175 

1  321  140 

1  543  876 

Wheat 

1  809  523 

O    KHK    i  i  i 

o    j).r.U    940 

Com  

do 

638  698 

1  036  506 

583  861 

Oats  

do 

319  598 

388  986 

402  247 

Barley 

do 

124  882 

c;q  7'?4 

16*1  200 

Rve 

do 

30  843 

Ifi  981 

18  807 

*»  "The  Toledo  Blade's  annual  statement  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Toledo,"  pub 
lished  by  the  Toledo  Board  of  Trade. 


158 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  detail  of  other  produce  is  not  at  hand  for  incorporation  in  this  statement. 
It  is  known  to  embrace  large  quantities  of  miscellaneous  produce — wool,  butter, 
hides,  pork,  beef  and  provisions,  lard,  tallow,  seeds,  &c.  The  flour  and  grain 
stated  above  would  reach  a  large  valuation,  which  may  be  stated  at  the  following 
approximate  sums : 

Flour $9,  000,  000 

Wheat 3,  250,  000 

Corn 500,  000 

Oats 160,  000 

Barley  and  rye 175,  000 

Estimating  five  millions  of  dollars  as  a  minimum  value  of  other  produce 
finding  its  primary  market  here,  the  total  value  is  $18,085,000  furnished  at 
this  point  to  the  lake  commerce  destined  for  eastern  markets. 

We  find  in  a  late  number  of  the  Detroit  Tribune  a  carefully  prepared  state 
ment  of  the  flour  and  grain  trade  of  that  city  for  1863,  from  which  we  makeup 
the  following  table : 

FLOUR. 

Receipts — bbls.  Shipments — bbls. 

1858 592,387  505,917 

1859 605,  640  478,  918 

1860 862, 175  809, 515 

1861 1, 321, 149  1, 261,  289 

1862 1, 543,  886  1, 445,  458 

3863 1,143,148  1,033,150 

WHEAT. 

Bushels.  Bushels. 

•   3858 886, 613  791, 870 

1859 858,  037  739, 236 

1860 1,814,951  1,607,757 

1861 3,  005,  111  2,  705,  067 

1862 3,593,242  3,419,942 

1863 2,174,726  1,862,901 

CORN. 

1858 236, 612  182, 587 

1859 403, 055  132, 487 

1860 638, 698  592, 044 

1861 1,036,506  989,309 

1862 608, 861  342, 887 

1863 352,  295  139,  616 

OATS. 
(1858  not  given.) 

1859 173, 364  24, 816 

I860 399,598  319,205 

1861 319, 986  253,  157 

1862 407,  247  151, 204 

1863 662, 926  465,  057 

TOTAL  RECEIPTS  OF  FLOUR    AND  GRAIN  REDUCED  TO  BUSHELS. 

1859 4,177,856 

1860 6,441,639 

1861 10,  514,  286 

1862 11, 827,  000 

1863 8,527,666 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  159 

LAKE  COMMERCE  AT  BUFFALO. 

From  the  preceding  review  of  the  sources  of  lake  freight  and  its  general 
shipment  eastward,  it  is  apparent  that  it  takes  many  different  routes  of  actual 
transit.  While  the  chief  one  is  to  Buffalo,  connecting  there  with  the  Erie  canal 
and  the  New  York  Central  railroad,  there  is,  first,  a  large  diversion  by  southern 
routes;  the  Pittsburg,  Fort  Wayne,  and  Chicago  railroad,  the  Southern  Michigan, 
and  the  Cleveland  and  Toledo  railroads,  all  carrying  in  part  to  the  Pennsylvania 
Central  road,  and  the  two  last  named  to  the  New  York  and  Erie  railroad.  Next 
are  other  railroads,  and  several  propeller  lines  terminating  at  Dunkirk,  for  ship 
ment  over  the  New  York  and  Erie  road ;  and  on  the  north  there  are  several 
Canadian  lines  which  draw  off  large  quantities  of  produce  either  to  Canadian 
markets,  or  for  transit  through  Canada  to  Niagara,  Oswego,  or  other  points  in 
the  United  States  eastward.  Extensive  shipments  also  take  the  Wellarid  canal 
for  Lake  Ontario  without  touching  at  Canadian  ports. 

The  freight  passing  over  the  Pennsylvania  railroad  can  only  be  calculated 
in  the  business  of  that  road.  Those  of  the  Erie  road  also  have  no  statistical 
statement  at  the  point  of  receipt,  and  it  is  only  at  Buffalo  that  any  definite 
account  of  receipts  by  lake,  or  from  the  lake  district,  can  be  taken.  At  this 
point  the  statistics  are  full  and  satisfactory,  and  in  the  very  valuable  report  of 
the  Buffalo  Board  of  Trade  for  1862  they  are  given  for  a  series  of  years  to 
1862,  inclusive.  Here  are  also  definite  statements  of  many  items  of  lake 
exports — fish,  copper,  iron,  &c.,  which  could  not  be  stated  in  detail  from  western 
sources. 

Buffalo  is  a  point  of  the  receipt  and  shipment  equally  of  quantities  coming 
from  other  primary  or  producing  markets  and  destined  to  other  markets  of  con 
sumption.  Oswego,  Dunkirk,  Ogdensburg,  and  Cape  Vincent  are  the  same  for 
the  lake  trade.  Detroit  and  Toledo  are  such  in  part  only.  The  following 
statements  of  receipts  may  therefore  be  considered  as  equivalent  to  shipments 
also,  and  may  be  grouped  as  exhibiting  the  receipts  at  the  eastern  extremity  of 
the  lakes  of  the  proper  trade  of  the  lake  district : 

BUFFALO. 

1860.  1861.  1862. 

Flour barrels. .     1,  122,  335         2, 159,  591         2,  846,  022 

Wheat bushels..  18,502,649  27,105,219  30,435,381 

Corn bushels..  11,386,217  21,024,657  24,288,627 

Oats bushels. .  1,  209,  594  1,  797,  905  2,  624,  932 

Barley bushels..  262,158  313,757  423,124 

Rye bushels..  80,822  337,764  791,564 


Total  grain 31,441,440       50,597,302       58,564,078 


OSWEGO. 

I860.  1861.  1862. 

Flour barrels..          121,399  ]  19, 056  235,382 


Wheat bushels. .  9,  651,  564  10,  121,  446  10,  982,  132 

Corn bushels...  5,  019,  400  4,  642,  262  4,  528,  962 

Oats bushels..  388,416  116,384  187,284 

Barley bushels. .  1,  326,  915  1,  173,  551  1,  050,  364 

Rye bushels..  244,311  381,687  130,175 


Total  grain 16,630,606       16,435,330       16,878,917 


160  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


DUNKIRK. 

1860.                             1861.  1862. 

Flour barrels. .         542,  765  736,  529  1,  095,  364 

Wheat bushels..         500,888  604,561  112,061 

Cora bushels..          644,081  230,400  149,654 

Oats  and  rye bushels..              8,843                  7,175  10,173 


Total  grain 1,153,812  842,136  271,888 


OGDENSBURG. 

1860.  1861.  1862. 

Flour barrels. .         248,  200  411,  888  576,  394 


Wheat bushels. .  565,  022  677,  386  6S9,  930 

Corn bushels..  867,014  1,119,594  1,120,176 

Oats bushels..  28,242  2,365  3,336 

Barley '. bushels. .  7,  105  15,  151  15,  529 

Rye bushels . .  3,  050  3,  888         


Total  grain 1,  470,  433         1,818,  384         1,  828,  974 


CAPE    VINCEI^T. 

1860.  1861.  1862. 

Flour  . .  .  .barrels. .  28, 940  65, 407  48, 576 


Wheat bushels. .  208,  878  276,  610  316,  403 

Corn bushels..  73,300  124,411  219,369 

Oats bushels..  27,299  2,994  1,030 

Barley bushels. .  90,  614  53,  877  31,  265 

Rye... bushels..  20,616  23,365  762 

Total  grain 415,  707  481, 257  598,  829 

Summary  of  receipts  at  terminal  lake  ports,  1862. 

Flour,  barrels.  Grain,  bushels. 

Buffalo 2,  846,  022  58,  564,  078 

Dunkirk 1,  095,  364  271,  888 

Oswego 235,  382  16,  878,  917 

Ogdensburg 576,  394  1,  828,  974 

Cape  Vincent 48, 576  598, 829 

Total..  4,801,738      -78,142,686 


It  is  clear  that  this  does  not  cover  the  total  lake  trade,  not  to  mention  that  of 
the  districts  of  the  west  south  of  its  proper  line,  since  the  receipts  at  New  York 
alone  are  larger  than  the  total.  The  following  statement  of  receipts  at  New  York 
is  from  the  Buffalo  trade  report  for  1862: 


Flour 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

I860. 

barrels..     3,892,358 


1861. 

5,013,053 


161 

18G2. 

5,379,417 


Wheat bushels..  18,089,384  28,749,909  28,897,110 

Com bushels..  12,999,659  23,189,469  18,409,465 

Oats bushels . .  4,  358,  824  4,  031,  395  4,  832,  330 

Barley bushels . .  1,  168,  065  1,  742,  895  1,  627,  790 

Rye bushels..  143,927  659,368  923,016 

Total  grain 36,  759,  864       58,  373,  036       54,  689,  711 

The  flour  and  grain  trade  of  Buffalo  has  been  large  for  many  years,  and 
until  about  1854  it  constituted  the  sole  statistical  return  of  that  class  of  trade 
on  the  lakes.  The  following  statement  of  receipts  at  Buffalo  of  flour  and  the 
several  kinds  of  grain  shows  the  growth  of  the  trade  from  1836  to  1862,  and 
that  at  no  time  has  its  increase  been  so  rapid  as  from  1860  to  1862:* 

Receipts  of  flour  and  grain  at  Buffalo  from  the  west  from  1836  to  1862. 


Years. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Oats. 

Barley. 

Rye. 

1836  

Barrels. 
139,  178 

Bushels. 

304,  090 

Bushels. 
204,  355 

Bushels. 

28,  640 

Bushels. 
4,876 

Bushels. 
1,500 

1837 

126  805 

450  350 

94  490 

2  553 

3  267 

1838 

277,  620 

933,117 

34,  148 

6,577 

909 

1*39 

294  125 

1  117  262 

1840 

597  142 

1  004  5G1 

71  327 

1841 

730,  040 

1,635,000 

201,031 

14,144 

2,150 

1842 

734  308 

1  555  420 

454  530 

4,710 

1,2CS 

1843 

917  517 

1  827  24] 

223  963 

2  489 

1  332 

1844  

915,  030 

2,  177,  500 

137,978 

18,017 

1,617 

456 

1845 

746,  750 

1  770,740 

54,  200 

23,  JOO 

1846 

,  374,  529 

4  744,184 

1  455  258 

218  300 

47,  350 

28,  250 

1847 

857  000 

6  489  100 

2  862  300 

44(j  ooo 

70  7«7 

1848         

,  249,  000 

4,520,117 

2,298  000 

5GO,  000 

6 

17,  889 

1849 

,  207,  435 

4,  943,  978 

3  321  651 

362,  384 

1850 

,  103,  039 

3  681,347 

2  593  378 

357  580 

3  600 

1851  

,  258,  224 

4,  167,  121 

5,  988,  775 

1,140,340 

142,  773 

10,652 

185-2  

1,  299,  513 

5,  549,  778 

5,136,746 

2,  596,  231 

497,  913 

112,251 

1853 

975,  557 

5,  420,  043 

8  065  793 

1  580  655 

401,098 

107,152 

1854  
1855  

739,  756 
936,  761 

3,  510,  792 
8,022,126 

10,  108,  983 
9,711,430 

4,401,739 
2,  693,  222 

313,885 
62,  304 

177,066 
299,591 

1856  

1857  ...     . 

1,  126,  048 
845,  953 

8,  465,  671 
8  334  179 

9,633,277 
5  713  611 

1,738,382 
1  214  760 

46,327 

37,  844 

245,  '810 
48  536 

1858 

1  536  109 

10  671  550 

6  621  668 

2  278  241 

308  371 

125  214 

1859 

1  420  333 

9  234  65° 

3  113  653 

2  394  502 

361  560 

124  693 

I860  

1,122,335 

18,502,649 

11,386  217 

1  209,594 

262,  158 

80  822 

1861  

2,  159,  591 

27  105  219 

21  024  657 

1  797  905 

313  757 

337  764 

1862 

2  846  022 

30  435  831 

24  288  627 

2  624  932 

423  124 

991  564 

*  The  following  incidents  connected  with  the  origin  of  this  vast  trade  are  from  the  Board 
of  Trade  report  of  Buffalo  for  1862 : 

"The  history  of  the  produce  trade  of  Buffalo,  which  is  now  of  such  vast  magnitude,  dates 
back  but  a  few  years,  and  is  in  fact  the  history  of  the  produce  trade  of  the  Great  West. 
Previous  to  1839  there  was  very  little,  if  any,  grain  received  at  this  port  for  sale.  The  grain 
received  prior  to  this  date  was  mostly  purchased  by  millers  from  the  interior  of  this  State,  who 
made  their  purchases  in  Ohio  and  shipped  it  to  place  of  destination,  but  the  quantities  were 
insignificant  as  compared  with  our  present  grain  trade. 

"  In  the  fall  of  1838  the  steamer  Great  Western  brought  to  this  port  from  Chicago  thirty- 
nine  bags  of  wheat  consigned  to  a  miller  in  Otsego  county,  which  was  the  first  grain  ship 
ment  from  Lake  Michigan  ports,  and  the  only  shipment  made  during  that  year. 

Ex.  Doc.  55 11 


1G2 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


The  trade  of  Buffalo  in  pork,  beef,  bacon,  and  provisions  generally,  is  as 
greatly  extended  in  1862  over  former  years  as  is  that  in  flour  and  grain.  The 
following  table  gives  the  total  of  receipts  and  the  shipments  by  canal  eastward 
for  fourteen  years.  The  shipments  by  railroads  eastward  are  large,  but  they 
cannot  be  distinguished,  being  simply  classed  with  other  freight:* 


Receipts  of 

provisions 

by  lake  for  fo 

urteen  years. 

Canal  oxp 

orts  of  pnr 

Tluons  for  fot 

rteen  years. 

Years. 

Pork. 

Beef. 

Bacon. 

Lard. 

Pork. 

Beef. 

Bacon. 

Lard  oil  and 
lard. 

1849  

Barrels. 
59,  954 

Barrels. 
61,  998 

Pounds. 
5,  193,  996 

Pounds. 
5,  311,  037 

Barrels. 
41,  978 

Barrels. 

58,  978 

Pounds. 
4,  322,  664 

Pounds. 
4,421,614 

1850 

40  249 

84,  719 

6  562  808 

5,093  512 

27,  517 

78,853 

7,  791,  466 

5,864,  187 

1851  

32,  169 

73,  074 

7,  951,  030 

4,  798,  500 

23,680 

61,773 

6,  146,  000 

4,  339,  000 

1852  

50  699 

70  679 

9  696,  590 

7,  164,  672 

71,  863 

55,  615 

9,  364,  458 

10,  060,  237 

1853 

102  548 

69  779 

23  075  645 

8  Ife5  305 

86  085 

49,  346 

15  474  367 

8  75L)  456 

1854  

147  898 

56  997 

20,  455,  400 

13,  575,  660 

123,  255 

26,  750 

18,  702,  326 

14,  613,  246 

1855 

106  682 

97  804 

10  74>3  399 

10  357  130 

72  278 

34  925 

6  794  919 

5  165)  128 

1656  

60  477 

33  320 

9,  220,  932 

5,  337,  502 

28,  032 

4,843 

3,  948,  307 

3,  905,  702 

1857 

20  283 

59  911 

3  612  519 

643  006 

9  195 

5  256 

2,  112  093 

710  435 

1858  

60  482 

122  945 

5,  189,  1  76 

4,  916,  520 

38,602 

72,  503 

3,  009,  548 

3,  830,  619 

18.">9 

76  619 

81  875 

5  953  000 

5  379  150 

35  782 

30  358 

1.518  147 

3,  150,  502 

I860  

16,330 

37,  522 

1,651,600 

1,  618,  303 

5,466 

6,460 

4,452 

106,660 

1861 

46  363 

52  187 

2  347  825 

3  941  998 

4  290 

17,  341 

212,416 

682,  778 

1862  

171,  552 

123,  301 

25,  687,  657 

22,  471,  204 

126,  421 

53,826 

4,242,483 

6,  549,  454 

The  receipts  by  lake  and  the  exports  by  canal  of  whiskey  at  Buffalo  for 
thirteen  years  are  as  follows : 

Years.  Imported  by  lake.  Exported  by  canal. 

1850 barrels . .     30,189  19,844 

1851 barrels..     76,524  60,300 

1852 barrels..     79,306  73,398 

1853 barrels. .     66,707  45,693 

1854 barrels. .     50,287  24,757 

1855 barrels. .     27,087  18,989 

1856 barrels. .     36,009  5,501 


"  In  October,  1839,  the  brig  Oceola  brought  from  Chicago,  for  Durfee  &  Kingman,  then 
millers  at  Black  Rock,  1,678  bushels  of  wheat,  which  was  the  first  grain  shipment  in  bulk 
from  Lake  Michigan  ports.  In  1840  a  small  schooner  called  the  General  Harrison,  of  about 
100  tons  burden,  was  laden  at  Chicago  with  3,000  bushels  of  wheat,  for  Buffalo,  which  is 
said  to  be  the  first  full  cargo  of  grain  exported  from  Lake  Michigan.  During  the  same  year 
the  schooner  Gazelle  brought  from  Chicago  3,000  bushels  of  wheat,  the  brig  Erie  2,000  bushels 
of  wheat,  and  the  schooners  Major  Oliver  and  Illinois  each  a  small  cargo.  Such  was  the  be- 

f  inning  of  the  grain  trade  of  the  upper  lakes  which  has  now  grown  to  such  vast  magnitude, 
"rom  this  period  to  the  opening  of  tiie  Illinois  canal,  1848,  the  trade  was  slowly  progressive. 
In  the  year  1844  Charles  Walker,  of  Chicago,  was  said  to  have  had  at  one  time  five  vessels  afloat, 
loaded  with  wheat,  destined  for  Buffalo,  and  this  was  then  considered  to  be  of  great  magni 
tude,  while,  during  the  season  just  passed,  it  has  been  no  unusual  event  to  have  two  to  two 
and  one-half  million  bushels  of  grain  afloat  on  the  lakes,  destined  for  this  port,  mostly  from 
Lake  Michigan.  Previous  to  1843  the  only  grain  coming  from  Lake  Michigan  Avas  wheat, 
and  it  was  not  until  1848  that  any  corn  worthy  of  notice  was  received  from  Illinois,  and  what 
little  there  was  brought  to  Buffalo  came  from  Ohio." 

I 

*  Note  appended  to  this  table  in  the  Buffalo  Trade  report : 

"It  will  be  seen  from  the  foregoing  table  of  canal  exports  from  1849  to  1855,  that  there  was 
a  gradual  augmentation  of  the  movement  by  canal. 

"After  the  consolidation  of  the  roads  composing  the  New  York  Central,  and  the  opening  of 
the  New  York  and  Erie  railway,  these  roads  divided  the  business  with  the  canals,  taking  the 
lion's  share,  but  the  subsequent  action  of  the  canal  board  in  adjusting  the  rates  of  toll  lias 
gained  to  the  canals  a  larger  share  than  under  the  higher  rates  of  toll.  If  the  revenues  of 
the  State  are  to  be  augmented,  a  lower  rate  of  toll  than  the  present  would  secure  to  the  canals 
a  larger  tonnage  from  pork,  beef,  lard,  and  bacon  than  is  now  carried  by  the  several  railway 
lines. " 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


163 


1857 barrels..  42,140  20,900 

1858 barrels. .  59,446  51,180 

1859 barrels. .  16,211  15,930 

I860 barrels..  49,204  15,282 

1861 barrels..  111,372  45,759 

1862 barrels..  113,253  38,007 

Staves  and  lumber  from  the  lakes  are  principally  received  at  Buffalo,  so  far 
as  they  are  designed  for  the  market  there  and  eastward.  Chicago  is  a  great 
market  for  supply  of  the  interior  of  Illinois,  but  no  port  of  Lake  Michigan  ex 
ports  staves  or  lumber  eastward.  The  Buffalo  Board  of  Trade  report  speaks  of 
this  trade  as  follows : 

"The  lumber  and  stave  trade  constitutes  a  very  large  portion  of  the  freight 
carried  on  the  lakes  and  canals,  and  is  only  second  to  grain.  The  larger  por 
tion  of  the  eastward  movement  usually  take  place  in  mid-summer,  when  low 
rates  of  transportation  rule.  The  principal  sources  of  supply  are  the  States  of 
Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Canada  West,  and  Pennsylvania,  of  which  more  than 
fifty  per  cent,  is  from  Michigan  alone.  In  the  northern  peninsula  of  that  State, 
in  and  around  Saginaw,  at  Port  Huron,  on  St.  Clair  river,  are  the  largest  and 
finest  lumber  districts  in  the  west  and  northwest. 

"The  supply  of  staves  is  derived  from  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin, 
and  Canada  West,  of  which  more  than  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  receipts  at  this 
port  come  from  these  States  first  named." 

The  table  of  comparison  of  receipts  by  lake  at  Buffalo  and  of  exports  by 
canal  is  for  fourteen  years. 


LAKE    IMPORTS. 


Years. 


Staves,  No. 


Lumber,  feet. 

1846 10,762,500  34,536,000 

1847 8,800,000  18,313,000 

1848 8,091,000  21,425,000 

1849 14,183,902  33,935,768 

1850 18,652,890  53,076,000 

1851 10,696,006  68,006,000 

1852 12,998,614  72,337,225 

1853 9,215,240  89,294,000 

1854 15,464,554  67,407,003 

1855 16,421,568  72*026,651 

1856 18,556,039  60,584,812 

1857 23,024,213  68,283,319 

1858 15,119,019  67,059,173 

1859 23,277,028  111,072,476 

1860 22,307,839  111,094,496 

1861 25,228,978  58,082,713 

1862 30,410,252  125,289,971 

CANAL   EXPORTS. 

Years.  Staves,  tons.  Lumber,  feet. 

1849 62,127  40,694,095 

1850 79,740  45,791,525 

1851 37,964  55,881,000 

1852 41,565  63,424,388 

1853 38,033  61,885,663 

1854 60,157  59,109,520 

1855 74,606  48,989,289 

1856 72,932  38,617,501 

1857 , 92,961  43,727,523 


164  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

1858 77,521  31,991,057 

1859 111,469  94,364  597 

1860 132,420  91,612,507 

1861 117,380  33,343,470 

1862    148,679  88,3^7,976 

The  receipts  at  Buffalo  given  in  the  above  tables  as  from  the  west  are  alto 
gether  by  lake,  and  do  not  include  the  carriage  by  two  important  railroads — the 
Lake  Shore  road,  from  the  southwest,  and  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  road. 
Nor  do  they  include  the  large  amount  of  flour  taken  over  the  Niagara  river  at 
Suspension  Bridge. 

The  receipts  at  Buffalo  by  lake  of  many  other  articles  are  important.  Live 
stock,  transported  both  by  lake  and  railroad,  at  that  point  are  stated  as  follows 
in  the  trade  report  from  which  we  quote: 

The  following  will  show  the  receipt  of  live  stock  by  lake  from  1850  to  1862, 
inclusive: 

Cattle.  Hogs.  Sheep. 

1851 number..  8,211  89,120           

1852 number..  15,926  171,223  16,590 

1853 number..  20,466  114,952  20,466 

1854 number..  19,047  74,276  19,441 

1855 number..  14,049  54,954  26,508 

1856 number..  25,283  72,713  41,467 

1857 number..  39,799  75,174  44,972 

1858 number..  32,522  136,849  41,354 

1859 number..  17,606  42,476  23,695 

1860 number..  18,266  33,350  34,685 

1861 number..  32,275  43,243  39,630 

1862 number..  18,938  25,024  29,033 

The  sources  of  supply  are  Ohio,  Indiana,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  and 
Canada  West. 

This  does  not  show  the  extent  of  the  trade  in  live  stock,  as  a  large  number 
are  daily  coming  here  by  the  different  railways  converging  at  this  point. 

The  following  exhibit  of  the  totals  of  receipts  at  the  different  yards  for  sev 
eral  years  will  more  nearly  approximate  to  the  true  state  of  the  trade  in  live 
stock.  The  receipts  by  lake  include  the  imports  by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake 
Huron  railway,  jsoth  of  which  being  deducted  from  the  total  receipts  at  the 
several  yards  in  each  year,  will  show  more  nearly  the  receipts  of  live  stock  by 
the  Lake  Shore  railway  for  the  several  years  indicated : 

Cattle.  Hogs.  Sheep. 

1857 number..  108,203  307,549  117,468 

1858 number..  13b,043  345,731  92,194 

1859 number..  103,337  189,579  73,619 

1860 number..  150,972  145,354  85,770 

1861 number..  141,629  238,952  101,679 

1862 number..  129,433  524,916  105,671 

Cattle.  HogH.  Sheep. 

1862.  Receipts number. .      129,  433         524,  976         105,  671 

Less  by  lake number..        18,938  35,024  29,033 


By  State  Line  railroad number. .     110,  495         489,  952  76,  638 

1861.  By  State  Line  railroad...  number..     109,354         195,709  64,049 

Increase..  ..number..          1,141         294,243  12,589 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


165 


It  will  be  seen  by  the  foregoing  statement  that  of  the  totals  of  receipts  at  the 
different  yards  110,495  cattle,  4S9,952  hogs,  and  76,638  sheep  were  received 
by  the  Buffalo  and  State  Line  and  Niagara  Falls  railways,  nearly  all  of  which 
came  by  the  former  road. 

The  magnitude  of  the  trade  in  live  stock  when  expressed  by  the  valuation  in 
money  will  be  about  the  following  estimate,  viz  : 

129,433  cattle,  at  $50 $6,  471,  650 

524,976  hogs,  at  $7 3,  674,  832 

105,671  sheep,  at  $3 317,  013 

Total  valuation 10,  463,  495 


The  valuation  of  this  report  is  in  excess  of  those  before  assumed  as  regards 
cattle,  but  otherwise  somewhat  less.     It  cannot  be  far  from  correct. 
Hides  were  imported  by  lake  as  follows : 


No. 


No. 


1852 95,452  1858 148,950 

1853 98,008  1859 148,046 

1854 67,427  1860 78,837 

1855 90,964  1861 59,993 

1S56 111,856  1862 268,685 

1857 139,051 

The  imports  and  exports  of  hides  by  the  Erie  canal  were  as  follows : 

Received.  Shipped. 

1856 pounds . .  442,525  469,465 

1857 pounds . .  130,500  780,855 

1858 pounds..  573,904  569,312 

1859 pounds . .  386,789  342,029 

1860 .pounds . .  137,345  79,431 

1861 pounds. .  173,441  189,258 

1862 pounds . .  193,503  486,003 

The  following  will  show  the  receipts  by  lake  and  canal  from  1855  to  1862, 
inclusive : 

Receipts  by  lake.    Receipts  by  canal. 
lloll«,  No.  pounds. 

1855 2,265  1,886,236 

1856 2,326  1,603,057 

1857 2,513  714,135 

1858 4,291  800,863 

1859 5,342  1,172,260 

I860 1,508  1,172,417 

1861 3,778  (*) 

1862 3,159  1,108,883 

The  following  will  show  the  lake  imports  and  canal  exports  of  wool  from 
1856  to  1862,  inclusive: 

Lake  imports.        Canal  exports. 
Wool,  bales.  Wool,  Ibs. 

1856 _, 41,592   2,009,497 

1857 35,613    1,325,289 

1858 31,485   1,736,883 


0  No  report  of  receipts  by  canal  in  1861. 


166 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


1859 32,480  1,747,556 

1860 32,108  1,079,942 

1861 32,480  1,288,394 

1862 42,619  1,371,098 

There  is  a  very  considerable  amount  of  wool  received  here  by  rail,  of  which 
we  are  unable  to  obtain  any  accurate  account,  which  will  augment  the  receipts 
as  given  above. 

Since  the  opening  of  the  five  great  through  lines  of  railway  the  transportation 
of  this  commodity  has  been  divided  between  these  railway  lines  and  the  New 
York  canals,  the  former  taking  nearly  the  whole  amount  moved  to  eastern 
markets. 

The  following  table  shows  the  miscellaneous  receipts  at  Buffalo  by  a  compa 
ratively  new  line — the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  railroad — connecting  with  Port 
Sarnia,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Huron : 


Statement  showing  the  receipts  at 
railway  for  the  year 


Articles.  Quantity. 

Apples,  dried barrels..  367 

Ashes casks . .  142 

Alcohol .  barrels . .  250 

Buckwheat bushels . .  10 

Beef barrels. .  5,181 

Bacon pounds . .  7,508,660 

Barley bushels . .  112,122 

Butter pounds . .  224,237 

Boat  knees number . .  664 

Beans bushels..  5,346 

Bladders barrels . .  19 

Broom-corn bales . .  138 

Barrels,  empty number..  900 

Buffalo  robes bales . .  82 

Beeswax pounds . .  100 

Copper barrels . .  2,096 

Cheese pounds . .  16,650 

Copper  plates number . .  570 

Corn  meal barrels..  1,926 

Cloverseed bushels . .  2,845 

Cattle number..  16,215 

Copper tons . .  544 

Corn bushels . .  109,209 

Cotton bales..  521 

Candles boxes . .  361 

Cranberries barrels . .  28 

Cedar  posts number..  100 

Deer,  dressed number..  32 

Eggs barrels . .  1,046 

Flour barrels . .  187,402 

Fish barrels. .  129 

Flax pounds. .  7,925 

Flaxseed bushels . .  56 

Furs packages..  64 

Feathers sacks . .  43 

Grease pounds . .  264,400 


"by  the  Buffalo  and  Lake  Huion 
December  31,  1862. 


Articles. 

Ginseng casks . 

Glassware package . 

Horses number . 

Hogs,  live number. 

Hides number. 

Hoop-poles number . 

Hogs,  dressed number. 

Hemp bales . 

Hops bales . 

Iron pounds . 

Lumber feet . 

Lard pounds . 

Lath pieces . 

Leather rolls . 

Lead pounds . 

Mill  feed pounds . 

Molasses barrels . 

Nails kegs . 

Nuts barrels . 

Oatmeal barrels . 

Oats bushels . 

Oil barrels . 

Onions bushels . 

Pork barrels . 

Peas bushels . 

Potatoes bushels . 

Piles number . 

Pelts bundles . 

Rags sacks . 

Railroad  ties number . 

Rye bushels . 

Staves number . 

Stave  bolts cords . 

Sheep number . 

Skins bundles . 

Sundries pounds . 


Quantity. 

10 

1 

313 

.       22,687 

4,700 

.2,969,300 

4,383 

109 

2 

.  668,302 
.3,985,300 
.4,920,740 
.  437,200 
7 

.       19,600 

.     161,400 

2 

16 

.    .          59 
90 

4,852 

42 

3 

.       11,969 

.       12,387 

71 

2,340 

161 

1,314 

2,600 

2,314 

.    274,800 

. . ;        94 

.       23,140 
973 

.    458,900 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


167 


Shingles number. . 

Sheep,  dressed . . .  number . . 

Sheep-pelts bundles . . 

Stone boxes . . 

Tallow pounds . . 

Tow bales . . 

Timothy  seed bushels . . 

Tobacco barrels . . 

Tails bales . . 

The  preponderance  of  through  freights  is  large,  apparently,  though  it  is 
impossible  to  distinguish  that  originating  in  Canada  from  that  shipped  by  lake 
to  Port  Sarnia,  and  thence  taking  the  railroad  to  Buffalo. 

The  following  is  a  table  of  general  receipts  at  Buffalo  from  the  lake  in  1862, 
including  the  Lake  Huron  railroad,  and  it  embraces  the  greatest  attainable  quan 
tities  of  miscellaneous  western  freight  sent  eastward  from  the  lakes  exclusively  : 


165,500 

Timber  . 

feet   . 

9,250 

127 
165 

Turnips  . 
Tobacco 

bushels  .  . 
hogsheads 

2 
31 

SO 

Tobacco. 

boxes 

162 

249,720 
43 

Whiskey 
Wool 

barrels  .  . 

2,998 
1  415 

3,877 

Wheat  .  . 

bushels  .  . 

600,719 

5 

Wood 

cords 

144 

19 

Articles. 

Ashes,  casks 

Alcohol,  barrels 

Apples,  dried,  barrels. . 

Ale,  barrels 

Buckwheat,  bushels . . . 

Bones,  sacks 

Bones,  hogsheads 

Bones,  tons 

Boat  knees,  No 

Beeswax,  packages ..... 
Bread,  boxes  and  barrels 

Beans,  bushels 

Barrels,  empty,  No 

Barley,  bushels 

Beef,  barrels 

Bacon,  pounds 

Butter,  pounds 

Broomcorn,  bales 

Brick,  No 

Buffalo  robes,  No 

Bladders,  barrels 

Barytes,  barrels 

Broom-handles, No. . . . 

Copper,  barrels 

Copper,  tons 

Cedar  posts,  No 

Candles,  boxes 

Corn,  bushels 

Corn  meal,  barrels  .... 

Coal,  tons 

Cattle,  No 

Cheese,  pounds 

Cotton,  bales 

Clover  seed,  bushels . . . 

Copper  bars,  No 

Copper,  plates 

Clay,  barrels. 


Quantity. 

3,046 

]5,580 

846 

16 

10 

5,073 
134 
225 
901 
114 

70,  361 

21,048 

5,345 

423, 124 

123,  301 

25,  687,  657 

4, 119, 173 

8,839 

5,000 

82 

19 

86 

5,750 
9,077 
2,373 
991 
9,995 

24,  288,  627 

34, 268 

84,  523 

18,938 

1,313,030 

7,  282 

5,047 

458 

1,  ]79 

492 


Articles. 

Cider,  barrel 

Cranberries,  barrels  . 
Copper,  packages 
Deer,  dressed,  No . . . 

Eggs,  barrels 

Flour,  barrels 

Fish,  barrels 

Feathers,  sacks 

Flax, pounds 

Furs,  boxes 

Flax  seed,  bushels . . 
Glassware,  packages 

Glass,   tons 

Grease,  pounds 

Glue,  packages 

Grindstones,  No .... 
Gunstocks,  tons .... 
Gunstocks,  barrels . . 

Gunstocks,  No , 

Gunstocks,  boxes . . . 
Ginseng,  packages . . 
Horses,  No 

Hogs,  live,  No 

Hogs,  dressed,  No . . 

Hoop-poles,  No , 

Hoops,  No 

Hides,  No 

Hemp,  bales 

Hair,  bales 

Horns,  sacks 

Hay,  bales 

Hops,  bales 

Iron,  pounds , 

Iron,  pig,  tons 

Iron  ore,  tons 

Junk,  pounds 

Lead,  pounds 


Quantity. 
1 

13S 
44 
32 

14,  173 

2,846,022 

8,647 

247 

7,  925 

66 

36, 812 

6,441 

35 

1,421,594 

1,  090 

1,631 

3,  106 

972 

35, 399 
59 

,  136 
445 

35,  024 

7,  600 

5, 867, 290 

7,977,137 

268, 685 

2,301 

835 

5,545 

28 

316 

8,329,811 

3,  168 

10,027 

28,  780 

8,  535,  992 


168 


FOREIGN  AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Articles. 
Lird,  pounds  

Quantity. 
22,  471,204 

Articles. 
Rafts,  No  

Quantity. 
1 

Lumber,  feet  

125,  289,  971 

Staves,  No  

30,  410,  252 

Leather,  rolls    

3,  159 

Sundries,  pounds  . 

6,  889,  009 

Lath,  packs  

959,  750 

Shingles,  No  

21,  782,  680 

Molasses,  barrels         .  . 

2 

Shocks,  bundles 

61,  875 

Moss,  bales  

50 

Skins,  bundles  

1,  822 

Malt,   bushels 

6,  750 

Stone,  tons 

336 

Mill  feed,  pounds  

247,  300 

Ship-knees,  No.        ... 

1,662 

Nails,  .  kegs  

1C,  490 

Ship-knees,  tons  

693 

Nuts,  barrels  

184 

Sheep,  No 

29,  033 

Oats,  bushels  

2,  624,  932 

Steel,  pounds  

100,  220 

Oatmeal,  barrels  &  bags 
Onions,  bushels  

133 
221 

Sand,  tons  
Starch,  packages  .        . 

540 
9,  842 

Oil-cake,  sacks  

46,  798 

Soap,  boxes  

972 

Oil-cake,  tons  

1,  446 

Stave-bolts,  cords. 

411 

Oil-cake,  barrels  

459 

Saw  logs,  No  

280 

Oars,  No  

288 

Salt,  barrels  

118 

114  820 

Sheep,  dressed,  No   . 

127 

Oil,  barrels  

9,862 

Stearine,  barrels  

72 

1,  075,  650 

Stone,  boxes 

80 

Potatoes,  bushels  

18  409 

Stone  pipe,  pieces  .    ... 

299 

Peas    bushels 

78,  266 

Tallow,  pounds 

4  363  884 

Peaches,  ba^s   

31 

Tobacco,  hogsheads 

5,  269 

Provisions,  bbls.  &  t'c's 

6,809 

Tobacco,  barrels  ...... 

1,  026 

Pork,  barrels  

171,  552 

Tobacco,  boxes  ,  

7,261 

Paint,  barrels   

154 

Tobacco,  casks  , 

1,  498 

Pickets,  No  

5,  490 

Tobacco,  buts  

785 

Plaster,  tons  

275 

Tails,  bales  

J9 

Pelts,  bundles  

524 

Timber,  cubic  feet   .  .  . 

83,  000 

Piles,  No  

24,  036 

Timothy  seed,  bushels. 

51,  278 

Paper,  bundles  

4,  167 

Tow,  bales           . 

401 

Pike-poles    No  

70 

Wool,  bales  

42,  619 

Paraffine,  boxes  

165 

Wheat,  bushels  

30,  435,  831 

Rye,  bushels   

791,  564 

W^ood,  cords          .        . 

11,  978 

8,  965 

Whiskey,  barrels  

97,673 

Railroad  ties,  No  . 

33,615 

W^ine,  packages 

25 

Rack-sticks,  No  .  . 

186.000 

THE    EXCHANGE    OF    GENERAL  MERCHANDISE  EASTWARD   AND    WESTWARD    AT 

BUFFALO. 

The  exchanges  at  Buffalo,  conducted  at  the  terminus  of  the  Erie  canal,  can 
only  be  stated  from  the  form  of  records  kept  on  the  canals,  indefinitely  classified 
as  "products  of  the  forest,"  "products  of  animals,"  &c.  The  following  is  the 
general  statement  in  this  form : 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


169 


Statement  showing  the  eastward  movement  of  freight  from  Buffalo,  by  the  Erie 

canal,  for  nine  years. 


1 

3  ' 

o 

0 

14 

d 

<£ 

<o«- 

*s  • 

2 

SI 

E 

I 

1 

Years. 

»  £ 

it 

3 

B  2 

1 

s 

\ 

1" 

a  a 

i 

1*2 

i 

•g 

1 

i 

"S 

3 

£ 

£ 

6 

« 

3 

0 

H 

Tons. 

Tons. 

rona. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

Tons. 

1854  

154  816 

42  750 

457,  153 

5  874 

5,505 

1,992 

23,  226 

6!H,216 

$26,  936,  702 

1855  

151,  994 

25,  628 

481,  0-14 

2,418 

7,149 

4,457 

19,  254 

688,  107 

29,  258,  437 

1856  

137  851 

10  611 

493,  132 

992 

1,962 

1,040 

16,  650 

662,  238 

21,970,  119 

1857  

166,  780 

4,868 

367,  529 

827 

6,804 

521 

24,  191 

571,  520 

16,  956,  740 

1858  

165  597 

23  588 

529,  649 

2,093 

18,  184 

3,888 

23,  497 

776,  496 

24,  267,  171 

1859 

28  J  664 

14  232 

296  447 

1  372 

9  553 

2  909 

53,363 

659  540 

16,236  '.V.I  I 

I860  

293,  048 

3,  106 

755  549 

289 

6,012 

3,982 

51,  768 

1,113,754 

24,412.883 

1861 

176  325 

4  708 

1  323  658 

491 

18  118 

2  456 

53,989 

1  579,745 

33,300  920 

1862  

301  219 

35,  256 

1,  575,  4C8 

1,163 

16,  130 

5,224 

46,  522 

1,  980,  982 

53,  424,  992 

Statement  showing  tlie  receipts  of  westward  moving  freight  at  Buffalo,  by  the 
Erie  canal,  for  nine  years. 


Years. 

S) 

.d 

sl 

3"-" 

I 

1 
*jl 

I1 

Vegetable  food. 

Other  agricultu 
ral  products. 

Manufactures. 

4 
3 

Other  articles. 

•3 
1 

Merchandise  go 
ing  to  weytern 
States  and  Can 
ada. 

1854 

Tons. 

48  105 

Tons. 
509 

Tons. 
2  212 

Tons. 
108 

Tons. 
59  116 

Tons. 
190  459 

Tons. 
80  263 

Tons. 
380  772 

Tons. 
167  550 

1855  

58,  536 

367 

8  221 

109 

87,709 

171,  176 

77,  991 

404,  108 

145,  530 

1856 

67  798 

300 

10  347 

203 

61  473 

149  769 

85  314 

375  204 

114,  696 

1857  

76,  046 

85 

5  473 

311 

51,  062 

85,  766 

100,  206 

318,  949 

74,  733 

1858 

46  699 

297 

4  872 

516 

55  610 

56  301 

54  670 

218  965 

47  350 

1859  

26  853 

281 

7  749 

340 

67,  396 

85,  668 

60,  983 

249,271 

72,  767 

1860 

26  033 

93 

4  871 

206 

60  199 

84  152 

69  730 

246  184 

72  030 

1861  

16  015 

103 

4,779 

93 

90,068 

42,  096 

86,  732 

239,  883 

35,  278 

1862 

23  094 

100 

4  859 

124 

120  705 

63  212 

141  328 

353  422 

The  shipments  of  flour  and  grain  by  canal,  it  will  be  seen,  cover  the  greater 
share  of  the  receipts  before  stated,  confirming  the  position  assumed,  that  the  re 
ceipts  and  shipments  of  western  produce  may  be  considered  as  substantially 
identical. 

The  following  comparative  statement  shows  the  shipments  of  flour  and  grain 
by  canal  from  Buffalo  for  four  seasons : 


Flour  . .      . .  barrels . . 


1862. 

451,814 


1861. 

306, 236 


I860. 

180, 853 


1859. 

220,  48G 


Wheat bushels..   27,751,786     23,713,713     13,951,458       6,168,068 

Corn bushels..   22,487,185     19,112,125     10,306,048       2,159,538 


Oats bushels . . 

Barley bushels . . 

Kye bushels . . 


2,164,778 
201,744 
653, 480 


1,  705,  395 
134,341 
337,764 


1,282,646 
130, 189 

80,  822 


953, 169 
308, 526 
124,693 


Totals 53,258,973     45,003,338     25,751,163       9,713,994 


The  commercial  statements  prepared  at  Buffalo  supply  the  deficiency  only 
for  a  limited  period. 


170 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  quantities  of  produce  of  all  distinguisha 
ble  articles  sent  eastward  by  the  Erie  canal  from  Buffalo : 

General  exports  from  Buffalo  eastward  by  canal. 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Ashes              

casks  

1,366 

1,156 

1  059 

Lumber                         

feet  

91,602,567 

33  343  470 

88  3^7  978 

Timber                   .....  hundred 

cubic  feet.   . 

47,  "262 

]9  401 

14  570 

Staves 

pounds 

264  838  920 

234  760  766 

297  357  5'77 

Pork 

barrels 

5  466 

4  290 

126  421 

Beef 

do 

6  460 

17  341 

53  8"J6 

Bacon                                  . 

pounds.  ... 

4  452 

212  416 

4  242  4P3 

Cheese               .       -  .         .... 

do     

754  289 

58  955 

80  238 

Butter 

do 

169  418 

80  671 

103  807 

Lard 

do 

106  660 

682  778 

6  549  454 

Wool                       

do  

1,079  942 

1,288  394 

1  371  098 

Hides 

do  

79  431 

173  441 

486  003 

Flour 

do 

180  853 

306  236 

451  814 

Wheat  

.  .bushels  

13,951,458 

23,713,713 

27  751  786 

ETC 

do  

50  804 

282  724 

653  480 

Corn 

...-do  

13  306  048 

19  112  125 

22  487  185 

Barley 

do 

130  189 

134  341 

201  744 

Oats 

do 

1  282  646 

1  705  395 

2  164  778 

Bran  &  c.       .                        ... 

pounds  

3  921  731 

5,  195,  149 

5  299  674 

Peas  and  beans 

bushels 

62  205 

69  974 

58  682 

Dried  fruit 

pounds 

3  534 

602  966 

11  770 

Cotton       

do  

2  320 

Potatoes    .     

.  bushels.  .. 

117 

19  601 

1  250 

Tobacco 

pounds 

21   153 

761  663 

680  550 

do 

96  412 

10  325 

Seed  

do  

158,839 

122,  455 

473,  981 

Flax  seed 

do  

295  328 

86,  906 

1  170  819 

Hops 

do 

5  382 

2  212 

357 

Domestic  spirits  

gallons  

631,186 

1,831,560 

1,520,280 

Leather                    .    ......... 

pounds  

30,  172 

44,  297 

14,429 

Furniture 

.do     

332  175 

206  456 

238  474 

Lead 

do 

6  159  988 

10  359  626 

Piff  iron 

do 

4  000 

708  000 

9  551  666 

Bloom  and  bar  iron          ...    .  . 

do  

2,  700,  921 

Castings    &c          --       .... 

do  

79  234 

128,  961 

368,  907 

Domestic  salt 

do 

16  700 

12  560 

12  600 

do 

2  493  ^45 

2  377  118 

6  147  357 

Railroad  iron 

do  

317  838 

Crockery  and  glassware  
All  other  merchandise 

do  
do 

298,  675 
1  390  414 

120,277 
1  177  002 

141,304 
1  418  776 

do 

146  543 

2  841  676 

9  185  376 

Coal                    .        .     ..     ... 

do  

71,972  850 

76,  060,  650 

57,894,000 

Copper  ore 

do  

5  587  812 

6,486  546 

6,  283,  308 

Sundries 

do 

18  840  172 

22  589  534 

19  675  081 

do  

10,196,705 

7,214,  119 

...  do  

155,500 

1,843 

Nails   spikes    &c 

do  

1,079,101 

2,731,638 

The  following  approximate  calculation  of  values  for  this  eastward  freight  sus 
tains  the  estimate  of  total  values  made  in  the  report  of  the  State  auditor  of 
New  York.  That  report  gives  the  sum  of  $72,131,136  as  the  value  of  property 
"from  other  States"  going  eastward  on  the  canal  m  1862.  It  is  here  shown 
that  nearly  the  sum  of  $60,000,000  in  value  left  Buffalo,  and  it  is  clear  that 
the  other  points  of  receipts  of  canal  freight — Tonawanda,  Black  Rock,  and 
Oswego — would  add  $12,000,000  to  $15,000,000  in  addition. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  171 


Calculation  of  values  of  eastward  freight  by  canal  from  Buffalo  in  1862. 

Ashes,  casks,  1,059,  at  $10  per  cask $10,  590 

Lumber,  feet,  88,327,978,  at  $15  per  M 1,  324,  920 

Timber,  cubic  feet,  1,475,000,  at  $20  per  M 29,  500 

Staves,  tons,  148,678,  at  $30  per  ton 4,  460,  340 

Pork,  barrels,  126,421,  at  $15  per  barrel 1,  896,  315 

Beef,  barrels,  53,826,  at  $10  per  barrel 538,  260 

Bacon,  pounds,  4,242,483,  at  10  cents  per  pound 424,  248 

Cheese,  pounds,  80,238,  at  10  cents  per  pound 8,  023 

Butter,  pounds,  103,807,  at  15  cents  per  pound 15,  571 

Lard,  pounds,  6,549,454,  at  10  cents  per  pound 654,  945 

Wool,  pounds,  1,371,098,  at  60  cents  per  pound 822,  659 

Hides,  pounds,  486,003,  at  10  cents  per  pound 48,  600 

Flour,  barrels,  451,814,  at  $6  per  barrel 2,  710,  884 

Wheat,  bushels,  27,751,786,  at  $1  10  per  bushel 30,  526,  964 

Eye,  bushels,  653,480,  at  70  cents  per  bushel 477,  436 

Corn,  bushels,  22,487,185,  at  50  cents  per  bushel 11,  243,  592 

Barley,  bushels,  201,744,  at  $1  per  bushel 201,  744 

Oats,  bushels,  2,164,778,  at  45  cents  per  bushel 974,  150 

Bran,  bushels,  5,299,674,  at  20  cents  per  bushel 1,  059,  935 

Peas  and  beans,  bushels,  58,682,  at  $1  per  bushel 58,  682 

Dried  fruit,  pounds,  11,770,  at  10  cents  per  pound 1,  177 

Cotton,  pounds,  2,320,  at  60  cents  per  pound 1,  392 

Potatoes,  bushels,  1,250,  at  50  cents  per  bushel 625 

Tobacco,  pounds,  680,550,  at  25  cents  per  pound 170,  140 

Seeds,  pounds,  473,891,  at  $3  per  bushel 23,  694 

Flax  seed,  pounds,  1,170,819,  at  4  cents  per  pound 46,  233 

Hops,  pounds,  357,  at  25  cents  per  pound 90 

Spirits,  gallons,  1,520,280,  at  33£  cents  per  gallon 506,  760 

Leather,  pounds,  14,429,  Ht  25  cents  per  pound 3,  607 

Furniture,  pounds,  238,474 10,  000 

Pig  iron,  pounds,  9,551,666,  at  $50  per  ton 238,  791 

Bloom  and  bar  iron,  pounds,  2,700,921,  at  $70  per  ton 94,  538 

Castings,  pounds,  368,907,  at  5  cents  per  pound 18,  445 

Salt,  pounds,  12,600 200 

Iron  and  eteel,  pounds,  6,147,357,  at  10  cents  per  pound 614,  735 

Crockery,  pounds,  141,304,  at  10  cents  per  pound 14,  130 

Merchandise,  pounds,  1,418,776,  at  20  cents  per  pound 283,  755 

Stone,  lime,  and  clay,  tons,  4,593,  at  $10  per  ton 45,  930 

Coal,  tons,  28,947,  at  $7  per  ton 192,  629 

Copper  ore,  pounds,  6,283,308,  at  5  cents  per  pound 314,  165 

Sundries,  pounds,  19,675,081,  at  10  cents  per  pound 1,  9(57,  508 

Oil-cake,  tons,  3,607,  at  $50  per  ton 180,  350 

Molasses,  pounds,  1,843,  at  10  cents  per  pound 184 

Nails  and  spikes,  pounds,  2,731,638,  at  10  cents  per  pound 273,  164 

Total  value. .                           62,  489,  543 


172 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  following  statement  gives  the  detail  of  articles  brought  westward  to 
Buffalo  by  the  Erie  canal  for  three  years  : 


Imports  into  Buffalo  ly  the  Erie  canal,  1860  to  1862. 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Lumber 

feet 

277,  055 
29,288 
691,000 
9,075 
4,660 
137,  843 
3,957 
24,  198 
24,  115 
64,  823 
24,  208 
8,734 
111,500 
448 
10,237 
261,  354 
385,  864 
302,200 
12,414 
1,285,857 
13,  798,  369 
11,425,929 
5,065 
92,  949,  269 
112,563 
31,179,468 
16,  159,  122 
2,  848,  048* 
2,  772,  372 
13,621,569 
3,  803,  897 
4,  265,  601 
93,  652,  751 
42,  838,  446 
573,  550 
68,  259,  212 
27,785,  110 

381,381 
11,470 
1,101,000 
5,214 
650 
189,  258 
2,788 
49,  942 
5,416 
80,  760 
3,900 
2,  732 
370,  000 

119,797 
145,  881 

Timber                            hundr( 

}d  cubic  feet  
pounds  

Staves  

Wood     

cords 

5,743 
916 
193,  503 
521 
3,108 

Cheese 

pounds 

Hides 

do 

Flour 

barrels 

Wheat  

bushels  

Rye.  . 

do  

Corn 

do     . 

403 

Barley  

do  

Oats  

do  

Bran,  &c  

pounds 

222,526 

Beans  and  peas 

bushels 

Potatoes 

do 

3,368 
2,667 
108,  740 
161,547 
18,  630 
1,367,473 
9,272,612 
9,  596,  758 

7,374 
250,311 
84,449 
11,853 

1,108,883 
1,894,764 
13,  970,  075 
12,251,942 
660,  236 
177,  620,  435 
32,901,873 
27,581,579 
8,  452,  769 
1,979,114 
2,OJ5,039 
4,  862,  421 
6,  747,  043 
4,  824,  801 
69,  959,  473 
26,  659,  528 

Dried  fruit  

pounds  

Hops                                 

do  . 

Domestic  spirits 

gallons 

Leather 

pounds 

Furniture  ...... 

do  

Pjnr  iron 

do 

Castings   &c 

do 

Domestic  cottons 

do 

Domestic  salt          ..  

do-  .  . 

159,191,278 
46,615 
11,518,606 
5,  059,  570 
2,  029,  795 
1,217,783 
6,  294,  029 
1,594,353 
3,  053,  329 
49,488,661 
25,655,619 
302,700 
134,  788,  746 
12,710,181 

Foreign  salt                   ....  .. 

do. 

Sufirar 

do 

Molasses 

do 

Cofiee         

do  

Nails,  spikes   &c 

do 

Iron  and  steel 

do 

Railroad  iron 

do 

Crockery  and  glassware  
All  other  merchandise  

do  
do  
do  

Gypsurn  .... 

do  

Coal                    

do...  . 

193,544,612 
18,  248,  172 
46,  198,  633 

Sundries 

do 

do  

The  following  is  an  addendum  comparing  the  grain  receipts  at  Buffalo  for 
1863  with  1862: 

Deficiency  in  wheat,  as  compared  with 1862    9, 195,  483  bushels. 

"    corn,  "  " 1862     4,201,675       " 


rye, 
Increase  in  1863  in  flour,    " 


1862         369,275       " 
1862         132,  067    barrels. 
1861         818,498 


Deficiency  in  totals  of  grain,  as   compared   with   1862     8,  190,  498  bushels. 

1861    3,208,433        " 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


173 


LAKE  TRADE  AT  TORONTO,  CANADA. 

The  relation  held  by  towns  and  ports  of  Canada  to  the  general  lake  trade, 
and  particularly  to  the  movement  of  flour,  grain  and  produce  eastward,  is  one 
of  the  most  interesting  and  important  branches  of  inquiry  into  its  character. 
The  statistics  of  many  of  these  points  are,  however,  difficult,  if  not  impossible 
of  collection.  The  trade  is  irregular  as  well  as  large,  and  it  is  .often  through 
points  of  mere  transit,  along  new  lines  of  railroad,  or  of  propeller  shipment  on  the 
lakes.  The  principal  feature  apparent  at  the  outset  is  the  general  tendency  to 
return  to  the  United  States  markets  all  along  the  frontier,  and  even  from  Montreal. 

The  following  table  gives  the  quantities  and  destination  of  the  leading  exports 
from  Toronto  for  a  series  of  years  : 

Exports  of  flour  and  wheat  from  Toronto,  and  destination. 


18, 

)7. 

18 

58. 

18, 

>9. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Oswego 

Barrels. 

27  769 

Bushels. 
163  398 

Barrels. 
15  160 

Bushels. 

°")7  068 

Barrels. 
16  OT7 

Bushels. 
r)80  200 

Ogdensburg    

35  721 

120  550 

8  596 

100  156 

19  327 

109  353 

Cape  Viuceut 

17  169 

102  261 

843 

103  261 

1  448 

14")  °49 

Rochester  

8  236 

39  644 

]  992 

31  604 

h7  903 

38  571 

0()    f)()o 

79  845 

67  557 

29  310 

I'l  '570 

Quebec  

11  400 

6  825 

9  270 

11  010 

1  955 

8  778 

23  621 

44  °3° 

15  060 

16  817 

4  f,55 

05  621 

Total 

16°  478 

505  622 

114  °66 

579  833 

7°  612 

970  564 

Exports  of  flour  and  wheat  from  Toronto,  and  destination — Continued. 


18 

30. 

18 

51. 

18 

32. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Oswego  

Barrels. 

24  212 

Bushels. 

514  108 

Barrels. 
30  528 

Bushels. 

3f)5  112 

Barrels. 
10  627 

Bushels. 
273  383 

20  540 

80  146 

26  479 

C8  015 

8  385 

7  586 

Cape  Vincent  

4  788 

141   961 

3  877 

70  220 

2*824 

106  232 

67  266 

179 

6  362 

450 

8  0°5 

Montreal               

49  341 

234  171 

89  391 

587  470 

70  839 

483  977 

7  °00 

5  6°8 

6  834 

22  274 

645 

17  743 

Other  ports  

72  429 

149  129 

6  021 

119  176 

12  404 

36  329 

Total  

178  510 

1  192  417 

163  737 

1  268  629 

106  174 

933  275 

The  following  is  a  more  detailed  statement  for  1862. 


Destination. 

Flour. 

Wheat. 

Barley. 

Peaa. 

Barrels. 
10  67° 

Bufkels. 
073  383 

Bushels. 

°19  147 

Bushels. 

7  'J85 

Cape  Vincent  

2  824 

106  2.^2 

12  0°4 

'450 

8  0-*5 

Ogdensburg  

8  385 

7  586 

4  847 

70  839 

483  977 

°1  570 

Quebec     

645 

17  743 

1  000 

Other  ports 

12  404 

36  3°9 

466 

Total 

106  °19 

9T3  °75 

°19  147 

4J-  3go 

Total  1861 

163  737 

1  268  6-)9 

280  806 

liO  810 

57  518 

335  354 

61  659 

7°  428 

Total  1860 

178  510 

1  19°  417 

';34  144 

148  836 

174  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

It  is  apparent  that  the  larger  amounts,  up  to  the  close  of  I860,  were  sent  to 
United  States  ports,  from  Rochester  to  Cape  Vincent,  since  which  year  Montrea 
was  the  leading  destination.  As  an  average,  the  division  is  nearly  equal 
between  the  United  States  and  Canada,  outward. 

The  origin  of  these  quantities  is  not  clearly  stated,  but  it  is  probable  that  a 
share  was  western  State  produce,  previously  entering  Canada  at  Sarnia,  the 
Welland  canaj  or  elsewhere,  since  Toronto  appears  as  a  point  of  destination  in 
many  of  the  statements  for  western  shipping  cities. 

MONTREAL. 

The  produce  and  grain  trade  of  Montreal  also  exhibits  return  shipments  to 
the  United  States  at  Portland  and  Boston,  though  probably  all  for  further  export 
across  the  Atlantic.  The  imports  to  Montreal  of  flour  and  grain  in  1862,  and 
the  exports  to  all  points,  are  given  in  the  following  statement  by  the  trade  and 
commerce  report  of  that  city : 

Imports  of  flour  by  Grand  Trunk  railroad 405,  553  barrels 

"  "  Montreal  and  Champlain 196       " 

"  Lachine  canal 735, 529       " 


Total 1,  141,  278       " 

Milled  in  the  city 220,981       " 


Total  receipts  for  the  year 1,362,259       " 


Shipments  of  flour  direct  from  Montreal 626,  070  barrels. 

"      via  Portland  and  Boston 66,  123 

Exports  down  the  river 226,177       " 

Total  exports 918,  370       ". 


* 


The  exports  of  wheat  show  a  still  larger  proportionate  diversion  to  Portland 
and  Boston,  undoubtedly  for  foreign  export. 


Imports  of  wheat  by  Grand  Trunk  railroad 673,  779  bushels 

"  "      "     Lachine  canal 7,952,782       " 


Total 8,  826,  561       " 


Exports  of  wheat  via  St.  Lawrence 6,  538,  053  bushels 

"  "       "     Portland  and  Boston 478,595 

"  "  to  river  ports 199,482        " 

Total  exports 7,  216,  030       " 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


175 


[The  Montreal  Herald's  annual  review  of  the  trade  and  commerce  of  Montreal  for  I860.] 

Exports  of  flour,  grain,  and  produce  from  Montreal. 


Articles. 

SHIPMENTS  IN   1861. 

SHIPMENTS  IN  1862. 

By  river  St. 
Lawrence. 

By 

Lachine 
canal. 

Total. 

By  river  St. 
Lawrence. 

By 

Lachine 
canal. 

Total. 

Flour  barrels  . 

G05,  492 
5,  584,  727 
1,589,536 

2,  472 
276,  375 
25,  158 
1,477,114 
22,  147 
49,  546 
626 
178 
1,618 
112 

10,341 
17,044 
2,  029 
105 
2,800 

616,283 
5,601,771 
1,531,165 
2,  577 
279,  175 
25,  158 
1,478,114 
22,  391 
49,  522 
3,303 
178 
1,618 
140 

597,  477 
6,  500,  796 
711,  192 
373 
8,  072 
4,040 
1,774,546 
23,135 
59,804 
3,  225 
455 
222 
154 

28,593 
37,257 
1,626 
84 
16,716 
963 

626,  070 
6,  538,  053 
712,818 
457 
24,788 
5,003 
1,774,546 
23,  835 
59,  804 
7,806 
472 
222 
189 

Wheat  bushels. 
Peas  do... 
Barley  do  ... 
Oats  do... 

Oatmeal  barrels  . 
Corn  bushels. 
Ashes  '  .  barrels 

"244" 
176 

2,677 

700 

"*4,~58i" 
17 

Butter  kejjs 

Pork  barrels 

Lard  do 

Beef.-tcs.  and  bbls. 
Tallow  barrels 

28 

35 

Flour  and  grain  trade  of  Montreal  compared  for  three  years,  1861  to  1863. 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

\Yheat    bushels 

7,829,684 
1,565,477 
122,399 
1,409,859 
132,749 
24,812 
1,081,160 
21,221 

5,900,100 
1,477,114 

287,877 
1,409,859 
2,  457 

8,529,622 
1,661,611 
96,792 
534,679 
236,930 
82,665 
168,174 
2,426 

6,945,815 
1,774,347 

8,072 
727,277 
373 
200 
632,052 
4,039 

5,506,324 
855,328 
373,463 

3,806,306 
635,387 
3,001,766 

Corn  do... 
Otfts  do... 
Peas                    do 

Barley              .  do 

294,524 
32,278 
1,173,096 

1,789 

640,380 
170 
692,868 
9,353 

Eye  do... 
Flour     barrels  . 

654,966 
32,015 

Meal,  oat  and  corn.  do  . 

RECEIPTS    AT    OSWEGO. 


The  receipts  of  flour  and  grain  at  Oswego  have  been  very  large  for  many 
years,  but  no  great  quantity  of  provisions  or  miscellaneous  western  produce 
arrives  there  from  the  lakes.  The  following  are  the  receipts  of  grain,  in  totals, 
by  each  of  the  leading  routes  bringing  freight  to  that  port,  for  1862  and  1863 : 

Total  receipts  of  grain  at  Oswego  in  1862  and  1863. 


1862. 

1863. 

Welland  canal  

Bushels. 
11,367,609 

Bushels. 
9,  045,  613 

2,071,914 

1,717,371 

Buffalo  and  Lake  Huron  railway  

1,296,601 

292,  635 

257,  273 

130,  957 

1,  885,  517 

2,  654,  385 

176 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


The  following  is  the  detail  of  different  grains  received  by  different  routes  in 
1863: 


Routes. 

Wheat, 

Cora. 

Oats. 

Barley. 

Rye. 

By  Welland  canal  

Bushels. 
7,  037,  233 

Bushels. 
I  808  800 

Busho.  i. 
48  515 

Bushels. 

93  837 

Bushels. 
52  192 

\Velland  railway          .' 

909  053 

720  460 

58  600 

29  258 

Lake  Huron  and  Buffalo 
railway  

161,984 

123  533 

7  118 

107,  508 

23  449 

Canadian  lines  

8  215  778 

2  676  242 

107  151 

123  095 

59  310 

Lake  Ontario 

569  647 

125 

325  996 

1  791  572 

57  045 

Total  receipts  

8,  785,  425 

2  676  367 

433  147 

1  824  667 

116  355 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  GENERAL  MOVEMENT  EASTWARD  OF  FLOUR  AND  GRAIN. 

The  summary  of  movement  eastward  in  flour  and  grain  having  been  made  up 
with  care  in  the  Buffalo  Board  of  Trade  Report  for  1862,  for  years  preceding  as 
well  as  including  that  particularly  examined  in  this  report,  that  statement  will 
first  be  considered.  It  includes  several  points  at  which  no  regular  reports  have 
been  made  in  any  published  or  accessible  form,  and  there  is  reason  to  accept 
them  in  most  cases  as  sufficiently  close  approximations. 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


177 


•$P 


i 


•s  1 

M. 


Sta 


•  g 


eJQD 


or   v 


'  *&  CO   «-H  t*-  ! 

.  01  c*  o  co  ' 


of  •  .-<" 


•  CO  O5  5 


to  ift  o»  cf  o  o  ci  co~ 

CO  CO  C  l~  05  —  CO  l- 
r-it-rHlOr--<rt-CJ 

0~        C0~    •  r-T 


oo  r-i  o  10 
*rfQo'"^'"Qo'" 

SSS 

QO"     «- 


!  |  .2 

!  SI 


:  Jio-  :e-o- 


OOGOT/CTCC 

os  —  lOGim 


G^>  1O  O  —  ' 


i 


IS 

Hi 


" 


Ex.  Doc. 


1 


S    fl 

II 


«  o' 
•3'* 
OS 


. 

*  PH-     eofrn 


§ 


iii  iSSIS 


-T       OfcfrH"  r4 


•  CO  f-H  '  ''i  QO  —  IO   —  < 

•  IQ  Ol  •  ^  r;  co  ct  o 
!  rjJ'irf  !  a?t~<ooo 

•  O  O  •  O  e~  t-  O  OJ 

•  co  <-<  •  QO  co  01  co  1.0 


_J y__ 

42  o  o  >h  irs  05 1 

:i5s^'^"^g££^ 

I  O  t-  1-1  t^-  i-H  •V         O3 


Otb 


.coco    .05     ooi-H 


of 


S    d 

a  -a 

Ow 


rH  I-l  03  CO  Cl  01 


_•        •  S  co      •»  rt  o  co 

•§     :*«    »«r.'". 


g 


! 


.5  £  S    :    :  a    '•  -60  §    '    :     "3 

n^  tjfiii  § 

*ii-S5g*a>88    H 


it 

•*-»  t*» 

wS 


178 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


The  percentage  of  the  total  carried  by  each  of  the  several  lines  is  given  by 
the  same  authority,  as  follows : 

Table  showing  the  percent,  of  receipts  at  the  principal  receiving  points  for  six 
years  from  1857  to  1862,  inclusive  of  the  foregoing  eastward  movement. 


Locality. 

1857. 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Buffalo  

44.8 

e 
47.1 

50.0 

47.2 

51.5 

53.4 

18.3 

19.2 

17.1 

21.7 

15.5 

13.3 

Montreal                 ......  ......  .... 

11.8 

9.2 

8.7 

9.2 

12.6 

12.3 

W  Ter  B  &  O  R.  R.          

5.3 

6.5 

5.7 

2.4 

3.0 

2.9 

6  9 

6.0 

5.8 

3.5 

3.4 

3.4 

West  Ter  Pa  C  R  R 

4  3 

4.3 

4.2 

3.9 

4.1 

4.4 

Dunkirk              ..    ............... 

4.4 

3.4 

5.6 

4.2 

3.8 

4.3 

Suspension  Bridge         .  .......... 

2.3 

2.0 

0.7 

6.5 

5.4 

5.3 

1.9 

1.8 

1.3 

0.8 

0.6 

0.7 

0.5 

0.9 

0.6 

0.1 

0.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

100.0 

The  following  is  a  comparison  of  total  quantities  of  flour  and  grain  moved 
eastward  for  seven  years,  to  1862: 

Table  showing  the  variations  in  the  movement  eastward  from  1856  to  1862. 


Flour. 

Wheat. 

Corn. 

Other  grain. 

1856         

3  865  442 

19  505,358 

14,282  632 

4  592  569 

1857 

3  397  954 

16  763,285 

8  779  832 

2  256  914 

1858  ^  

4,499,613 

21  ,  843,  850 

10,  495,  554 

5,  035,  097 

1859    

3  760  274 

16,865,708 

4,423  096 

5  264  051 

1860 

4  j()6  057 

32  334  391 

18  075  778 

7  712  032 

1861  

6,  533,  869 

46,384,144 

29,524,628 

10  656,116 

1862  

8  359  910 

50,  699,  130 

32  935  923 

10  844  939 

Reducing  the  flour  to  bushels  of  wheat,  the  following  table  will  show  the  total 
eastward  movement,  in  bushels,  and  the  receipts  at  Buffalo  for  the  years  indicated : 


•8 

<£ 

~  i 

fe  ** 

& 

S  o 

> 

u 

t  S 

|3^ 

rs  ° 

fa 

8 

3  O  S 

H 

W 

n 

1856  

57,  707,  769 

26,239,791 

45  5 

1857  

44,789  851 

20,  052,  689 

44  8 

1858  

59  872  566 

28,219,855 

47  1 

1859  

44,354,225 

22,  215,  425 

50  0 

I860  

78,  652,  486 

37  133,461 

47  2 

1861  

119  264,233 

61,460,601 

51  5 

1862  

136  329  542 

72,794,188 

53  4 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


179 


GENERAL  TABLES  OF.  THE  TONNAGE  AND  TRANSPORTATION  OF  THE  ERIE  CANAL. 
Capacity,  passages,  and  aggregate  carriage  of  Erie  canal  boats  eastward. 


Years. 

Average  cargo 
of  boat. 

Days'  time  be 
tween  Buffalo 
and  Albany. 

S'S 

.^•3 

*S 
<$ 

S3  C  0 

£§« 

Tons  delivered 
at  tide-water 
from  the  Erie 
canal. 

1841 

41 

9 

$0  71 

532  520 

1844     

49 

7* 

60 

799  816 

1847       

67 

104 

77 

431  252 

1848         .             .     

71 

9 

58 

184  337 

1849 

63 

fit 

56 

266  724 

1850      

76 

9 

58 

554  675 

1851        ...        .  .        .  .  .. 

78 

8* 

49 

508  677 

1852  

80 

9 

53 

644  699 

1853  

84 

9 

56 

851  438 

1854      

94 

8£ 

52 

702  693 

1855 

92 

8i 

52 

420  7J5 

1856  

100 

84 

60 

587  130 

1857    

100 

84- 

46 

117  199 

1858      

126 

84- 

34 

496  687 

1859 

143 

2 

31 

451  333 

I860  

140 

84 

42 

2  276  061 

1861      .  . 

157 

84 

46 

2  449  609 

1862  

107 

84 

48 

2  917  094 

Quantities   of  flour,  distinguishing  western  and  New  York  reaching  tide-water 

through  the  Erie  canal. 


Years. 

Barrels  from 
west'u  States. 

Barrels  from 
New  York. 

Barrels  arri 
ving  at  tide 
water. 

Price. 

1837 

284  902 

747  676 

1  O'tt*  ri78 

£0  r(\ 

1838    

552  283 

637  036 

1  189  319 

8  50 

1839    

683  509 

425  544 

1  109  053 

6  50 

1840 

066  615 

1  080  084 

2  146  699 

4  84 

1841  

232  987 

596  657 

1  829  644 

6  00 

1842    

146  292 

543  064 

1  776  051 

5  18 

1843 

568  645 

670  532 

2  '>39  177 

4  56 

1844  

727  714 

746  939 

2  474  653 

4  50 

1845  

553  740 

1  288  tl§ 

2  84;)  156 

5  57 

1846    

2  723  474 

929  330 

3  65°  804 

5  05 

1847 

3  989  232 

791  106 

4  780  3'W 

.  A.  04 

1848  

2  983  688 

770  114 

3  753  802 

5  58 

1849   

2  842  821 

886  938 

3  739  759 

5  00 

1850  

3*  084*  959 

905  277 

3  990  236 

5  00 

1851  

3  495  734 

495  467 

3  991  201 

4  00 

1852  

3  937  366 

877  731 

4  8J5  097 

4  53 

1853    

3  992*289 

957  984 

4  950*273 

5  77 

1854  

1  586  961 

367  252 

1  954  213 

9  25 

1855  

2  5()6  780 

• 

2  375  415 

9  75 

1856  

3  209  741 

276  034 

3  485  775 

7  60 

1857  

2  227  092 

* 

1  988  226 

6  53 

1858  T.  

3  778  069 

# 

3  563  901 

5  50 

1859  
I860  

2,210,620 
4  344  387 

* 
737  321 

1^.925,402 
5  081  708 

5  70 
5  75 

1861 

6  712  233 

745  022 

7  467  255 

5  50 

1862  

7,516  397 

843  685 

8  360  082 

6  00 

*  The  arrival  at  tide-water  in  these  years,  being  less  than  the  quautity  from  western  .States,  is  proof  of  one 
of  two  thing* — either  that  noue  of  the  surplus  product  of  this  State  came  by  the  canal  in  thoae  yearn,  or  that, 
if  it  did,  its  place  was  bupplied  from  the  west. 


180 


FOREIGN    AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Tonnage  of  wheat  and  flour  eastward  to  tlie  Hudson  river  on  the  Erie  canal, 
with  the  points  of  shipment,  and  the  total  value. 


Years. 

From  Buf 
falo. 

From  Black 
Rock    and 
Tonawanda. 

From  Os- 
wego. 

From  way 
stations. 

Total  ton 
nage. 

Total  value. 

1837 

Tons. 
27,  206 

Tons. 

Tons. 

7,  429 

Tows. 

81,856 

116,491 

$9  640  156 

1838 

57,  977 

10,010 

65,  093 

133  080 

9  883  586 

1839            

60,  082 

7,697 

15,108 

41,796 

124,  683 

7,217,841 

1840 

95,  573 

12,  825 

15,  075 

121,389 

244,  862 

10,362,862 

1841 

106,271 

24,  843 

16,  677 

53,  569 

201  ,  360 

10  165  355 

1842  

107,  522 

13,  035 

14,  338 

63,  336 

198,  231 

9,  284,  778 

1843         

146,  126 

12,  882 

25,  858 

63,914 

248,  780 

10,283,454 

1844 

145,510 

15,  669 

42,  293 

74,  391 

277,  863 

11  211,677 

1845 

118,614 

17,  066 

44,  560 

140,  223 

320,  463 

15  962  950 

1846  

247,  860 

16,  564 

63,  905 

9J  ,  037 

419,  366 

18,836,412 

1847         

380,  053 

18,  489 

87,  329 

65,334 

551,205 

32,  890,  938 

1848  
1849  

253,  325 
229,  983 

19,  376 
22,  196 

90,411 
119,201 

68,  529 
63,  064 

431,641 
434,  444 

21,148,421 

19,  308,  595 

1850        

205,  457 

38,  071 

133,  473 

84  780 

461,781 

20,218,188 

1851 

229,  526 

48,  773 

146,  204 

33,  121 

457,  624 

16,  487,  652 

1852 

246,  362 

65,  208 

182,  434 

82,  772 

576,  772 

22,  564,  256 

1853 

219,  868 

68,  401 

227,631 

97,  958 

613,858 

30,  034,  571 

1854 

115  468 

18,457 

72,  975 

33,  755 

240,  655 

18,482,377 

1855 

219  111 

15,  169 

124,  004 

302,  125 

23,163,681 

1856         

233,  200 

4,573 

222,  542 

15,  070 

475,  385 

29,  098,  973 

1857 

209  727 

4,097 

104,322 

263,  141 

14,043,581 

1858 

332  174 

8,051 

172,  674 

454,  831 

19,  632,  087 

1859 

208  854 

8  970 

93  345 

250  872 

9,  970,  409 

1860 

438  076 

29,915 

249,  069 

710,138 

29,  027,  837 

1861     .       .    .. 

744,  484 

10,571 

277,  679 

21,561 

1,054,295 

42,  200,  199 

1862 

88]  ,  350 

2,  174 

276,  237 

17,538 

1,177,299 

50,160,517 

Statement  of  the  tonngae  and  value  of  merchandise  going  to  other  States  by  way 
of  Buffalo  and  Oswego,  in  each  year,  from  1836  to  1862,  both  inclusive. 


Years. 

Value. 

Buffalo. 

Oswego. 

Total. 

Value. 

1836 

Per  Ib. 
SO  124- 

Tons. 

30,  874 

Tons. 
8  019 

Tons. 
38,  893 

$9,  723,  250 

1837                   

124 

22,  230 

3,061 

25,  291 

6,  322,  750 

1838                               

124- 

32,  087 

2,  542 

34,  629 

8,  657,  250 

1839                                          -   - 

15 

29,  699 

4,498 

34,  197 

10,  259,  100 

1840              

16 

18,  863 

3,  192 

22,  050 

7,  057,  600 

1841                   .         ..n  

18 

25,  551 

5,489 

31,040 

11,174,400 

1842                                        

15 

20,  525 

3,538 

24,  063 

7,218,900 

1843               

174- 

32,  798 

4,537 

37,  335 

13,  067,  250 

1844                      

174- 

32,  767 

9,648 

42,415 

14,  485,  250 

1845                                  

174- 

37,713 

11*905 

49,618 

17,366,300 

1846 

174^ 

44,  487 

18,540 

58,  330 

20,  415,  506 

1847                   

18 

57,  290 

18,843 

75,  830 

27,  298,  800 

1848                            

18 

64,  428 

20,  444 

84,  872 

30,  553,  920 

1849                                      

18 

68,  020 

20,  287 

88,  315 

31,793,400 

1850 

18 

79,  405 

35,  091 

144,  496 

41,218,560 

1851      

18 

99,918 

74,  981 

174,  899 

62,  963,  640 

1852                 .                      

18 

143,  787 

76,012 

219,  799 

79,127,640 

1853 

18 

163,  192 

98,  560 

261,752 

94,  230,  720 

1854       

18 

167,  550 

64,  329 

231,879 

83,  476,  440 

1855             

18 

145,  530 

74,  936 

220,  466 

79,  367,  760 

1856                

18 

114,696 

68,817 

183,513 

66,  064,  680 

1857    

18 

74,  733 

43,  393 

118,  126 

42,  525,  360 

1858           

18 

47,  350 

29,  540 

76,  890 

27,  680,  400 

1859                

18 

72,  767 

26,  1{J9 

98,  876 

35,  595,  360 

I860                         

18 

72,  030 

47,  652 

119,682 

43,  085,  520 

1861  

18 

35,278 

17,  184 

52,  462 

18,886,320 

1862  

18 

52,  945 

18,094 

71,039 

25,  574,  040 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


181 


Statement  of  the  estimated  value  of  property  coming  from,  and  merchandise 
going  to,  other  States  than  New  York,  by  way  of  Bvjfalo.  Black  Rock,  Ton- 
awanda,  and  Oswego,from  1836  to  18G2,  both  inclusive. 


Years. 

Products 
comiiig  from. 

Merchandise 
going  to. 

Total. 

1836  

$5,493,816 

$9,  723,  250 

$15,217  066 

1837                   

4,813,626 

6,  322,  750 

11  13(5  :>7f> 

1838 

6  369  645 

8  657  250 

15  026  895 

1839  ,  

7,  258,  968 

10,259,  100 

17,518,068 

1840 

7  877  358 

7  057  600 

14  934  958 

1841   .                                     .                  

11,889,273 

11  174,400 

23  063  673 

184*2                                                               

9,215  808 

7  218  900 

1(>  434  708 

1843 

11  937  943 

13  067  250 

25  005  193 

1844  

15,875,558 

14,844,250 

27  720  808 

1845                                                         

14,  J62  239 

17  366  300 

31  520  539 

1846 

20  471  939 

20  415  500 

40  887  439 

1847 

32  666  324 

27  298  800 

59  965  124 

1848  

23,245  353 

30,553  920 

53  799  273 

1849 

26  713  796 

31  793  400 

58  50?   196 

1850,  Tonawanda  included 

25  539  605 

41  272  491 

66  812  096 

1851 

27  007  J42 

63  659  440 

90  666  582 

1852  :  

37,  04  1  ,  380 

79,  127,  640 

116,169,020 

1253  

42  367  564 

94  230  720 

136  589  284 

1854 

39  346  283 

83  476  440 

122  824>  723 

1855  

43,555  243 

79*  879'  680 

123  434  923 

1856  

38,043,813 

66,  064,  680 

104,108,493 

1857   

26  466  121 

42  5°5  360 

68  991  481 

1858  

36,  J82  405 

29  891  063 

66  073  468 

1859  

24  428  412 

35  595  360 

60  023  772 

I860  

4°  915  046 

45  154  114 

98  069  160 

J861     ..     . 

49  405  375 

18  886  320 

68  291  695 

1862  .     ... 

72,  131  136 

25  574  040 

97  705  176 

182  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 


Since  the  era  of  gold  discovery  in  the  mountain  ranges  which  girdle  the 
whole  Pacific  coast,  the  United  States,  England,  and  Russia  have  made  nearly 
equal  advances  in  colonization  in  that  quarter  of  the  world.  England  is  firmly 
planted  in  the  Australian  colonies  and  British  Columbia ;  Russia  has  annexed 
Manchooria  and  the  island  of  Saghalien,  which,  with  her  possessions  in  America, 
almost  constitute  a  dominion  of  the  North  Pacific  ocean  ;  California  and  Oregon, 
with  the  settlements  converging  to  the  harbors  of  San  Francisco  and  Puget's 
sound,  have  become  an  important  section  of  the  United  States ;  and  France 
probably  finds  a  motive  for  Mexican  intervention  in  the  circumstance  that  her 
power  in  the  New  Pacific  World  is  limited  to  the  Society  Islands  and  the  recent 
successful  crusade  in  Cochin  China. 

A  review  of  these  results  of  Pacific  colonization  will  be  the  best  illustration 
of  existing  and  prospective  commerce. 

THE    AUSTRALIAN    COLONIES   OF    ENGLAND. 

The  statistics  of  the  Australian  colony  of  Victoria  and  of  the  State  of  Cali 
fornia  present  many  analogies. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  golden  era  in  Victoria,  1851,  the  wool-created 
colony  of  Victoria  contained  77, 345  people  who  owned  6,032,783  sheep,  378,806 
head  of  cattle,  and  21,219  horses,  and  the  wool-created  city  of  Melbourne  had  a 
population  of  25,000  souls.  In  eleven  years  the  population  of  Victoria,  under 
the  gold  impulse,  has  increased  to  550,000  ;  the  average  exports  and  imports 
are,  respectively,  «£  12, 000,000,  and  the  population  of  the  city  and  suburbs  of 
Melbourne  has  increased  to  138,000. 

In  1849  California  had  a  population  not  exceeding  75,000  ;  its  industry  and 
production  were  pastoral,  the  chief  export  being  the  hides  of  cattle ;  and  San 
Francisco  was  an  insignificant  seaport.  In  1864  the  population  of  California 
and  its  colony,  the  Territory  of  Nevada,  cannot  be  less  than  500,000,  and  the 
average  exports  and  imports  are,  respectively,  $55,000,000  per  annum. 

The  average  annual  exports  of  treasure  from  Victoria  and  California  since 
1854  have  closely  approximated,  being  nearly  $40,000,000  annually.  In  both 
countries  the  aggregates  have  decreased  with  the  diversion  of  labor  to  agricul 
ture  and  manufactures.  In  Victoria,  the  culminating  point  was  in  1856,  when 
the  export  of  gold  was  2,985,696  ounces,  of  the  value  of  <£12,000,000  ;  and  the 
least  export  has  been  during  1863,  viz.,  1,634,377  ounces,  of  the  value  of 
<£6,537,508.  In  California,  the  greatest  annual  export  was,  in  1853,  $57,331,034, 
while,  for  the  last  two  years,  California  alone  has  not  exported  more  than 
$35,000,000  per  annum. 

The  entire  gold  product  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand  stood,  in  1862,  as 
follows  : 

Victoria ?.    1,71 1,508  ounces. 

New  South  Wales 584,519  ounces. 

New  Zealand ...     445,902  ounces. 


2,741,929  ounces. 

Or  nearly  as  much  as  Victoria  alone  produced  in  1856.  So  with  California. 
When  credited  with  the  production  of  Nevada,  Oregon  and  British  Columbia, 
which  the  course  of  trade  brings  to  California  for  exportation  to  different  parts 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  183 

of  the  world,  the  aggregate  retains  and  even  exceeds  the  amount  recorded  in 
1853 ;  but  California,  like  Victoria,  has  found  more  productive  industries  than 
gold  mining. 

Both  countries  now  produce  an  immense  number  of  consumable  articles 
which  they  used  formerly  to  import  and  pay  for  with  gold.  A  summary  of 
these  new  sources  of  value  in  Victoria  is  compiled  from  the  London  Statistical 
Journal,  for  December,  1863.  In  1856,  the  year  of  the  greatest  production  of 
gold,  the  colony  had  only  115,135  acres  in  cultivation  ;  in  1862,  540,000  acres. 
The  crop  of  wheat  has  increased  from  1,148,011  bushels  in  1856,  to  4,152,000 
bushels  in  1862,  with  a  saving  of  60  per  cent,  in  price.  Oats  increased  from 
614,679  to  2,633,692  bushels,  with  a  gain  in  reduction  of  price  of  ,£400,000. 
The  same  comparison  extends  to  all  agricultural  productions — the  local  supply 
now  effecting  a  saving  of  gold  export  in  lesser  articles  of  <£5,000, 000. 

Great  changes  may  be  anticipated  from  the  success  of  the  vine  and  tobacco 
cultivation.  In  1843  four  acres  were  planted  by  a  Swiss  vigneron,  near  Gee- 
long.  In  1862  there  were  1,464  acres  planted  with  3,818,335  vines,  (one-half 
only  in  bearing  condition,)  from  which  16,972  cwt.  of  grapes  were  sold,  and 
47,568  gallons  of  wine  manufactured.  In  1862,  220  acres  were  planted  to 
tobacco,  yielding  2,552  cwt. 

The  successful  manufactures  of  Victoria  are  machinery  for  mines,  carriages, 
refined  sugar,  spirits,  woollens,  ale,  furniture,  soap,  candles,  biscuits,  brick  and 
tiles,  cement  and  lime,  leather,  hats  and  caps,  iron  rolling  mills,  jewelry,  paper 
bags  and  pasteboard  boxes  for  tradesmen. 

The  bank  circulation  for  1862  was  ,€1,605,253. 

In  railroad  construction  Victoria  is  in  advance  of  California.  At  the  close 
of  1863  the  colony  had  351  miles  of  railroad  in  operation,  constructed  by  the 
government,  and  yielding  a  revenue  of  ,£433,615,  against  <£297,949  in  1862, 
when  the  total  mileage  m  operation  was  only  220  miles.  Mr.  H  S.  Chapman, 
of  Melbourne,  one  year  ago,  (in  January,  1863,)  wrote  as  follows  on  this  inter 
esting  subject  (see  London  Statistical  Journal  for  1863,  p.  439 :)  "In  the  early 
part  of  1862,  the  railway  from  Geelong  to  Ballurat  was  opened,  but  the  double 
line  not  being  completed,  the  department  was  not  in  a  condition  to  carry  goods 
to  any  extent.  In  October  the  Melbourne  and  Murray  River  line  was  opened 
to  Sandhurst.  The  distance  of  the  two  is,  in  round  numbers,  200  miles.  There 
are  also  short  railways  having  their  termini  at,  and  radiating  from,  Melbourne, 
constructed  by  four  distinct  companies.  These  connect  the  surrounding  sub 
urbs  with  the  city,  and  are  of  great  convenience  to  the  inhabitants;  but  it  is 
only  one  of  these  (that  which  connects  Hudson's  Bay  with  the  metropolis) 
which  is  of  great  importance.  The  total  extent  of  railways  in  operation  is  221 
miles,  [351  in  January,  1864.]  The  government  has  in  its  hands  the  means  of 
completing  the  northern  line  to  Echuca,  on  the  banks  of  the  Murray,  where  the 
Camtaspe  empties  itself  into  that  river.  The  embouchure  of  the  Goulboumc  is 
only  a  little  to  the  eastward.  This  line  measures  a  trifle  over  fifty  miles. 
These  government  lines  have  been  constructed  with  borrowed  money,  as  every 
body  knows,  c£7,000,000  raised  in  England,  £  1,000,000  raised  in  Victoria. 
There  was  a  premium  of  c£385,000,  and  they  would  have  been  constructed  for 
some  hundreds  of  thousands  less  than  the  original  estimates  had  not  the  gov 
ernment  obtained  the  sanction  of  the  legislature  to  purchase  the  Geelong  line 
of  a  private  company,  which,  with  the  repairs  to  that,  line,  will  require  about 
c£300,000,  or  perhaps  c£400,000  in  addition.  This  the  government  have  author 
ity  to  raise  in  the  colony.  Upoa  these  loans  the  annual  charge  is  half  a  million. 
It  is  not  easy  as  yet  to  ascertain  what  the  Met  revenue  from  the  government  lines 
will  be.  They  are  scarcely  yet  in  a  condition  to  do  all  the  work  they  will  ulti 
mately  be  capable  of,  and  undoubtedly  the  revenue  will  be  greatly  increased  when 
the  line  is  open  to  Echuca.  The  revenue  at  present  is  <£45,000  per  month,  and 
is  increasing.  This  will  give  c£540,000  for  the  year.  The  working  expenses 


184  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

are  roughly  estimated  at  one-half,  but  I  am  informed  they  will  not  exceed,  and 
will  probably  be  kept  below,  c£250,000.  In  round  numbers  we  may  call  the 
net  revenue  .£300,000  for  the  year  1863,  [it  was  <£433,615.]  to  go  towards  the 
payment  of  the  interest  which  is  charged  on  the  consolidated  revenue.  This 
net  revenue  is  3|  per  cent,  on  the  capital.  I  do  not  think  there  can  be  any 
reasonable  doubt  that  in  two  or  three  years  the  net  revenue  will  be  worked  up 
to  the  interest,  or  6  per  cent.  I  am  not,  however,  upon  conjecture  or  specula 
tion,  but  upon  the  facts  as  I  find  them:  and  the  fact  with  which  I  am  now  to 
deal  is  a  deficiency  of  c£200,000,  which  the  people  of  the  colony  now  have  to 
meet  by  taxation.  Not  that  we  should  care  to  be  taxed  less  if  that  were  not 
the  case,  but  we  should  have  ,£200,000  more  to  expend  on  other  improvements. 
Is  that  <£.00,000  a  loss  to  the  community?  I  answer  it  is  not.  It  is  in  the 
nature  of  a  guarantee  premium,  to  secure  the  great  economical  gain  to  the  coun 
try  from  the  cheapness  of  transport  generated  by  these  railways.  There  is  no 
country  in  the  world  which  has  illustrated,  and  still  illustrates,  this  so  perfectly 
as  Victoria.  Our  existence  has  been  of  such  short  duration,  and  our  progress 
so  rapid,  that  everything  may  be  said  to  have  passed  before  the  eyes  of  every 
body.  We  can  all  recollect  our  roads  in  the  condition  in  which  General  Wade 
is  said  to  have  found  them  in  the  north  of  England.  In  1852-'53  we  saw  these 
roads  "before  they  were  made" — 1854-'5S  was  the  era  of  macadamization — 
1859-'62  that  of  railways.  The  revolution  from  the  second  to  the  third  period 
was  not  so  marked  as  from  the  first  to  the  second.  More  than  66100  per  ton 
has  been  paid  for  the  carriage  of  goods  to  Bendigo ;  c£40  and  c£50  was  not 
uncommon.  As  MacAdam  moved,  Melbourne  cartage  got  down  to  <£18,  then 
to  £12,  and  latterly  to  <£5  and  c£6  per  ton.  We  now  think  that  enormous. 
The  government  charge  is  50*.  to  Sandhurst,  and  42s.  to  Ballarat,  and  in  pro 
portion  for  shorter  distances,  and  the  public  are  actually  agitating  for  reduced 
rates.  At  present  I  have  not  data  to  make  an  exact  calculation  of  the  gain, 
but  I  can  make  one  which  will  certainly  be  on  the  safe  side.  At  present,  as  I 
have  said,  the  goods  traffic  is  in  its  infancy;  but  if  we  take  the  twelve  months 
at  no  more  than  the  first  two  months,  the  number  of  tons  conveyed  will  be,  on 
the  Sandhurst  line,  128,073;  on  the  Ballarat  line,  72,840;  on  both,  200,913. 
Deducting  one-third  for  short  distances,  it  is  equal  to  134,000  tons  carried  the 
whole  way.  In  I860  the  winter  rate  of  cartage  to  Bendigo  was  <£6  10*.,  the 
summer  rate  ,£5  10*.;  mean  rate  <£6  per  ton,  and  even  then  the  carriers  had 
the  benefit  of  twenty  miles  of  railway.  In  1861  the  winter  rate  was  <£5,  the 
summer  rate  <£4  5*.;  mean,  c£4  12*.  Gd.  This  makes  an  average  saving  of  «£2 
6*.  6d.  per  ton,  or  a  total  of  <£31 1,550  gain,  against  the  revenue  deficiency  of 
<£200,000.  In  this  calculation  nothing  is  allowed  for  the  superior  condition  of 
the  goods  when  delivered,  nothing  for  time,  nothing  for  the  absence  of  depre 
dation,  which  used  to  be  considerable ;  nothing  for  passengers  and  their  conve 
nience  ;  and  nothing  for  the  revenue  of  the  Echuca  line,  when  completed,  for 
the  c£200,000  is  charged  on  the  whole.  Taking  all  these  into  account,  I  do  not 
doubt  that  the  economical  advantage  distributed  over  the  whole  country  is  at 
least  half  a  million,  secured  at  a  guarantee  or  insurance  charge  of  .£200,000  ; 
and  as  the  charge  is  not  subject  to  increase,  but  may  be  reduced  as  the  traffic 
extends,  the  advantage  must  be  deemed  progressive.  The  Echuca  line  will 
add  a  fourth  to  the  length  of  the  lines,  and  ought,  consequently,  to  add  one- 
fourth  to  the  net  revenue;  that  will  reduce  the  deficiency  to  .£125,000;  but  it 
will  also  add  one-fourth  to  the  sum  of  economical  advantages.  Englishmen, 
who  only  know  the  change  from  our  four-horse  coaches,  so  splendidly  appointed 
and  worked,  to  the  railway,  can  form  no  conception  of  the  revolution  which  we 
have  experienced.  It  is  a  change  from  misery  to  comfort — a  sudden  jump 
from  the  eighteenth  to  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth  century." 

This  extract  is  given  without  paraphrase,  on  account  of  its  suggestiveness  in  re 
gard  to  the  indispensable  internal  improvements  of  mining  districts.  California 
has  recently  opened  fifty  miles  of  railroad  eastward  of  San  Francisco. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  185 

The  leading  statistics  of  the  Australian  group  of  English  colonies  arc  as  follows: 


Colonies,  &c. 


Area,  square 

miles. 


Population  ac 
cording  to 
latest  return. 


Revenue  raised 

iu  the 
colony  in  I860. 


COMMERCE  IN  I860. 


Value  of  im 
ports. 


Vafue  of  ex 
ports. 


New  South  Wales 

Victoria 

Queensland 

South  Australia 

Western  Australia 

Tasmania 

New  Zealand. . 


323, 437 

86, 831 

678, 000 

383, 328 

978, 000 

26,215 

106, 259 


3G5, 635 

548, 944 
56, 000 

126, 830 
15,691 
90,211 

155, 070 


£1,309,  COO 

3, 039,  GOO 

179, 000 

439, 000 

61,000 

268, 000 

465, 000 


£7,519, 

15,094, 

742, 

1,640, 

169, 

1,006, 

1,548, 


000 
000 
COO 
u:<) 
000 
COO 
000 


£  5, 
12, 

1, 
1, 


072,  000 
903,000 
710,000 
784,000 
89,  000 
025,000 
589,  000 


2, 582, 070 


1,358,381 


5, 760, 000 


27,718,000 


22,232,000 


The  revenue  of  Victoria  since  18GO  has  been  nearly  <£3, 000,000.  In  1863 
it  was  reduced  to  £2,722,299,  but  will  reach  the  former  point  in  1864.  The 
sources  of  the  revenue  for  the  year  ending  with  December,  1863,  are  thus  pre 
sented  by  the  Melbourne  Argus  of  January  25,  1864  : 

J Customs*  Rate  of  impost  Revenue  for  1836. 

Spirits 10*.  per  gallon.  oC494,045 

Wine 3s.  per  gallon.  44,073 

Beer 6 d.  per  gallon.  53,537 

Tobacco,  manufactured 2s.  per  pound.  )  1 0~  ^OA 

Tobacco,  unmanufactured 1*.  per  pound.  } 

Cigars 5*.  per  pound.  10,118 

Tea 6d.  per  pound.  92,780 

Sugar 6s.  per  cwt.  118,736 

Coffee 2d.  per  pound.  11,918 

Opium 10*.  per  pound.  23,644 

Rice 2$.  per  cwt.  15,560 

Dried   fruits 10s.  per  cwt.  16,633 

Hops 2d.  per  pound.  5,525 

Malt 6 d.  per  bushel.  8,445 

Sheepwash   tobacco 3d.  per  pound.  5,218 

Registration  fees,  ("unit  of  entry") 2d.  per  package.  28,026 

Total  from  customa -*.....—..*.•.  1,048,586 

II. — Excise : 

Spirits  distilled  in  Victoria c£6,181 

Publicans'  licenses 54,625 

Spirit  merchants'  licenses 14,123 

Auctioneers'  licenses 4,350 

Brewers 978 

AH  other  licenses 9,144 

Total  from  excise 89,403 

III. — Income  from  public  works  : 

Railways ,£433,615 

Electric  telegraph "24,222 


Total  from  public  works 457,837 


186 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


IV.— Territorial : 

Sales  and  leases  of  lands,  miners'  rights,  &c «£750,603 

Export  duty  on  gold,  1*.  Gd.  per  oz 121,508 


Total  territorial, 


872,111 


V. — Post  office <£117,664 

VI. — Ports  and  harbors  : 
Tonnage,  pilotage,  &c ,£20,453 

VII. — Miscellaneous : 
Fees,  fines,  and  forfeitures,  &c <£116,240 


Grand  total <£2,722,299 


The  expenditure  of  Victoria  covers  the  whole  field  of  what  in  the  United 
States  is  divided  into  national  and  state  expenditure.  Taxation  of  the  entire 
population  of  the  United  States  in  equal  measure  would  produce  a  revenue  of 
$800,000,000. 

Hittell,  in  his  Resources  of  California,  (1SG2,)  estimates  that  the  inhabitants 
of  Nevada,  Oregon,  Washington,  the  western  part  of  New  Mexico,  (now  organ 
ized  as  Arizona,)  the  northwestern  part  of  Mexico,  British  Columbia,  Vancou 
ver's  island,  and  the  Hawaiian  islands,  are  an  aggregate  population  of  1,700,000, 
and  destined  to  an  identity  of  commercial  interests. 

San  Francisco  and  California  hold  the  same  relation  to  this  Pacific  population 
which  Melbourne  and  Victoria  bear  to  the  1,400,000  inhabitants  of  the  Aus 
tralian  group  of  English  colonies.  Omitting  further  comparative  statements,  it 
is  now  proposed  to  exhibit  the  present  nature  and  relations  of  the  Pacific  trade 
which  concentrates  at  the  city  of  San  Francisco.  This  will  be  done  chiefly  by 
compilations  from  the  San  Francisco  Mercantile  Gazette,  showing  the  transac 
tions  and  situation  of  1863. 


THE   TRADE   OF    SAN    FRANCISCO. 


The  following  table  shows  the  destination  and  value  of  exports  from  San 
Francisco,  exclusive  of  the  precious  metals,  during  the  past  three  years  : 


To— 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

New  York  

$1  605  034 

$2  245,633 

$2  736  435 

Boston                .                 . 

98  345 

1   192  489 

1  505  690 

Great  Britain  

2,  838,  004 

1,355,217 

1  ,  697,  822 

Australia.  

1  ,  056,  401 

332,  335 

487,  685 

British  Columbia  ...........           ..   .. 

1,  177,152 

2  195  903 

1,746  801 

Mexico                                . 

1  094  930 

1  014  639 

]  819  652 

Peru     .. 

163  264 

271  251 

216  206 

China  '  

711,841 

722,  229 

1  ,  fc46,  254 

Hawaiian  islands  

288,  877 

293  370 

357,  369 

Japan.  .........                 . 

15  577 

21  598 

43  901 

838,  647 

920,  630 

920,  584 

9,  888,  072 

10,565,294 

12,877,399 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


187 


This  table  includes  the  productions  of  Oregon,  British  Columbia,  and  north 
ern  Mexico,  as  well  as  of  California. 

The  Gazette  adds  the  following  comparative  statement  of  the  value  of  differ 
ent  articles  of  California  produce  exported  during  the  past  three  years  : 


Articles. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Barley                                  

$361,452 

$131,282 

$65,044 

10,214 

40,  599 

11,608 

1,984 

5,400 

171 

1,131 

3,061 

1,871 

64,892 

69,  805 

65,290 

135,240 

370,  200 

719,300 

Fi™    ...        

21,828 

21,868 

11,285 

Flour               .   ...         

858,  425 

688,  234 

767,  270 

Glue                                             

7,  320 

1,240 

930 

Hav 

4,683 

10,998 

H  914 

Hides          

444,  995 

947,  253 

924,  567 

Horns                    ......  ......  ......  ....  ....  .... 

2,350 

2,  484 

1,807 

Leather                                          .   ..........   .... 

3,605 

11,040 

3,773 

357 

968 

2  463 

Lumber 

69  931 

149  560 

123  084 

M  us  t  ;ird  seed            ....  ....  ......  ......  ....  ... 

1,857 

2,417 

1  1  ,  230 

Oats                 .           

156  879 

72  045 

130  602 

Potatoes 

23  016 

12  936 

21  828 

1,  079,  850 

1,138,961 

1,073,078 

Skins                           

36,  652 

25  Oil 

56,338 

Silver  ores 

211  345 

34  740 

118  109 

Tnllow 

35  658 

37  740 

80  170 

Wheat  

2,  702,  434 

1,372,572 

1  754  116 

\Vine                                          .... 

8,000 

25  836 

80  141 

Wool 

519  577 

1  009  194 

1  119  098 

Sundries  of  manufacture  

27,  145 

23,  843 

45,  565 

Sundries  of  agriculture  •  ..   ..           ............ 

4  936 

2  496 

7  637 

6,  795,  758 

6,211,788 

7,208,289 

The  destinations  of  these  California  products  were  classified  as  follows  : 


To— 

b 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

New  York  and  Boston  

$1  283  381 

$2  465  831 

$2  879  897 

Great  Britain.  .......... 

2  744  537 

1  296  889 

1  620  812 

Australia.  . 

1  078  118 

287  975 

398  018 

jChina  

56(5  860 

589  907 

1  010  931 

453  953 

5;>9  927 

560  312 

Peru  

158  774 

216  276 

169  094 

42  527 

47,  135 

66  930 

71  315 

373  611 

260  746 

396  283 

394  237 

249  449 

Total  

6  795  758 

6  211  788 

7  208  289 

188 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Including  exports  of  treasure,  the  entire  exports  of  California  productions 
during  three  years,  may  be  classified  as  follows  : 


1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

[Products  of  the  mine                 ...... 

$42,  103,  193 
3,265,471 
1,041,217 
69,  931 

21,828 
962,  876 
8,000 

$44,105,662 
1,645,350 
2,  027,  082 
149,  560 
21,868 
798,  191 
25,836 

$47,  082,  398 
2,013,975 
2,182,155 
134,086 
11,285 
873,  854 
81,456 

Products  of  n^riculture 

Products  of  the  herd 

Products  of  the  forest  ..............     ......... 

Products  of  the  sea                ...... 

Products  of  nianufacture  . 

Total                      

47,472,217 

48,  773,  549 

53,  280,  209 

The  following  table  shows  the  value  and  destination  of  treasure  shipments 
from  San  Francisco  during  the  years  1354  to  1863 : 


Years. 

To  eastern 
ports. 

To  England. 

To  China. 

To  Pana 
ma. 

To  other 
countries. 

'    Total. 

1854 

$46,  533,  166 

$3,781  080 

$965  887 

$204  592 

$560  908 

$52  045  633 

1855  

38,  730,  564 

5,  182,  156 

889,  675 

230  207 

128,  129 

45,  161,731 

1856     . 

39,  895,  294 

8,  666,  289 

1  308  852 

258  268 

573  732 

50,  697,  4134 

1857 

35,531,778 

9,  347,  743 

2  993  264 

410  929 

692  978 

48  976  697 

1858  

35,891,236 

9,  265,  739 

1,916,007 

299,  265 

175,  779 

47,  548,  026 

1859  

40,  146,437 

3,910,930 

3,  100  756 

279  949 

202,  390 

47,  640,  462 

1860 

35,719,296 

2,  672,  936 

3  374  680 

300  819 

258  185 

42,  325,  916 

1861 

32,628,011 

4,061  779 

3  541  279 

349  769 

95  920 

40  676  758 

1862  

26,194,035 

12,950,140 

2,  660,  754 

434,  508 

322,  324 

42,561,761 

1863  

10,389,330 

28,  467,  256 

4,  206,  370 

I  503  296 

505,  667 

46,071,920 

Total  

341,659,147 

88,  306,  054 

24,957,524 

5,267,602 

3,516,010 

463,  706,  338 

The  imports,  answering  to  these  exports,  are,  in  some  measure,  indicated  by 
the  following  statement  of  the  tonnage  which  arrived  at  San  Francisco  during 
the  year  1863  : 


From  — 

No.  of 

vessels. 

Tons. 

102 

114,963 

Domestic  Pacific  ports  ..........................   ..           ..... 

1  414 

253,  017 

Great  Britain 

30 

22,  827 

Panama  New  Granada 

39 

84,  871 

13 

5,628 

Hamburg  ..  .......  .  . 

11 

4,115 

28 

13,962 

China                                               . 

44 

32,  888 

3 

893 

7 

5,752 

Calcutta  

3 

1,335 

3 

981 

Malaga                 ........... 

1 

295 

Rio  J  aneiro         .........   . 

4 

1,034 

Chili  

4 

1,751 

Peru  

11 

2,977 

66 

20,845 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 
STATEMENT— Continued. 


189 


From  — 

No.  of 
vessels. 

Tons. 

West  Indies 

0 

800 

44 

46,  605 

Hawaiian  Islands         ......    .....  .                     .................. 

18 

6,  5-20 

13 

y,  176 

Central  America 

13 

3,771 

Russian  Possessions   northwest  coast 

9 

3,146 

Russian  Possessions,  Asia.  ........    .......          ... 

4 

737 

\Vlialinfr  Voyages                ...         .                      ..           .         .. 

13 

4,504 

Total  arrivals 

1  899 

641,393 

Recapitulation  for  the  year  1863. 


No.  of 
vessels. 

Tons. 

American  vessels  arrived  from  domestic  ports 

1,516 
238 
12 
1 
132 

367,  980 
214,655 
4,  304 
200 
54,  254 

American  vessels  arrived  from  whaling  voyages                 ...    .   .   . 

Foreign  vessels  arrived  from  whaling  voyages 

Total 

1,891) 

641,393 

By  a  return  from  the  Register's  office  of  the  Treasury  Department,  the  total 
value  of  foreign  imports  at  San  Francisco  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1863, 
was  as  follows:  In  American  vessels,  $7,348,969;  in  foreign  vessels,  $3,333,173  ; 
total,  $10,682,142.  To  which  add  for  the  third  quarter  of  1863,  in  American 
vessels,  $1,937,441;  in  foreign  vessels,  $750,956;  making  an  aggregate  for  the 
period  of  fifteen  months  ending  September  30,  1863,  of  $13,370^539.  During 
the  same  period  of  fifteen  months  the  value  of  foreign  imports  to  Oregon  are 
stated  on  the  same  authority  at  $79,764.  There  is  no  return  from  Puget's  Sound 
district,  though  estimated  to  import  at  least  $100,000  yearly.  These  custom- 
bouse  returns  indicate  an  annual  importation  on  the  Pacific  coast  of  $10,826,957. 

The  present  tendencies  of  the  Pacific  trade  in  regard  to  different  countries 
are  worthy  of  observation. 

To  New  York  and  Boston  the  leading  articles  of  export  are  hides,  wool,  and 
even  copper: 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Copper  ore    ......                  ... 

.  .  sks 

11   155 

72  938 

109  470 

Hides 

No 

200  1  1  6 

177  998 

315  751 

308  189 

Wool 

H767 

H791 

21  911 

16  078 

The  exportation  of  wheat,  which  in  I860  was  203,528  bags,  fell  to  19,288 
in  1861,  and  is  not  reported  for  the  last  two  years. 

To  Great  Britain  the  exports  from  California  chiefly  consist  of  wheat  and 
flour,  as  follows : 


100 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Flour  

.   ..         ..   .....    .     barrels 

36,  375 

70  945 

8  582 

12  200 

Wheat 

bags 

458  495 

1  022  664 

590  485 

844  022 

To  the  Sandwich  Islands  and  Mexico,  lumber  is  the  leading  export,  amount 
ing  in  18G3  to  772,794  feet  for  the  Sandwich  Islands,  and  1,152,350  feet  for 
Mexico. 

The  export  of  lumher  to  Peru  reached  1,936,156  feet  in  1862,  and  890,009 
feet  in  18G3. 

China  is  also  a  considerable  market  for  the  lumber  of  the  Pacific  coast,  re 
ceiving  2,659,190  feet  in  1862,  and  2,709,733  feet  in  1863.  The  San  Fran 
cisco  Mercantile  Gazette  of  January  12  remarks  :  "  The  shipments  of  Califor 
nia  products  to  China  during  the  year  just  ended  have  been  very  much  greater 
than  ever  before.  Flour,  wheat,  lumber,  bacon,  butter,  cheese,  lard,  wine,  veg 
etables,  &c.,  have  all  been  sent  forward  in  quantities  that  indicate  a  rapidly 
expanding  market.  The  people  of  that  country  who  have  lived  among  us 
these  many  years,  much  to  the  disgust  of  certain  political  classes,  and  in  spite 
of  the  most  determined  efforts  to  drive  them  away,  have  done  us  a  great  service 
in  teaching  their  countrymen  at  home  the  use  and  value  of  our  products,  and  in 
overcoming  their  ancient  prejudices  against  'barbarian'  diet.  The  trade  re 
quires  judicious  management,  and  is  in  good  hands.  We  regard  its  present 
aspect  as  perhaps  the  most  important  feature  in  our  outward  commerce  which 
4he  past  year  has  developed.  Its  progress  may  be  comparatively  slow  for  some 
time  to  come,  and  may  yet  undergo  many  vicissitudes  ;  but  once  fairly  inaugu 
rated,  as  indeed  it  now  seems  to  be,  the  wants  of  a  population  almost  illimitable 
give  assurance  of  a  market  for  any  surplus  we  may  have  to  spare  at  prices  rea 
sonably  remunerative." 

To  Australia  and  New  Zealand  the  leading  export  is  lumber ;  the  former 
demand  for  breadstuff's  being  much  below  the  exportation  of  1861. 

The  East  Indies  send  to  California  coffee,  sugar,  rice,  hemp,  spices,  &c.,  but 
take  little  in  return  except  gold  and  silver. 

The  exports  of  California  produce  to  British  Columbia,  New  Granada,  Chili, 
Society  Islands,  Manilla,  Japan,  France,  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  Central  America, 
and  Russian  possessions,  are  reported  by  the  San  Francisco  Gazette  as  follows  : 


Articles. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

Barley 

.       bags 

99.243 
291 

92,814 

4,883 
25 
1,098 
36 
58 
1,513 

39,  034 
8,980 

27,303 
3,074 

Beans 

))}jer» 

Bran.                           .       .    

.  tons  . 

B  ran 

.  .  baf  s 

5,806 

5,762 
75 

28 
1,044 
289 
518 
59,  170 

3,709 

•     vr  " 

Bread  

bbls. 

205 
1,753 

50 
2,327 
96 

Bread  

cwt 

Bread  

packages  . 

362 
21,480 

Flour  

bbls 

33,577 

57,634 

Furs  

packages. 
....  bales 

Hay 

7,318 

3,  002 
10 
5,400 
68 
1,531,505 
3,  542 
216.  000 

5,  524 

6,103 

Hide  cuttings    ....     ..           . 

packages  . 

Leather 

packages  . 
feet 

61 

1,740,575 
1,426 
490.  000 

77 

2,  897,  752 
704 
450.  000 

87 
940,  899 
366 

boards  bundles  and 

packages  . 
..No. 

FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 
STATEMENT— Continued. 


191 


Articles. 

I860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

411 

400 

pickets.       .....    ... 

No. 

2,000 

5,000 

pickets               .....  . 

.....bundles. 

400 

No. 

1,000 

bbls. 

220 

30 

310 

Oats                                

bao-s. 

3,198 

2  504 

7  78* 

6  483 

Potatoes                                 .  .  .  . 

,     » 
.  .  .  .  ...     DUCTS  - 

0  351 

4  935 

4  514 

6  222 

.  .  flasks 

1  497 

2  392 

2  240 

702 

bbls. 

236 

73 

235 

37 

Salmon                     .   ....... 

.  .  cwts. 

17 

6 

60 

Tallow                                    .    . 

Dackaeres 

1,484 

327 

423 

251 

Wheat  

bags  . 

37,357 

4,184 

5,118 

27  297 

Wool                              

3 

546 

The  table  of  treasure  shipments  indicates  a  great  change  of  destination  since 
1861.  Then  the  shipments  to  our  Atlantic  cities  reached  $32,628,011,  while 
during  1863  they  amounted  to  only  $10,389,330.  The  treasure  shipments  to 
England  increased  from  $4,061,779  in  1861  to  $28,467,256  in  1863. 

The  attention  to  wool-growing  on  the  Pacific  coast  during  the  last  five  or  six 
years  has  resulted  in  a  very  rapid  increase  of  the  crop  in  California.  In  1857 
the  whole  product  of  the  State  was  only  1,000,000  pounds;  now  it  is  estimated 
at  7,600,000  pounds.  The  shipments  of  wool  from  San  Francisco  have  been 
as  follows  for  the  last  four  years : 


1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

To  New  York  

Bales. 
11  767 

Bales. 
13  244 

Bales. 
13   l'*7 

Bales. 

9  862 

To  Boston  

1  547 

8  784 

6  216 

315 

1   1()3 

78 

319 

3 

62(j 

Total  

12  082 

15  987 

2°  615 

16  398 

The  export  of  the  important  article  of  quicksilver  for  the  past  six  years  is 
shown  by  the  following  table : 


To— 

1858. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

1863. 

New  York  and  Boston 

3  559 

250 

400 

600 

°  265 

95 

Great  Britain  ..........   .......... 

2  500 

1  500 

1  062 

Mexico           .......             ........ 

12,  901 

103 

3,886 

12  061 

14  778 

11  590 

China                             .... 

4  132 

1  068 

2  715 

13  788 

8  725 

8  889 

Peru 

2  000 

571 

750 

2  804 

3  4'i9 

3  376 

Chili 

1  364 

930 

1  040 

2  059 

1  746 

500 

Central  America  .................. 

110 

40 

40 

Japan                          ..........    ... 

50 

25' 

Australia                          .  . 

325 

100 

1  050 

800 

300 

133 

135 

57 

424 

120 

186 

19 

327 

IK; 

5 

42 

Total  flasks                ... 

24,  142 

3  399 

9  348 

35  995 

33  749 

26  014 

192  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

The  manufactures  of  California  are  unexpectedly  prosperous,  and  materially 
reduce  importations.  Cordage,  cement,  blankets,  white  and  colored  flannels, 
cloths  and  cassimeres,  gunpowder,  leather,  malt  liquors,  tar,  rosin,  turpentine, 
paper,  soap,  wine,  are  now  manufactured  with  a  degree  of  success  which  will 
probably  control  the  home  market. 

The  California  supply  of  coal,  chiefly  from  the  Mount  Diablo  mines,  is  on 
the  increase,  reaching  37,0^0  tons  in  1863 ;  but  the  demand  is  so  great  as  to 
warrant  shipments  from  Vancouver  island,  Bellingham  Bay,  and  Chili,  and 
even  from  England  and  Australia.  The  monthly  consumption  from  the  Diablo 
mines  during  the  last  three  months  of  1863  was  fully  6,000  tons  per  month. 

The  product  of  gold  and  silver  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  estimated  at  $55,000,000 
for  1863,  of  which  fully  $7,000,000  was  received  from  British  Columbia.  The 
total  coinage  at  the  San  Francisco  mint  during  the  year  1863  was$20,251,417  97. 

It  is  contended  by  the  commercial  journals  of  San  Francisco  that  the  cur 
rency  of  California,  which  is  mostly  coin,  is  more  abundant  in  proportion  to 
population  and  wealth  than  that  of  the  Atlantic  States.  The  Mercantile  Ga 
zette  of  February  12,  1864,  represents  the  amount  in  circulation  on  the  Pacific 
coast  as  $25,000,000  ;  that  the  population  of  California  with  adjoining  State  (of 
Oregon)  and  Territories  is  600,000,  which  gives  forty-one  dollars  and  sixty-six 
cents  per  capita.  The  total  value  of  real  and  personal  property  on  the  Pacific 
coast  is  estimated  by  the  Gazette  to  be  $340,000,000,  of  which  $25,000,000  is 
about  seven  per  cent.  The  currency  of  the  loyal  States  east  of  the  mountains, 
notwithstanding  its  expansion  to  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  nation,  is  below 
those  ratio's  to  population  and  property.  The  population  of  the  loyal  States 
and  of  the  insurrectionary  districts  which  are  held  by  the  army  (in  June,  1864) 
is  24,000,000.  If  the  currency  was  at  the  California  standard — $4]  per  capita — 
its  aggregate  would  be  $984,000,000,  and  a  proportion  of  7  per  cent,  upon  the 
total  valuation  of  property  would  give  an  equal  aggregate. 

VANCOUVER'S  ISLAND  AND  BRITISH  COLUMBIA. 

Except  Australia,  British  Columbia,  and  the  islands  adjacent  to  its  coast, 
would  be  the  only  important  colonial  occupation  of  the  Pacific  coast  by  Great 
Britain — Mauritius,  Hong  Kong,  and  Labuan  having  their  chief  significance  in 
the  convenience  of  the  mercantile  marine.  The  station  of  England  on  the 
northwest  coast  of  North  America  will  prove  of  great  value  in  the  future  strug 
gle  for  commercial,  if  not  political,  ascendancy  in  the  Orient. 

The  island  of  Vancouver,  with  its  excellent  harborage  in  Puget's  sound,  is  in 
the  latitude,  and  is  not  unlike  the  climate,  of  Ireland.  The  coldest  weather  of 
the  year  is  in  December ;  but  little  snow  falls,  disappearing  usually  in  a  few 
days.  The  frosts  which  precede  and  follow  penetrate  the  soil  but  a  few  inches, 
and  the  lakes  are  covered  with  ice  sufficiently  strong  to  bear  the  skater  only 
during  a  few  weeks.  The  climate  is  mild  and  equable,  but  warmer  in  summer 
than  in  England.  Cattle,  horses,  sheep,  and  hogs  are  seldom  housed.  Probably 
not  more  than  half  the  surface  of  the  island  is  adapted  to  agriculture,  but  the 
soil  is  of  excellent  quality,  and  all  other  conditions  favorable.  Wheat,  oats, 
barley,  hay,  and  vegetables  are  produced,  and  the  almost  evergreen  turf  is  well 
suited  to  grazing.  The  section  of  country  now  in  course  of  agricultural  settle 
ment  is  within  sixty  miles  of  Victoria,  the  leading  town  of  the  island,  and  is 
known  as  the  district  of  Cowichan.  The  conditions  on  which  land  may  be 
taken  there,  as  elsewhere  in  Vancouver's  island,  are  easy.  A  single  man  may 
pre-empt  one  hundred  and  fifty  acres ;  a  married  man,  with  his  wife  in  the 
colony,  two  hundred  acres ;  and  for  each  child  under  ten  years  of  age,  ten  acres 
additional.  The  government  price  for  the  land  is  one  dollar  an  acre.  If  un- 
eurveyed  land  be  pre-empted,  the  settler  lias  to  pay  for  it  when  surveyed.  If 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  193 

surveyed,  he  has  three  years  in  which  to  pay  the  purchase  money.  Another 
condition  makes  it  incumbent  on  the  pre-emptor  to  occupy  and  improve  his 
claim.  "When  two  dollars  an  acre  is  expended  in  improvements  the  government 
will  make  a  title ;  but  not  so  unless  the  settler  has  resided  on  his  claim  two 
years. 

Vancouver's  island  is  the  naval  station  of  England  in  the  North  Pacific.  The 
harbor  of  Esquimalt,  three  miles  from  Victoria,  and  near  the  Straits  of  San  Juan, 
is  a  magnificent  haven,  fit  to  shelter  a  whole  navy  in  safety.  The  forests  of  the 
island  are  an  inexhaustible  resource  for  ship-building,  while  the  coal  mines  at 
Nanaimo,  sixty  miles  from  Victoria,  on  the  sheltered  navigation  of  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  are  of  the  best  possible  quality — bituminous  and  extensive.  The  scams 
now  worked  at  Nanaimo  are,  respectively,  three  feet  ten  inches,  five  feet,  and 
two  feet  five  inches,  and  have  been  traced  to  the  northwest  extremity  of  the 
island,  where  Johnson's  straits  furnish  excellent  land-locked  harbors.  Up  to 
1858  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  had,  in  nine  years,  taken  63,000  tons ;  but, 
during  1863,  22,000  tons  have  been  exported  to  San  Francisco  alone,  where  it 
found  a  remunerative  sale,  though  the  price  at  the  pit-mouth  is  six  dollars  per 
ton.  Behind  Nanaimo  a  remarkable  natural  cleft  known  as  Albeoni  canal 
leads  into  Barclay  sound,  where  a  London  firm  have  established  saw-mills, 
which,  during  nine  months  of  1863,  cut  and  exported  15,000,000  superficial  feet 
of  the  finest  planking  from  the  Douglas  and  other  pines.  These  details  of  the 
coal  and  lumber  trade  indicate  the  great  advantages  of  Vancouver  for  the  con 
struction,  repair,  and  coaling  of  vessels. 

Northward  of  Puget's  sound  the  coast  of  British  Columbia  is  so  broken  with 
fiords  or  inlets,  and  sheltered  by  islands,  as  to  present  the  greatest  possible 
advantages  for  fisheries  and  a  coasting  trade.  The  salmon,  herring,  and  other 
fisheries  of  this  region  will  equal  those  of  Norway. 

British  Columbia,  in  respect  to  capacity  for  agriculture,  may  be  compared 
with  Scotland,  while  its  mineral  resources  are  destined  to  a  development  fully 
equal  to  the  gold  product  of  the  colony  of  Victoria. 

The  progress  of  the  colony  of  British  Columbia,  during  the  first  four  years  of 
its  organization,  will  be  illustrated  by  a  statement  of  revenue  which  is  raised 
almost  entirely  by  customs  duties  levied  at  New  Westminster,  or  the  mouth  of 
Frazer  river,  and  by  a  mining  license  of  twenty  shillings  per  year  for  each  man. 
During  the  first  year  of  the  existence  of  British  Columbia  as  a  colony — that  is, 
to  the  3lst  of  December,  1859 — the  customs  duties  amounted  to  c£18,464,  the 
receipts  from  other  sources  being  quite  trifling.  In  the  succeeding  year,  1860, 
the  customs  receipts  reached  d£30,416,  and  those  from  other  sources,  such  as 
land  sales,  port  and  harbor  duties,  licenses,  &c.,  nearly  c£23,000  more.  In  1S61 
the  receipts  from  customs  were  .£41,177;  from  other  sources,  c£38,192.  In 
1862  the  customs  receipts  were  estimated  by  Governor  Douglas  at  c€58,9SO ; 
other  sources,  d£47,050.  One-third  of  the  gross  revenue  is  devoted  to  the  con 
struction  of  roads  and  bridges,  which  are  objects  of  first  necessity  in  a  rugged 
mining  country.  By  the  improvement  of  the  roads  from  the  mouth  of  the  Frazer 
river  to  stations  three  hundred  miles  distant,  the  cost  of  transport  has  been 
reduced  to  about  twenty  shillings  a  ton,  which  is  300  per  cent,  less  than  in  1860. 

The  land  system  of  British  Columbia  is  identical  with  that  of  Vancouver's 
island,  the  price  of  land  being  4s.  2d.  per  acre  on  easy  terms  of  payment. 

The  mineral  wealth  of  British  Columbia,  especially  the  interior  district  called 
Cariboo,  which  parts  the  waters  of  the  Columbia,  Frazer,  Saskatchewan,  Atha 
basca,  and  Peace  rivers  to  every  point  of  the  compass,  has  lately  been  attested 
by  papers  read  at  the  London  Geographical  Society,  and  is  confirmed  by  the 
returns  of  treasure  exports  at  New  Westminster  and  Victoria. 

Allen  Francis,  esq.,  United  States  consul  at  Victoria,  Vancouver's  island, 
states  that  the  export  of  gold  .from  that  port  during  the  year  1863,  as  obtained 
from  reliable  sources,  amounted  to  §2,935,170  16,  and  he  computes  that  an 
Ex.  Doc.  55 13 


194 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


equ.il  amount  has  been  taken  away  in  private  Lands,  or  about  $6,000,000  as 
the  total  export. 

Mr.  Francis  communicates  the  following  statistical  tables : 

Table  of  imports  to  Victoria,  Vancouver's  Island,  for  the  years  1861,  1862,  and 

1863. 


18G1. 


1862. 


1S63. 


From  San  Francisco 

From  Washington  Territory  and  Puget's  sound . . . 
From  Oregon 


$1,288,359 
228, 350 
216,603 


$2,  345, 066 

224, 793 

75,  370 


$1,880,117 
242,781 
108, 603 


Total 


1,733,212       2,645,229  \      2,230,501 


From  Sandwich  Islands, 
From  British  Columbia. 

From  China 

From  Melbourne 

From  Valparaiso  


516,041 
54, 382 
31,454 


694, 278 
112,108 
32, 424 
22, 268 
32, 170 
17, 000 


1,432,521 
113,486 

65, 870 
45, 434 


Total I        601,877  910,248         1,657,311 

Statement  of  exports  from  the  port  of  Victoria,  Vancouver's  Island,  during  the 
six  months  ending  December  31,  1863. 

To  what  place.              July.        Aug.  Sept.        Oct.         Nov.         Dec.       Total. 

___________^_______^  ________ j i 

' 

San  Francisco $20,673  $25,015  $16,650  '$28,112  !$23,217   $25,456  $139,123 

Port  Angeles 5,970       6,804  6,187       8,863       3,988     10,412       42,024 

Astoria 945       1,727  637       4,208       2,586           361       10,464 

New  York 349    349 

Total 27,588     33,895     23,474     40,983     29,791     36,229     191,960 

Statement  of  the  export  of  gold  from  Victoria,  Vancouver's  Island,  from  1S58 

to  1863,  inclusive. 

1858.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co $337,765  17 

1859.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 823,488  41 

1860.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 1,298,466  00 

1861.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 1,340,395  72 

1862.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 1,573,096  J6 

1863.  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co 1,373,443  39 

McDonald  &  Co.  from  1858  to  31st  December,  1861.. .  1,207,656  00 

1862.  Not  included  in  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  statement 335,379  00 

1863.  Bank  of  British  North  America 585,617  85 

1863.  Bank  of  British  Columbia 824,876  92 

Hudson  Bay  Company  and  others  from  1858  to  1863,  in 
clusive,  approximate 500,000  00 


10,200,184  64 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


195 


Shipment  of  gold  by  express  and  on  freight  during  the  year 

18G3. .  $2,935,170  16 


Same  for  the  year  1862 $2,167,183  18 


Statement  of  tlie  tonnage  of  shipping  entered  and  cleared  at  Victoria,  Vancou 
vcr's  Island,  from  1st  July  to  31st  December >  1863. 


Nationality. 

Tonnage  entered. 

No.  crew. 

Tonnage  cleared. 

No.  crew. 

American             m 

47,075 

2  412 

46,057 

2,344 

Foroi^n                    . 

43,800 

1,516 

47,048 

1,711 

RUSSIA  IN  ASIA. 

In  1858,  before  the  English  and  French  fleet  had  reached  the  Pei  Ho,  the 
Russians  appropriated  the  best  results  of  the  campaign.  In  May  of  that  year 
General  Mouravieff  concluded  a  convention  at  Algoor  with  the  Chinese  author 
ities,  which  enlarged  Siberia  almost  to  the  absorption  of  Manchooria — securing 
to  Russia  a  region  abounding  with  the  elements  of  commerce.  Along  the 
Amoor  river,  fed  by  numerous  navigable  tributaries  and  capacious  enough  to 
admit  steam  vessels  two  thousand  miles  from  its  mouth,  the  Russo-Chinese 
treaty  fixed  the  dividing  line  of  the  two  empires,  only  varying  from  its  channel 
by  a  line  running  to  the  tide-waters  of  the  Pacific  at  a  point  which  gives  to 
Russia  the  best  harbors  on  the  sea  of  Japan.  The  territory  thus  acquired  can 
hardly  be  estimated  under  three  hundred  thousand  square  miles,  rich  in  the 
products  of  the  forest  and  in  mineral  wealth.  In  securing  Manchooria,  or  the 
best  half  of  the  native  land  of  the  tribes,  whose  dynasty  is  dominant  in  China, 
Russia  has  virtually  pushed  her  frontier  to  the  wall  of  China. 

In  the  wilderness  of  Central  Asia,  west  and  northwest  of  China  proper, 
Russia  is  constantly  making  territorial  acquisitions.  Even  Khiva,  Kokand  and 
Khorassan  are  dependencies  of  the  Czar.  Indeed,  the  desert  of  Gobi  on  the 
east,  and  the  Himalayan  range  and  the  frontiers  of  Afghanistan  and  Persia  on 
the  south,  are  natural  boundaries  within  which  Russian  influence  is  paramount. 
Mongolia,  Thibet,  Turkestan,  are  at  this  moment  less  members  of  the  Chinese 
than  of  the  Russian  Empire.  This  portion  of  Asia,  known  historically  as  the 
birthplace  and  scene  of  empire  of  Genghis  Khan,  has  a  considerable  capacity 
for  commerce.  Stretching  from  the  Suliman  range  to  Siberia, from  the  Caspian, 
to  the  sea  of  Okhotsk,  it  certainly  contains  a  considerable  population,  possibly 
a  large  one,  which  wants  clothes,  weapons,  iron  instruments — most  of  the  ap 
pliances  and  some  of  the  luxuries  of  civilization — and  can  give  in  exchange 
hides,  horns,  goats'  wool,  camels'  hair,  tallow,  silk,  borax,  gems,  metals,  drugs, 
and  all  that  wealth  which  is  sure  to  be  discovered  in  very  wide  tracts  of  earth. 
"  Englishmen  think  of  the  provinces  of  Central  and  Northern  Asia,"  observes- the 
London  Economist,  "  as  if  they  were  covered  with  desert,  .but  they  comprise 
every  kind  of  climate,  and  contain  every  variety  of  mineral,  while  over  half 
their  extent  fat  grapes  grow  in  the  open  air,  and  every  traveller  records  the 
luxurious  quality  of  their  fruits." 

Upon  the  question  of  practical  communications  with  Central  Asia,  the  same 
authority  reaches  conclusions  which  demonstrate  the  value  of  the  Amoor  river 
and  its  tributaries.  "  The  true  route  towards  these  countries,"  continues  the 
•writer  in  the  Economist,  "  is  through  Russia  and  China,  for  it  is  the  only  one  on 
which  we  have  much  help  from  water  communication.  By  following  the 


196 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


Yangtsee  and  Hoangho  to  the  utmost  limit  of  navigation,  we  bring  ourselves  to 
points  from  whence  the  Chinese  merchants  have  traded  with  the  people  east  of 
the  Himalayas — points  from  which  traffic  in  wheeled  carriages  may  begin.  In 
northern  Asia,  the  true  access  is  by  the  Amoor,  a  river  which,  if  travellers 
may  be  trusted,  is  navigable  for  more  than  two  thousand  miles,  and  cleaves  into 
the  very  heart  of  that  secluded  region.  The  western  division,  which  we  call 
Central  Asia,  as  if  Thibet  were  not  more  central,  is  cloven  by  the  Jihon,  which 
flows  from  Bokhara  to  the  Caspian,  and  the  navigation  of  which  has  never  been 
fairly  tried.  *  *  *  The  notion  of  opening  the  Amoor  has  been  repeatedly 
entertained  at  St.  Petersburgh,  and  if  all  sovereign  rights  were  fully  reserved, 
and  the  advantages  of  such  a  course  to  the  revenue  made  quite  clear,  the  gov 
ernment  might  be  disposed  to  go  gradually  much  further.  To  enfranchise  the 
great  eastern  Asiatic  rivers  by  agreement  with  St.  Petersburgh  and  Pekin 
should  be  the  line  to  which  our  efforts  ought  to  be  directed." 

Proceeding  upon  such  a  commercial  policy  in  1858,  Lord  Elgin,  who  was 
fully  conscious  of  the  advantages  gained  in  the  Russian  treaty  of  May,  obtained 
from  the  Chinese  government  concessions  of  free  travel  through  the  empire  and 
of  a  port  of  Shingking,  at  a  point  easily  attainable  from  Shanghae  and  open  to 
the  importation  of  foreign  manufactures.  These  concessions  have  been  extended 
to  American  traders. 

Russia  has  followed  the  initiative  of  1S5S  with  extraordinary  vigor.  The 
telegraph  already  connects  St.  Petersburgh  with  Irkoutsk,  a  distance  of  5,000 
miles,  and  will  be  extended  to  the  Pacific  coast  during  1865.  The  colonization 
of  the  valley  of  the  Amoor  has  been  undertaken,  and  already  eighty  steam 
vessels  are  employed  in  the  trade  with  the  Russian  possessions  of  the  North 
Pacific,  while  the  government  of  St.  Petersburgh  extends  all  possible  encourage 
ment  to  the  enterprise  projected  by  English  and  American  capitalists  to  unite 
the  telegraph  lines  of  the  United  States  and  British  America  with  the  Russo- 
Siberian  line  now  advancing  to  a  junction  across  the  Bearing  straits  and  through 
Russian  America. 


COMMERCE  OF  THE  SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 

The  Hawaiian  islands  should  not  be  omitted  from  the  consideration  of  the 
great  commercial  changes  which  the  contact  of  European  and  Asiatic  civilization 
is  destined  to  produce.  In  1863  the  external  commerce  of  the  islands  had 
reached  an  aggregate  of  $2,201,345,  and  its  progress  is  indicated  by  the  follow 
ing  table : 


Years. 

Domestic  pro 
duce  exported. 

For'n  merchan 
dise  exported. 

Total  exports. 

Total  imports. 

1846 

$301  625 

$62  3°5 

$363  750 

$598  38° 

1856  

466  278 

204  546 

670  824 

1  156  423 

I860  

480  526 

326  932 

807  459 

1  2°3  749 

1861     .  .  . 

476  872 

182  902 

659  774 

761  109 

1862  

586  542 

251,882 

838  424 

998  239 

1863  

744  413 

281,439 

1,025  852 

1  175  493 

The  official  returns  of  1863  are  classified  as  follows  by  the  Honolulu  Com 
mercial  Advertiser : 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  197 


Paying  duty.  Bonded. 

Imports  from  United  States,  Pacific  side $304,  502         $36,  617 

"          "        Atlantic  side 122,  770         . 40,  827 

Bremen 194,  429  62,  851 

Great  Britain 63,  400  9,  227 

Vancouver's  island 32,  210 

Sea 6,291 

Islands  of  Pacific 6,  457 

Sitka,  (Russian  America) 


730,061    341,308 


Of  articles  exported,  3,512  pounds  of  cotton  were  sent  to  the  United  States, 
and  the  exports  of  sugar  increased  from  3,000,000  pounds  in  1862  to  5,292,000 
pounds  in  J863. 

THE  GOLD  PRODUCT  OF  THE  PACIFIC  COAST. 

The  extension  of  English  and  American  settlement  since  1850,  expressed  by 
the  foregoing  statistics  of  Australia,  California,  and  British  Columbia,  is  the 
result  of  gold  discovery.  The  London  Economist  estimates  the  production  of 
gold  from  the  islands  and  coast  of  the  Pacific  during  the  fifteen  years  1849-'63 
at  c£350,000,000  sterling,  or  equal  to  58  per  cent,  upon  the  total  computed  stock 
of  c£600,000,000  sterling  of  gold  existing  in  various  forms  in  Europe  and 
America  in  1848,  and  conjectures  that  the  following  numerical  distribution  of 
these  d£350,000,000  has  taken  place: 

Employed  and  absorbed  in  Great  Britain <£60,  000,  000 

France 110,  000,  000 

"  United  States 50,  000,  000 

c£220,  000,000 

Australia 30,  000,  000 

"  "  California 20, 000, 000 

•'  "  Turkey  and  East 40, 000, 000 

"  "  Brazil,  Egypt,   Spain, 

Portugal,  &c 40,  000,  000 

130,000,000 


350,  000,  000 

The  cheapening  of  the  price  of  quicksilver,  and  the  large  discoveries  of  silver 
in  Nevada  and  Arizona,  have  increased  the  annual  supplies  of  that  metal,  but 
only  to  a  small  extent  compared  with  gold. 

Upon  the  question,  now  elaborately  discussed,  of  the  effect  of  this  gold  pro 
duction  upon  its  exchangeable  value,  the  London  Economist  of  February  20, 
1864,  calls  attention  to  the  evidence  afforded  by  comparing  the  average  annual 
rates  from  1841  to  1863  of  the  foreign  exchange  between  England,  using  a  gold 
standard,  and  Paris,  Hamburg,  and  Amsterdam,  using  a  silver  standard,  and 
according  to  this  statement  the  fall  in  the  value  of  gold  as  compared  with  silver 
(the  be^t  available  test  at  present)  in  no  case  exceeds  2J  per  cent. 

The  result  of  this  comparison  adds,  if  possible,  to  the  force  and  significance 
of  the  following  language  by  an  eminent  English  writer:* 

OTooke,  History  of  Prices,  vi,  235,  published  in  1857. 


198 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 


"  Set  at  work  and  sustained  by  the  production  year  by  year  of  largo  quantities  of  now 
gold,  there  is  at  work  a  vast  and  increasing  number  of  causes  all  conducing  to  augment  the 
real  wealth  and  resources  of  the  world — all  conducing  to  stimulate  and  foster  tmde,  enter 
prise,  discovery,  and  production — and  therefore  all  conducing  with  greater  and  greater 
force  to  neutralize,  by  extensions  of  the  surface  to  be  covered,  and  by  multiphing  indefi 
nitely  the  number  and  magnitude  of  the  dealings  to  be  carried  on,  the  a  priori  tendency  of 
an  increase  of  metallic  money  to  raise  prices  by  mere  force  of  enlarged  volume.  Already  the 
boundaries  within  which  capital  and  enterprise  can  be  applied,  with  the  assurance  and 
knowledge  alone  compatible  with  durable  success,  have  been  extended  over  limits  which  tea 
or  even  five  years  ago  would  have  been  regarded  as  unattainable.  There  have  come  into 
play  influences  by  which  it  seems  to  be  the  special  purpose  to  contribute,  by  the  aid  of  the 
gold  discoveries  and  by  the  aid  of  the  concurrent  advance  of  knowledge,  to  the  removal 
or  mitigation  of  many  chronic  evils  against  which  past  generations  have  striven  almost 
in  vain." 

It  has  been  estimated  that  the  populations  of  China  and  India,  when  the 
benefit  of  a  strong  and  stable  government  is  assured,  will  develop  a  commerce 
fully  equal  to  the  proportions  now  witnessed  in  France.  The  beginning  of 
such  a  state  of  things,  attested  by  the  movement  thither  of  the  precious  metals, 
is  a  fruitful  topic  of  discussion,  and  will  be  briefly  considered. 


THE  DRAIN  OF  SILVER  TO  THE  EAST. 

The  absorption  of  silver  in  Asia  has  never  been  so  great  as  since  the  gold 
discoveries  of  California  and  Australia.  With  the  increase  of  bullion  Europe 
ceased  to  regard  with  apprehension  the  oriental  demand  for  silver  in  exchange 
for  silks,  teas,  indigo,  and  other  staples  of  eastern  production.  When  it  was 
known  that  the  Pacific  gold  stream  was  yearly  increasing  in  volume,  and  could 
readily  fill  any  vacuum  which  the  shipment  of  silver  to  India  and  China  might 
produce,  a  great  expansion  of  trade  to  Asia  followed.  The  precious  metals  came 
to  be  regarded  as  merchandise,  and  it  was  deemed  wholly  unessential  whether 
payment  was  made  for  eastern  products  in  the  coin  or  the  manufactures  of 
Europe. 

The  following  table  of  the  imports  of  Indian  products  into  England  in  a 
series  of  years  indicates  the  nature  of  this  increase  of  trade  :* 

Imports  from  British  India — value. 


Articles. 

1855. 

1856. 

1857. 

1858. 

Cotton 

£2,241,979 

£3  530  410 

£5  416,883 

£2  898  779 

Hemp,  jute,  and  other  articles  

504,  264 

638,  300 

610,913 

685,  948 

1,518,097 

2,  190,  131 

1,791,644 

1,997,511 

Seeds 

1,968,501 

2,  545,  372 

1,326,336 

1,774,558 

Silk 

559,  319 

565,  405 

188,  697 

509,  561 

Sugar 

1  043  480 

1  871,279 

1  928  006 

1  059  291 

Tea  

25,  661 

82,  903 

147,  989 

9J  ,  152 

Wool  

490,  977 

576,  944 

673,  493 

490,  521 

8,352,268 

12,  000,  544 

12,  083,  961 

9,507,321 

<*See  an  article  in  Hunt's  Merchants'  Magazine,  August,  1863,  on  " Silver  :  its  Produc 
tion,  Coinage,  and  Value." 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 
Imports  from  British  India — value — Continued. 


199 


Articles. 

1859. 

1860. 

1861. 

1862. 

Cotton      

£3,901,109 

£  3,  339,  076 

£9,334,115 

£21,933  774 

Hemp  juto   find  other  articles     .... 

837  167 

671,176 

729,  172 

906  834 

Indigro 

1  619  604 

2  220  119 

2  605  634 

1  784  554 

Seeds  '  

2,  344,  898 

2,  075,  274 

1,971,449 

1,751,003 

Silk  

29(5,  263 

60,  895 

136,505 

438  572 

Suerar 

1   101,716 

939  026 

821  ,  458 

368  493 

Tea 

132  255 

231)  064 

165  964 

161  7G8 

Wool 

462  100 

699  861 

614  999 

742  807 

10,  695,  108 

10,  235,  491 

16,379,286 

28,  087,  805 

The  steady  rise  in  value  to  an  aggregate  of  $60,000,000  in  1857,  producing 
a  drain  of  silver,  was  one  of  the  causes  of  the  revulsion  in  that  year.  Since 
then  the  purchases  of  Indian  produce,  mostly  cotton,  have  risen  to  $90,000,000 
in  1862,  while  in  1863  England  imported  cotton  from  India  to  the  enormous 
value  of  $200,000,000. 

The  quantity  of  silver  annually  exported  from  England  and  the  Mediterranean 
to  Asia  has  been  as  follows,  per  English  official  reports  : 


Year. 

England. 

Mediterranean. 

Total. 

1851  

$3,  362,  500 

$8,  362,  500 

1852      •      .. 

12,116,210 

12,116,210 

1853 

23  550  000 

$4  240  000 

27,  790,  000 

1854  

15,  555,  000 

7,  255,  000 

22,821,000 

1855  

32,  075,  000 

7,  620,  000 

39,  695,  000 

1856 

60,  590,  000 

9,  950,  000 

70,  540,  000 

1857 

86  477  170 

10  180  291 

96  657  461 

1858  

25,  444,  250 

16,150,000 

31,594,250 

1859               

33,  298,  120 

7,  340,  280 

40,  638,  400 

1860 

40,  620,  182 

8,  120  204 

48,  740,  386 

1861 

36  399  175 

7  980  000 

44,379  175 

1862  

53,551,045 

9,150,000 

61,701,045 

1863  six  months                 .-     ..               ....... 

21,256,514 

11,737,271 

32,  993,  781 

450,  306,  162 

88,723,046 

539,  029,  203 

France,  although  the  richest  country  of  the  world  in  the  precious  metals,  has 
eince  1848  parted  with  $165,947,253  of  silver,  and  taken  in  exchange  gold. 
This  is  the  case  with  England,  Russia,  and  the  United  States,  who  no  longer 
hesitate  to  encourage  and  extend  their  trade  with  the  non-importing  population 
of  Asia,  although  at  tbo  hazard  of  a  drain  of  silver  coin.  The  trade  of  Cali 
fornia  with  China  is  more  reciprocal,  owing,  it  is  supposed,  to  the  new  demands 
for  American  provisions  and  manufactures,  which  the  Chinese  immigrants, 
attracted  by  the  mines  to  our  Pacific  coast,  carry  back  with  them  to  China. 
But  in  India,  notwithstanding  a  century  of  British  occupation,  the  apathy  of 
the  natives — their  aversion  to  any  exchange  except  for  silver — seems  unbroken. 
To  this  condition  of  the  market  ethre  has  been  added,  during  the  last  ten  years, 
an  investment  of  c£50,000,000  of  English  capital  in  the  lailroads  of  Hindostau, 
which  has  greatly  contributed  to  the  influx  of  silver.* 


0  See  the  Bankers'  Magazine,  Journal  of  the  Money  Market,  and  Commercial  Digest, 
January,  1864,  London,  p.  19. 


200  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

From  the  time  of  imperial  Rome  bullion  has  flowed  from  west  to  east,  and 
Pliny  complained  that  India  was  the  "sink"  of  the  precious  metals.  Gibbon 
has  also  observed  that  this  continuous  drain  was  "a  complaint  worthy  of  the 
gravity  of  the  senate;"  and  Humboldt,  estimating  the  produce  of  the  South 
American  mines  in  the  beginning  of  this  century  at  843,000,000,  states  that 
$25,000,000  were  sent  to  Asia.  The  tendency  to  hoard  the  precious  metals 
partakes  of  the  proverbial  immobility  of  the  Asiatic  character.  Silver  is  less 
used  in  India  for  purposes  of  luxury  and  ornament  than  in  Europe ;  and  it  is 
probable  that  silver,  and  perhaps  gold,  will  continue  to  be  the  leading  article  of 
import  until  the  whole  Asiatic  world,  with  its  population  of  six  hundred  millions 
of  souls,  shall  be  in  possession  of  the  same  money  supply  relatively  which  is 
found  in  European  or  American  states.  This  proportion  between  population 
and  its  industry  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  medium  of  commerce  recognized  by  the 
world,  once  established,  then,  and  perhaps  not  before,  will  the  oriental  torpidity 
be  succeeded  by  new  and  more  advanced  modes  of  traffic.  The  population  of 
Great  Britain  is  computed  at  30,000,000,  with  an  amount  of  gold  and  silver 
in  circulation  assumed  to  be  c£80,000,000 ;  and  this  amount  is  found  essential, 
notwithstanding  the  great  extension  of  paper  substitutes  for  coin.  The  circu 
lating  medium  of  India  in  1857  was  about  d£SO,000,000,  but  the  population  of 
India  is  180,000,000,  or  sixfold  that  of  Great  Britain.  India  can,  therefore, 
absorb  c€400,GOO,000  in  addition  to  the  amount  she  is  now  supposed  to  hold 
before  she  will  exceed  the  monetary  level  of  Great  Britain. 

France  affords  a  more  impressive  illustration  of  the  inevitable  absorption  of  the 
precious  metals  by  Asia  before  the  monetary  equilibrium  will  be  adjusted  between 
the  Orient  and  the  Occident.  The  population  of  France  is,  in  round  numbers, 
36,000,000;  its  specie  supply  6,600,000,000  francs,  or  about  6^64,000,000. 
The  population  of  India  will  therefore  require  ^£1,320,000,000  to  reach  a  circu 
lation  of  coin  proportionate  to  that  of  France. 

But  this  is  not  all.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  600,000,000  Asiatics,  fully 
equal  as  to  industrial  capacity  to  the  people  of  India ;  many  of  them — the  Japan 
ese  and  Chinese  especially — superior  to  the  Hindostanese.  Before  the  orien 
tals  reach  the  monetary  level  of  England,  they  must  be  in  possession  of 
c£l, 600, 000, 000,  while  to  attain  an  equality  with  France  no  less  than  an  aggre 
gate  of  c£4,400,000,000  must  be  permanently  absorbed  by  the  600,000,000 
Asiatics,  who  are  soon  to  be  brought  into  close  commercial  relation  with  Christ 
endom. 

The  capital  and  industry  of  Europe  and  America  were  never  so  active  as 
now.  How  immeasurable,  under  the  impulse  of  machinery,  is  the  energy  and 
the  amount  of  production.  Fully  proportionate  is  the  exigency  of  distribution 
and  the  development  of  commerce;  and  as  money  is  the  grand  instrument  both 
of  production  and  distribution,  it  must  be  permitted  to  diffuse  itself  proportion 
ately.  Until  every  land  is  saturated  to  the  full  standard  of  Europe  and  thy 
United  States,  there  will  be  no  excess  of  supply  from  the  mines  of  all  the  con 
tinents.  The  golden  age  is  here,  but  we  stand  only  on  its  threshold. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  201 


OVERLAND  TRADE  AND  COMMUNICATIONS 

BETWEEN  THE 

PACIFIC  COAST  AND  THE  MISSISSIPPI  STATES. 


Having  considered  the  external  commerce  of  the  United  States,  mostly  con 
centrated  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  the  volume  of  internal  trade  between 
the  Mississippi  States  and  the  cities  and  communities  east  of  the  Allcghanies, 
the  grand  result  of  nearly  three  centuries  of  American  civilization,  and  having 
also  anticipated,  from  less  than  twenty  years  of  similar  colonization  on  the  Pa 
cific  coast,  a  still  more  remarkable  phenomenon  of  social  and  material  progress, 
it  remains  to  consider  the  situation  and  prospects  of  those  interior  American 
States  which  are  destined  to  connect  the  two  great  oceans  by  a  railway  across 
the  American  continent,  itself  the  precursor  of  other  communications  of  the 
kind. 

The  California  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  consists  of  three  sec 
tions,  under  the  control  of  three  companies :  First,  the  San  Francisco  and  San 
Jose  Railroad  Company,  which  has  a  section  of  fifty  miles  between  these  two 
places;  secondly,  the  Western  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  which  has  a  section 
of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  miles  from  San  Jose  to  Sacramento ;  thirdly,  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  which  has  the  section  from  Sacramento  to 
the  eastern  boundary,  in  Truckee  valley ,t  a  distance  of  one  hundred  miles. 
The  first  section,  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Jose,  is  completed  and  in  opera 
tion.  The  further  distance  to  Sacramento  is  rapidly  advancing  to  completion. 
With  the  aid  of  the  California  legislature  there  is  a  probability  that  the  rail 
way  will  be  pushed  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  State  sooner  than  the  lines 
west  of  the  Missouri  river  will  be  constructed  for  an  equal  mileage. 

When  recently  the  people  of  Nevada  Territory  were  represented  in  a  conven 
tion  to  frame  a  State  constitution,  there  was  no  dissent  from  the  proposition  that 
the  credit  of  the  State  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,000  might  be  applied  to  aid 
the  construction  of  a  Pacific  railway,  all  other  loans  of  credit  for  internal  im 
provements  being  prohibited.  This  provision  will  doubtless  be  inserted  in  the 
constitution  soon  to  be  presented.  Utah,  Colorado,  and  Kansas  will  also  co 
operate  with  efficiency. 

But  the  surest  guarantee  will  be  the  resources,  present  and  prospective,  of  the 
organizations  named,  which  will  now  be  considered  in  geographical  sequence. 

NEVADA. 

The  population  of  Nevada  Territory  by  the  census  of  I860  was  6,857.  At 
the  close  of  1863  it  had  reached  60,000,  of  which  nearly  20,000  was  concen 
trated  at  Virginia  City,  the  centre  of  the  most  productive  silver  district.  Within 
four  years  $5,000,000  have  been  expended  in  erecting  quartz  mills  and  reduc 
tion  works ;  another  $5,000,000  have  been  laid  out  in  opening  the  mines,  and 
three  times  as  much  in  various  kinds  of  improvement.  In  wagon  roads  alone, 
leading  into  and  through  the  Territory,  $500,000  have  been  spent,  an  invest 
ment  that  has  paid  from  forty  to  eighty  per  cent,  per  annum.  The  tolls  col 
lected  on  these  roads  during  the  year  1863  reached  at  least  the  sum  of  $200,000. 
The  money  paid  on  freights  coming  into  the  Territory  from  the  Pacific  coast 
amounted  to  fully  $3,000,000.  About  3,000  teams  of  various  kinds  arc  em 
ployed  in  this  business,  besides  numerous  pack  trains. 


202  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

The  argentiferous  lodes  of  Nevada,  first  known  as  the  Washoe  silver  mines, 
are  not  confined  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  first  discoveries,  although  none 
have  elsewhere  been  met  with  carrying  so  large  a  body  of  rich  ores  as  the  origi 
nal  Comstock,  at  Virginia  City.  Some  claiming  to  be  equally  rich,  but  com 
paratively  small,  have  been  found  at  other  points.  The  localities  of  the  other 
principal  mines  of  Nevada,  naming  them  in  the  order  of  their  discovery,  are  the 
Esmeralda  mines,  a  little  over  one  hundred  miles  south-southeast  of  Virginia 
City ;  the  Humboldt,  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  northeast ;  the  Silver  Moun 
tain,  sixty  miles  south;  the  Peavine  District,  thirty  miles  north;  and  the  Reese 
River  Country,  one  hundred  and  seventy  miles  east-northeast,  embracing,  like 
the  other  sections  named,  many  districts,  and  flanked  by  two  of  more  than  ordi 
nary  promise — the  Cortez,  seventy  miles  north,  and  the  San  Antonio,  one  hun 
dred  miles  south  of  Austin,  now  the  principal  town  in  the  Reese  River  region. 
Besides  these,  there  are  many  isolated  districts  in  various  parts  of  the  country, 
all  advancing  claims  to  great  mineral  wealth. 

Extensive  districts  of  California,  along  the  course  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  are 
argentiferous.  On  both  the  California  and  Arizona  sides  of  the  Colorado  river 
silver  lodes  of  manifest  value  are  met  with.  In  Utah  Territory  silver-bearing 
ledges,  not  unlike  those  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Reese  river,  are  numerous,  and 
similar  discoveries  in  the  Boise  country  and  other  portions  of  Idaho  have  been 
made;  but  Nevada  as  yet  sustains  her  pre-eminence  as  the  silver-bearing  region 
of  the  United  States. 

There  are  now  more  than  a  hundred  quartz  mills  in  operation  in  the  Territory 
of  Nevada.  These  carry  from  five  to  forty  stamps  each,  and  have  been  erected 
at  a  cost  ranging  from  $10,000  to  6100,000,  three  or  four  at  least  having  ex 
ceeded  the  latter  sum.  The  Gould  and  Curry  mill,  with  its  surrounding  im 
provements,  has  already  involved  an  expenditure  of  $1,200,000.  About  three- 
fourths  of  these  mills  are  driven  by  steam,  and  the  balance  by  water.  Of  the 
entire  number  in  the  Territory,  seven-eighths  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Virginia 
City,  the  most  remote  being  not  over  fifteen  miles  distant. 

It  is  calculated  that  every  stamper  will  crush  a  ton  of  rock  in  24  hours. 
Supposing  100  mills  to  be  in  constant  operation,  carrying  an  average  of  10 
stamps  each,  1,000  tons  of  ore  are  crushed  daily.  This  ore  will  yield  at  the 
rate  of  $50  per  ton,  giving  a  daily  product  of  $50,000  for  the  Territory,  or  a 
total,  allowing  300  working  days  for  the  year,  of  $15,000,000  per  annum. 
With  proper  allowance  for  the  increased  production  of  1864,  the  estimate  of 
$20,000,000  for  the  current  year  will  not  seem  an  exaggeration. 

The  colony  of  Victoria,  in  Australia,  had  a  population  in  1861  of  540,322, 
about  equal  to  that  of  California  and  Nevada.  The  total  number  of  persona 
residing  within  the  mining  districts  of  Victoria  is  given  as  233,501,  of  which 
90,364  are  returned  as  directly  employed  "  in  the  extraction  by  washing,  crush 
ing  or  other  mode,  of  gold."  Upon  this  basis  the  colony  of  Victoria  has  under 
taken  and  constructed  351  miles  of  railway  at  a  cost  of  c£35,000  per  mile; 
while  society  in  the  gold-fields,  under  the  necessity  of  co-operation  imposed  by 
quartz  mining,  has  been  transformed  from  the  violence  of  the  first  epoch  of  gold 
discovery  to  a  remarkable  condition  of  order  and  sobriety.  Heavy  and  expen 
sive  machinery  employed  on  works  which  extend  over  a  period  of  several 
years  have  obliged  the  miner  to  adopt  a  settled  mode  of  life.  Attractive  home 
steads  are  everywhere  seen,  and  flourishing  cities  are  founded  almost  in  a  day. 
The  same  results  are  soon  to  be  observed  in  Nevada — perhaps  are  already 
visible.  Virginia  City  (in  the  language  of  the  Edinburgh  Review,  describing  the 
populous  towns  of  Victoria)  "contains  as  many  as  20,000  or 30, 000 inhabitants, 
with  streets  well  metalled  and  paved,  lighted  with  gas,  and  supplied  with  water, 
with  churches,  three  daily  newspapers,  and  other  public  institutions."  The 
construction  of  300  miles  of  railway  will  soon  be  added  to  the  analogy  of  com 
parative  progress. 


FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  203 


UTAH. 

The  settlements  of  Great  Salt  Lake  City,  and  elsewhere  in  Utah  Territory, 
have  directed  their  industry  exclusively  to  agriculture  and  domestic  manufac 
tures.  Their  ecclesiastical  rulers,  by  giving  such  a  direction  to  the  labor  of  the 
people,  have  shown  great  sagacity,  for  not  only  is  society  organized  on  surer 
foundations  than  in  mining  districts,  but  the  demand  for  all  tiie  products  of  Utah 
has  been  so  constant  and  remunerative  as  to  furnish  an  advantageous  borne 
market.  Simultaneously  with  the  first  settlement  at  SaJt  Lake  the  overland 
emigration  to  California  commenced,  and  has  increased  from  year  to  year  until 
in  1863  it  meets  a  return  column  of  adventurers  who  are  pushing  eastward  and 
northward  to  the  gold-fields  of  Colorado,  Idaho,  and  Montana.  The  consump 
tion  by  the  crowds  in  transit,  both  east  and  west,  sustains  the  prices  of  provis 
ions  and  manufactures  at  rates  which  encourage  population  and  accumulate 
wealth. 

By  the  census  of  1860  the  population  of  Utah  was  40,273,  an  increase  of 
253.89  per  cent,  since  1850.  The  total  valuation  of  property  was  $986,083  in 
1850,  and  $5,596,118  in  I860,  or  an  increase  of  467.50  per  cent.  If  these 
proportions  continue  during  the  present  decade,  the  population  of  Utah  will  be 
142,525,  and  the  valuation  of  property  $31,757,966  in  1870. 

Most  of  Utah  is  barren  ;  perhaps  one-fiftieth  of  the  surface,  with  the  aid  of 
irrigation,  is  available  for  agriculture  ;  but  over  other  and  more  extensive  districts 
grazing  and  wool-growing  will  reward  industry.  The  native  grasses,  especially 
the  bunch  grass,  are  heavily  seeded,  fattening  cattle  like  grain,  and  giving 
great  consistence  and  richness  to  the  milk  of  cows.  This  concentration  of  nutri 
ment  is  a  result  of  the  arid  climate,  and  to  the  same  cause  may  be  attributed 
the  health  of  sheep,  and  the  fine  quality  of  their  fleeces.* 

Iron  and  copper  mines,  which  have  been  discovered  in  the  Wahsatch  moun 
tains  of  Utah,  have  received  more  attention  from  the  Mormons  than  the  indica 
tions  of  gold  and  silver,  but  the  time  is  at  hand  when  the  precious  metals  will 
be  mined  as  successfully  as  in  Nevada. 

The  present  population  of  Utah  is  variously  stated — by  Peter  A.  D«>y,  esq., 
engineer  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  at  75,000  ;  by  Firzhugh 
Ludlow,  esq.,  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  Magazine,  at  80,000  ;  and  by  Hon.  J. 
F.  Kiuney,  delegate  from  Utah  to  Congress,  at  100,000.  They  are  producing, 
besides  fruits  and  creals,  wool,  cotton,  silk,  paper,  leather,  iron,  lead,  copper 
and  salt,  having  introduced  machinery  for  manufactures. 

c  The  following  paragraph  from  the  San  Francisco  Bulletin  relates  to  the  subject : 
THE  PASTURES  OF  THE  GREAT  BASIN. — These  are  generally  found  abundant  on  the  eleva 
tions  and  rounded  hills  from  500  to  5,000  feet  above  the  foot  plains  and  level  deserts 
coming  west  from  the  Salt  Lake  ranges.  Hay  is  made  from  wild  rye  and  barley,  with 
many  other  grasses  unknown  heretofore  to  our  hay-makers,  and  mostly  undescribed  in 
science.  In  several  p*rts  a  species  of  wheat  has  beeu  met  with,  aud  also  several  varieties 
of  clover  have  long  been  used  by  passing  emigrants,  since  1846.  Brush  and  shrub  pines, 
and  oaks  not  over  one  or  two  yards  high,  and  covered  with  acorns  and  nuts,  are  common  in 
many  districts,  and  make  excellent  food  for  stock  animals,  being  also  necessary  articles  of 
the  Papute  cuisine  ;  the  dwarf  oak  acorns  being  particularly  nutritious.  An  American 
gambusino,  who  had  tramped  up  and  down  Arizona  and  Nevada  in  1S62-'G3,  lately  stated 
to  a  correspondent  of  the  Bulletin  that  the  grasses  of  the  eastern  slope,  or  the  other  pas 
tures  with  which  they  are  mixed,  have  the  property,  when  a  little  advanced  in  the  season, 
of  making  the  milk  of  domestic  cows  much  thicker  and  more  like  the  consistence  of  warm 
cream,  and  very  rich  in  making  cheese.  It  is  many  times  more  sustentativc  than  that  of 
the  coast,  and  much  more  sweet  and  toothsome,  though  less  in  quantity,  these  being  its 
usual  peculiarities  at  all  seasons  A  variety  of  stiff,  short  grass  is  found  in  these  places, 
not  over  a  foot  high,  which  is  full  of  fine  seeds  and  is  greedily  eaten  by  cattle  and  horses, 
and  keeps  them  in  excellent  condition. 


204  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

The  late  F.  W.  Lander,  in  a  communication  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
dated  February  13,  1858,  speaks  of  the  inhabitants  of  Utah  in  the  following 
terms :  "  Having  been  much  exposed  in  the  passes  of  the  central  mountains 
during  two  protracted  explorations,  with  very  small  parties  of  men,  and  especially 
the  last  season,  when  the  Mormons  were  expecting  attacks  from  the  government 
military  forces,  I  wish,  in  this  connexion,  to  place  on  record  my  own  opinion 
and  that  of  my  party  in  favor  of  the  masses  of  the  Utah  population.  Often 
reduced  to  great  straits  for  provisions  and  supplies,  I  was  uniformly  relieved, 
and  in  several  instances  most  kindly  and  hospitably  entertained  by  that  distant 
class  of  our  fellow-citizens.  It  cannot  be  denied  that  among  this  peculiar  people 
exists  as  much  thorough  push,  practical  energy  and  determined  movement,  as 
are  found  in  the  republic.  Both  in  founding  the  colonies  of  Salt  Lake  and 
throwing  open  that  arid,  desolate  section  to  settlement,  they  have  overcome 
gome  of  the  most  remarkable  obstacles  of  nature.  In  fact,  the  initiative  steps 
taken  by  this  singular  people  first  gave  great  impetus  to  our  own  overland 
emigration,  by  imparting  knowledge  of  the  resources  of  travel,  and  by  furnish 
ing  supplies."  Again,  in  a  subsequent  communication,  Colon  el  Lander  remarks: 
"  The  existence  of  this  Mormon  population,  and  the  supplies  they  are  enabled  to 
furnish,  is  a  most  important  matter  in  making  estimates  for  any  public  work  to 
be  carried  on  in  that  section  of  country.  They  are  very  excellent  laborers, 
many  of  them  Cornish  miners,  who  understand  all  sorts  of  ledge  work,  masonry, 
&c.  The  majority  of  the  lower  classes  are  trained  in  the  use  of  implements  of 
excavation,  from  the  amount  of  picking  and  digging  which  is  required  in  the 
building  of  the  great  irrigating  ditches,  and  in  the  erection  of  the  earth  and  rock 
fences  by  which  the  farms  of  the  country  are  separated.  They  will  prove  of 
remarkable  service  should  the  proposed  line  of  the  Pacific  railroad  pass  any 
where  in  the  vicinity  of  their  settlements.  Ex-Governor  Young  told  me  that 
he  would  engage  to  find  laborers  and  mechanics  to  build  that  portion  of  a  Pacific 
railroad  which  should  extend  across  the  Territory  of  Utah." 

COLORADO. 

Colorado  Territory,  with  a  white  population  of  34,231  in  1860,  and  an  esti 
mated  area  of  100,000  square  miles,  or  66,880,000  acres,  has  nearly  doubled  in 
population  during  the  first  three  years  of  the  current  decade.  The  population 
in  January,  1864,  may  be  fairly  stated  at  60,000.  The  production  of  gold  in 
1862  was  $10,000,000,  which  will  probably  reach  $15,000,000  during  1864. 

A  message  of  honorable  John  Evans,  governor  of  Colorado,  to  the  Territorial 
legislature,  delivered  February  3,  1864,  indicates  quite  distinctly  the  future 
situation  of  the  State  in  regard  to  agriculture,  grazing,  and  mining.  He  esti 
mates  that  not  over  one-half  of  the  supplies  of  provisions  for  the  Territory  are 
yet  produced  from  the  soil,  and  anticipates  that  this  relation  between  supply 
and  demand  will  be  maintained  for  years  to  come.  He  admits  that  "  the  arable 
lands  of  Colorado,  except  for  purposes  of  grazing,  are  limited  exactly  by  the 
quantity  of  water  that  may  be  found  applicable  to  purposes  of  irrigation,"  while 
claiming  that  lands  are  very  productive  when  irrigated.  The  governor  presents 
the  following  comparison  between  the  returns  of  agriculture  in  Colorado  and 
Illinois : 

Colorado. — 1  man's  labor — 10  acres  corn,  15  acres  wheat. 

10  acres  corn,  40  bushels  per  acre — 400  bushels,  at  $3 $1,  200  00 

15  acres  wheat,  30  bushels  per  acre — 450  bushels,  at  $3 1,  350  00 

Corn  fodder  from  10  acres,  at  $10  per  acre 100  "00 

Wheat  straw  from  15  acres — 20  tons,  at  $10 200  00 

Total..  2,850  00 


FOREIGN   AND  DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  205 

Illinois. — 1  man's  labor — 30  acres  corn,  15  acres  wheat. 

30  acres  corn,  60  bushels  per  acre — 1,800  bushels,  at  30  cents. .  $360  00 

15  acres  wheat,  15  bushels  per  acre — 225  bushels,  at  75  cents. .  168  75 

Straw  and  fodder,  estimated 100  00 


Total 628  75 


Profits  in  Colorado  over  those  in  Illinois  on  the  annual  labor  of 

one  man $2,  221  25 


Even  more  significant  than  these  extraordinary  prices  of  corn  and  wheat  in 
Colorado  is  the  suggestion  by  Governor  Evans,  that  one  claim  of  each  quartz 
lode  discovered  hereafter  shall  be  reserved,  by  act  of  Congress,  for  the  purpose 
of  creating  a  school  fund,  "  as  the  usual  grant  of  school-lands  by  the  general 
government  will  be  comparatively  valueless  for  such  a  purpose  in  Colorado" 

Governor  Evans  alludes  to  the  progress  of  quartz  mining  in  the  following 
terms : 

"  The  improvement  in  the  modes  of  saving  gold  from  the  ores  of  our  mines 
that  have  been  made  during  the  past  year  have  given  a  new  impulse  to  mining 
operations.  By  these  new  processes,  ores  that  paid  $25  per  ton  by  the  old 
process  are  readily  made  to  yield  8100  per  ton,  while  many  varieties  produce 
much  more  largely,  and  this  without  greatly  increasing  the  expenses." 

The  improvements  here  alluded  to  are  chemical  as  well  as  mechanical,  and 
are  thus  described  by  a  writer  in  the  New  York  Commercial  Advertiser : 

"  The  gold  in  the  quartz  is  associated  with  iron  pyrites  ;  it  is  held  very  tena 
ciously,  as  if  combined  itself  with  the  sulphur  always  present.  The  old  plan, 
after  drawing  off  the  sulphur,  was  to  pulverize  very  fine  and  then  apply  quick 
silver,  which  united  with  all  the  gold  free,  forming  a  part,  which,  exposed  to 
heat,  lost  the  quicksilver  in  vapor,  leaving  the  gold  pure.  By  this  process 
much  gold  was  lost  because  it  adhered  to  the  pyrites  and  passed  off  in  the 
tailings.  A  new  process  of  roasting  at  a  certain  heat  drives  off  the  sulphur 
without  adding  to  the  cohesion  of  the  pyrites  or  causing  the  gold  to  volatilize. 
This  process  increases  the  product  threefold.  In  other  cases,  where  the  ores 
are  finely  pulverized,  the  gold  becomes  so  fine  as  to  float  in  the  air,  thus  es 
caping  the  quicksilver.  This  difficulty  has  been  met  by  heating  the  quicksilver 
into  vapor  enclosed  in  a  cylinder,  into  which  the  dust  penetrates.  The  vapor 
thus  fixes  the  floating  particles  of  gold,  and  the  yield  has  been  raised  in  the 
proportion  of  two  to  five." 

On  the  western  slope  of  the  Snowy  mountains,  in  Colorado,  extensive  silver 
mines  have  been  discovered.  Iron,  lead,  quicksilver,  and  coal  have  also  been 
found  in  the  Territory,  and  have  already  attracted  capital.  With  the  ratio  of 
increase  since  1860,  the  population  of  Colorado  will  be  200,000  in  1870. 

The  .discoveries  and  development  of  the  Gregory  district  is  the  sole  basis, 
hitherto,  for  the  settlement  of  Colorado.  This  district  extends  from  Gold  Hill 
to  Empire  City,  about  thirty  miles  along  the  base  of  the  Snowy  range,  and  is, 
on  the  average,  about  ten  miles  in  width — an  area  of  three  hundred  square 
miles  of  gold-producing  mountains,  in  which  a  hundred  quartz  mills  are  now  in 
operation. 

Governor  Evans,  in  his  message  of  July  17,  1862,  thus  describes  the  mines 
and  the  manner  of  mining  in  the  Gregory  district : 

"  The  veins  of  quartz  are  found  within  an  average  distance  of  one  hundred 
feet  of  each  other.  They  are  by  the  mining  laws  divided  into  claims  of  one 
hundred  feet  in  extent,  making  surface  enough  on  quartz  lodes  in  this  region 
alone  for  over  eight  hundred  thousand  claims.  These  veins  are  from  six  inches 


206  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 

to  nine  feet  in  thickness,  and  vary  even  more  in  their  quality — from  those  that 
will  not  pay  at  all,  to  those  that  produce  the  richest  ore  that  has  been  found  in 
any  part  of  the  world." 

He  estimates  that  ore  yielding  $12  per  ton  pays  all  expenses,  and  that  the 
average  result  of  quartz  mining  in  Colorado  is  $36  per  ton. 

Intelligent  observers  express  the  conviction  that  the  range  of  the  gold-bearing 
quartz  is  not  limited  to  the  Gregory  district,  but  is  as  extensive  as  the  Snowy 
range  itself;  and  that  recent  discoveries  in  the  vicinity  of  the  South  Park,  and 
along  Clear  and  Boulder  creeks  and  their  branches,  are  but  the  precursors  of 
developments  in  the  mountain  chain  that  separates  the  three  parks  that  will, 
in  a  very  few  years,  yield  a  greater  amount  of  treasure  than  is  now  furnished 
by  California,  building  up  important  points  north  as  well  as  south  of  the  present 
centre. 

Professor  James  T.  Hodge,  geologist  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  reports 
the  existence  of  iron  and  coal  near  Fort  Laramie  and  the  Cheyenne  Pass — 
localities  north  of  Colorado.  The  Black  Hills  and  Medicine  Bow  mountains 
contain  these  minerals,  while  the  Laramie  plains,  in  the  vicinity,  will  be  availa 
ble  for  agricultural  settlement.  In  the  vicinity  of  Denver  City,  Colorado, 
Professor  Hodge  visited  coal-beds  which  present  a  thickness  of  five  feet  ten 
inches  pure  coal,  with  no  mixture  of  slate,  and  thus  describes  its  appearance 
and  quality : 

"  The  coal  is  of  a  brilliant  jet  black,  and  is  easily  mined  in  large  lumps, 
which  appear  to  be  firm  and  sound,  but  are  said  to  crumble  after  exposure  for 
a  few  weeks  to  the  air.  It  contains  but  little  bitumen,  burning  with  little 
smoke,  no  unpleasant  odor,  and  a  yellow  flame.  It  does  not  melt  or  coke,  and, 
however  high  the  draught,  produces  no  clinker.  The  ashes  of  most  of  the 
beds  are  usually  white  and  bulky.  A  welding  heat  in  a  forge  is  obtained  with 
difficulty.  Sulphur  is  observed  in  it,  in  small  quantity,  in  the  form  of  exceed 
ingly  thin  disks  of  iron  pyrites  disseminated  through  the  seams.  Particles  of 
mineral  rosin  are  much  more  abundant,  scattered  through  the  coal  of  the  size 
of  pin-heads." 

Another  coal-bed,  worked  for  the  supply  of  the  Denver  market,  is  in  the 
hills  along  South  Boulder  creek,  only  two  and  a  half  miles  from  the  base  of  the 
Rock}7"  mountains.  This  locality  also  affords  an  abundance  of  iron  ores,  and 
has  been  selected  for  the  establishment  of  the  first  blast  furnace  erected  in  the 
Territory,  which  went  into  operation  in  March,  1864.  "  The  principal  coal- 
bed  is  opened  a  few  rods  southeast  from  the  furnace,  and  has  been  worked  one 
hundred  feet  down  a  slope  of  about  ten  degrees  from  the  horizontal  toward  the 
east.  The  bed  is  twelve  feet  thick,  almost  uniform  in  quality,  with  no  inter 
mixture  of  elate,  and  presents  a  beautiful  appearance  in  the  brilliant  lustre  of 
the  coal.  A  little  sulphur  (pyrites)  may  here  be  detected  in  the  seams."  Two 
other  beds  are  described,  one  of  them  affording  coal  of  a  firmer  quality  than  the 
others. 

These  specimens  of  coal  were  submitted  to  Professor  John  Torrey,  who,  after 
analysis,  describes  them  as  belonging  to  the  class  of  lignites — not  technically  a 
bituminous  coal,  neither  cannel  nor  an  anthracite.  "  Still,  in  common  parlance, 
it  will  be  regarded  as  coal.  In  calorific  power  the  Rocky  mountain  coal  may 
be  placed  between  dry  wood  and  bituminous  coa!,  and  therefore  it  is  a  most 
valuable  fuel.  It  may  be  used  for  the  smelting  of  iron  and  other  ores.  For 
locomotives  it  could  be  employed  to  advantage,  with  some  modification  of  the 
fireplace.  The  ash  is  so  small  in  quantity,  and  so  light,  that  most  of  it  would 
be  carried  off  by  the  blast  of  the  furnace.  The  coal  bums  freely  in  a  small 
Btove,  making  a  hot  and  clear  fire,  and  leaving  no  clinkers.  The  specimens, 
that  were  examined  had  a  tendency  to  break  up  and  crumble  after  being  soaked 
with  water  and  allowed  to  dry;  hence  the  necessity  of  protection  from  moisture." 
The  iron  ore  found  at  the  eastern  base  of  the  mountains,  near  Denver  City, 


FOREIGN  AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  207 

is  characterized  by  Professor  Torrey  as  "  lemonite,  a  compact  variety  derived 
from  carbonate  of  iron,  and  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  brown  hematite 
or  brown  iron  ore."     "It  is  found,"  continues  Professor  Hodge,  "in  irregular 
deposits,  scattered  over  the  summits,  ends,  and  slopes  of  many  of  the  ridges 
which  border  South  Boulder  creek  and  Rock  creek.     These  deposits  extend  to 
a  depth  of  only  one  to  three  feet,  and,  as  they  evidently  do  not  form  a  part  of 
the  strata  in  the  hills,  it  is  impossible  to  make  any  estimate  of  the  quantity  of 
ore  they  will  afford.     One  can  judge,  only  from  seeing  numbers  of  acres  thus 
covered,  that  supplies  may  be  obtained  for  one  or  more  blast  furnaces  for  sev 
eral  years ;  but  extended  observations  would  be  -necessary  before  positively 
asserting  that  large  works  could  be  supported  from  this  source.     The  ore  is 
found  in  pieces  of  all  sizes  up  to  masses  of  half  a  ton  weight,  and  large  quanti 
ties  of  it  are  so  fine  that  it  would  have  to  be  collected  for  the  furnace  by 
screening.     There  is  scarcely  any  intermixture  of  foreign  stony  materials  in 
these  deposits.     The  quality  of  the  ore  is  generally  pretty  good,  though  the 
larger  masses  are  not  so  fine-grained  and  pure  as  the  smaller  ore.     I  should 
judge  that  an  average  of  three  tons  would  be  required  to  make  a  ton  of  iron. 
The  ore  is  in  excellent  condition  for  the  blast  furnace,  its  long  exposure  at  the 
surface  having  prepared  it  for  smelting  almost  as  thoroughly  as  if  it  had  been 
roasted.     Its  unusual  mode  of  occurrence,  unconnected  with  the  strata  in  the 
hills,  was  for  some  time  a  source  of  perplexity ;  and  it  seemed  necessary  to  ex 
plain  it  correctly  in  order  to  judge  better  of  the  probability  of  the  ore  being 
found  in  large  quantities  in  other  places  on  the  range  of  these  formations.     On 
examining  the  country  up  to  the  base  of  the  mountains  I  discovered  what  I 
believe  is  the  true  explanation.     At  the  distance  of  two  and  a  half  miles  from 
the  mines  the  marginal  ridge,  already  noticed,  rises  suddenly  with  a  very  steep 
face  and  dip  of  its  strata.     The  surface  at  its  foot  is  covered  with  large  rounded 
boulders  from  the  granite  rocks  of  the  mountains.     Some,  also,  are  of  the  red 
sandstones  and  conglomerates  of  the  outer  ridge.     They  decrease  in  size  and 
numbers  towards  the  east,  indicating   the  movement  in  that  direction  of  vast 
bodies  of  water  or  ice.     These,  together  with  the  evidences  of  denudation  I 
had  observed  further  north,  evidently  not  referable  to  the  diluvial  or  drift  forma 
tion,  appeared  to  me  as  more  strongly  marked  evidences  of  glacial  action  than 
I  had  ever  before  seen.     The  extension  of  this  over  the  hills  near  the  furnace 
must  have  excavated  the  soft  beds,  of  which  they  are  in  great  part  composed  ; 
and  the  light  clayey  materials  of  the  strata  containing  the  iron  ores  being  swept 
away  by  currents  of  water,  these,  by  their  weight,  were  left  behind,  and  are 
now  found  spread  over  the  surface  of  the  hills.     By  long  exposure  they  have 
been  oxidized  and  converted  from  the  clay  iron  stone,  or  '  blue  case  iron'  as-< 
it  is  here  called,  into  the  shelly  hematite.     Such  a  derivation  of  the  ore,  if  cor 
rect,  must  itself  make  the  quantity  in  any  locality  always  uncertain.    Found  as 
it  is,  it  is  collected  and  delivered  at  the  furnace  at  a  cost  of  $3  per  ton,  making 
about  $9  to  the  ton  of  iron." 

"The  furnace,  owned  by  Messrs.  Langford,  Lee,  and  Marshall,  is  a  very  small 
stack,  of  daily  capacity  of  only  four  or  five  tons  of  pig  iron.  It  is  twenty  feet 
square  at  base,  twenty-two  feet  high,  and  seven  feet  diameter  at  the  boshes 
The  hearth  is  five  feet  high  and  eighteen  inches  diameter.  It  is  intended  to 
work  the  furnace  with  cold-blast,  and  the  consumption  of  charcoal  will  probably 
be  from  two  hundred  and  fifty  to  three  hundred  bushels  to  the  ton  of  iron.  The 
cost  of  charcoal  at  the  furnace  is  ten  cents  per  bushel,  making  the  cost  of  fuel 
from  $25  to  $30  per  ton,  while  that  of  ore,  as  above  stated,  may  be  rated  at  *!). 
The  cost  of  the  limestone  for  flux  will  probably  not  exceed  fifty  cents,  and  the 
remaining  items  of  labor,  repairs,  &c.,  may  be  estimated  at  about  87.  The  total 
cost  will  probably  be  about  $45  per  ton  of  pig  metal.  In  large  establishments 
the  expenses  should  be  less,  especially  if  the  raw  mineral  coal  could  be  substi- 


208  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

tuted,  wholly  or  in  part,  for  the  charcoal.     The  quantity  of  fuel,  too,  would  be 
diminished  by  the  use  of  the  hot-blast." 

The  prospects  of  agriculture  are  thus  considered  by  Professor  Hodge:  "The 
agricultural  resources  of  the  prairies  are  somewhat  limited  by  the  extreme  dryness 
of  the  climate.  Rain  seldom  falls,  and  were  it  not  for  the  never-failing  supplies 
of  water  in  the  numerous  streams  running  from  the  snowy  central  range  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  the  country  would  be  an  uninhabitable  desert.  Yet  the  soil 
is  in  great  part  fertile,  warm,  and  mellow,  and  abounds  in  gypsum  and  salts  of 
soda,  which  appear  upon  the  surface  in  the  form  of  an  incrustation  resembling 
frost.  This  is  particularly  abundant  about  the  edges  of  dried-lip  ponds.  The 
alkaline  salts  affect  the  waters  of  many  of  the  wells,  rendering  them  nauseous 
to  the  taste  and  unwholesome,  and  mixed  with  the  dust<of  the  roads,  this  is  said 
to  be,  in  the  summer  season,  very  injurious  to  the  eyes  of  travellers.  It  is  re 
markable  that,  notwithstanding  the  want  of  rain,  no  great  trouble  is  experienced 
over  the  plains  for  the  want  of  water  at  the  ranches  and  stations  along  the  roads. 
I  crossed  the  Platte  river  at  Fort  Kearney  in  October,  over  its  dry,  sandy  bed, 
and  yet  the  wells  along  the  valley  contained  abundant  water,  and,  in  general, 
they  were  not  twenty  feet  deep,  their  bottoms  not  reaching  to  the  level  of  the 
stream.  It  is  difficult  to  explain  from  whence  these  supplies  are  derived.  The 
dryness  of  the  soil  renders  irrigation  necessary  for  its  successful  cultivation,  and 
this  is  already  practiced  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Colorado,  after  the  system 
of  the  Mexicans,  which  consists  in  the  excavation  of  accquias  or  ditches,  often 
several  miles  in  length,  by  which  the  water  of  the  streams,  taken  out  at  an  upper 
level,  is  carried  at  this  elevation  past  the  farming  lands,  over  which  it  is  let  out, 
as  occasion  requires,  by  tapping  the  acequias  at  any  desired  points.  The  culti 
vation  is  thus  limited  to  lands  lying  below  the  level  of  the  acequias,  and  such 
lands  are  met  with  of  considerable  extent  along  most  of  the  streams,  spreading 
out  to  great  width,  even  before  these  have  fairly  emerged  from  the  mountains. 
Very  productive  and  extensive  farms  thus  situated  are  seen  running  ap  among 
the  basaltic  hills,  or  Clear  creek,  and  similar  improvements  extend  all  along  this 
stream  to  its  mouth,  below  Denver.  The  streams  north  of  it,  so  far  as  and  in 
cluding  the  Cache  d  Poudrc,  afford  the  same  advantage  for  cultivation  of  the 
soil,  and  along  most  of  them  the  lands  are  occupied  in  continuous  lines  of  farms. 
In  the  newness  of  the  country,  which  has  been  occupied  only  two  or  three  years, 
the  crops  are  limited  to  a  few  of  the  most  necessary  articles.  Flour  being  sup 
plied  to  the  Territory  from  the  States  and  New  Mexico,  the  cultivation  of  wheat 
is  not  so  important  as  of  the  more  bulky  articles,  which  will  not  pay  for  trans 
portation  from  such  distances.  Some  wheat,  however,  is  raised,  and  the  crop  is 
a  successful  one.  But  attention  is  chiefly  directed  to  procuring  the  large  sup 
plies  of  hay,  corn,  oats,  and  vegetables,  required  by  the  numerous  gold-mining 
population  in  the  mountains.  The  hay  being  made  from  the  wild  prairie  grass, 
its  supply  is  limited  only  by  the  amount  of  labor  employed  in  cutting  and  stack 
ing  it ;  still,  owing  to  an  overstock  of  it  the  previous  year,  the  quantity  put  up 
in  1863  has  proved  too  small  for  the  demands  of  the  country,  increased  as  they 
are  by  the  extraordinary  accumulations  of  snow,  which,  covering  the  plains,  cut 
off  the  herds  of  cattle  and  horses,  with  which  the  country  is  abundantly  stocked, 
from  their  accustomed  support  by  grazing  during  the  winter.  This,  together 
with  the  obstructed  condition  of  the  roads,  caused  the  price  of  hay  in  December 
last  to  rise  to  $105  per  ton  at  the  gold  mines.  Corn,  which  is  a  good  crop,  and 
may  be  raised  to  any  extent  along  the  streams,  was  worth  at  the  same  time  nine 
or  ten  cents  per  pound.  Potatoes  are  produced  in  abundance,  as  also  onions, 
cabbages,  and  many  other  vegetables ;  but  in  this  unpropitious  season  the  prices 
of  all  these  range  high.  Onions  are  raised  with  scarcely  any  of  the  labor  at 
tending  their  cultivation  in  the  States,  yet  they  were  from  ten  to  twelve  cents  a 
pound.  They  grow  so  luxuriantly  that  a  single  one  often  weighs  more  than  a 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  209 

pound.  Such  prices  cannot  be  sustained  in  a  favorable  season,  and  particularly 
when  the  country  is  supplied  with  a  more  numerous  agricultural  population. 

"  It  is  an  important  question  whether  the  cultivation  of  these  prairies  is  always 
to  be  limited  to  those  portions  capable  of  being  irrigated  only  by  the  system  now 
in  use.  The  mountains,  it  appears,  are  abundantly  provided  with  water,  derived 
chiefly  from  the  melting  of  the  snows  in  the  great  central  range.  A  large  part 
of  this,  without  doubt,  penetrates  under  the  stratified  rocks,  which  on  both  sides 
dip  away  from  the  mountains.  These  waters  probably  flow  in  underground 
channels  far  from  the  mountains,  and  if  tapped  by  artesian  wells  sunk  down  to 
them,  they  might  reasonably  be  expected  to  rise  to  the  surface  in  never-failing 
springs.  The  stratification  of  the  country  is  certainly  remarkably  encouraging 
to  such  an  enterprise;  and  another  inducement  to  its  prosecution  would  be  the 
discovery  of  the  mineral  beds,  whatever  they  may  be,  beneath  the  surface.  This 
would  be  a  certain  and  most  economical  method  of  determining  the  existence  or 
non-existence  of  beds  of  coal  in  localities  where  it  might  be  especially  desirable  to 
obtain  this  fuel.  Artesian  wells  must  at  some  time  be  exceedingly  useful  at 
Laramie  plains,  which  are  not  so  well  watered  as  the  country  east  of  the  mount 
ains.  These  plains,  hitherto  entirely  uncultivated,  afford,  in  places,  good  pas 
turage,  and  a  considerable  amount  of  prairie- grass  hay,  for  the  use  of  the  over 
land  stage  line  and  of  emigrants."  :  .  . 

The  Laramie  plains  and  the  mountain  valleys  of  the  Black  hills  and  the 
Medicine  Bow  chain  are  mentioned  by  Professor  Hodge  as  rcpositoiies  of  iron 
and  coal,  and  having  the  constituents  of  agriculture  with  the  aid  of  irrigation. 
These  statements  were  anticipated  by  Lieutenant  (now  General)  G.  K.  Warren 
in  his  report,  as  topographical  engineer,  upon  Nebraska  Territory,  published  in 
1858-59,  (Executive  Documents,  volume  2,  part  2,  p.  643,)  from  which  an  ex 
tract  is  given: 

"  In  the  mountain  formations  which  border  the  great  plains  on  the  west  are 
to  be  found  beautiful  flowing  streams  and  small,  rich  valleys,  covered  over  with 
fino  grass  for  hay,  and  susceptible  of  cultivation  by  means  of  irrigation.  Fine 
timber  for  fuel  and  lumber,  limestone  and  good  stone  for  building  purposes,  are 
here  abundant.  Gold  has  been  found  in  places  in  valuable  quantities,  and, 
without  doubt,  the  more  common  and  useful  minerals  will  be  discovered  when 
more  minute  examinations  are  made.  I  think  it  exceedingly  desirable  that 
something  should  be  done  to  encourage  settlements  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort 
Laramie.  The  wealth  of  that  country  is  not  properly  valued,  and  the  Indian 
title  not  being  extinguished,  there  is  no  opportunity  to  settle  it.  Those  who 
live  there  now  support  themselves  by  trade  with  the  Indians,  which  being  al 
ready  overdone,  it  is  to  their  interest  to  keep  others  away.  If  the  Indian  title 
were  extinguished  and  the  protection  of  a  territorial  government  extended  there 
BO  as  to  be  effectual,  there  would  soon  spring  up  a  settlement  that  would  rival 
that  of  Great  Salt  lake.  The  Laramie  river  is  a  beautiful  stream,  with  a  fine, 
fertile  valley,  and  there  are  such  everywhere  along  the  base  of  the  mountains. 
Pine  timber  of  the  finest  quality  in  abundance  grows  there,  easy  of  access, 
from  which  the  finest  lumber  can  be  made.  Building-stone  of  good  quality 
abound.  The  establishment  of  the  military  post  and  the  constant  passing  of 
emigrants  have  driven  away  the  game,  so  that  the  Indians  do  not  set  a  high 
value  on  the  land,  and  it  could  be  easily  procured  from  them. 

"  The  people  now  on  the  extreme  frontiers  of  Nebraska  and  Kansas  are 
near  the  western  limit  of  the  fertile  portions  of  the  prairie  lands,  and  a  desert 
space  separates  them  from  the  fertile  and  desirable  region  in  the  western 
mountains.  They  are,  as  it  were,  on  the  shore  of  a  sea,  up  to  which  population 
and  agriculture  may  advance,  and  no  further.  But  this  gives  them  much  of  the 
value  of  places  along  the  Atlantic  frontier  in  view  of  the  future  settlements  to 
be  formed  in  the  mountains,  between  which  and  the  present  frontier  a  most 
valuable  trade  would  exist.  The  western  frontier  has  always  been  looking  to 
Ex.  Doc.  55 — 14 


210  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

the  east  for  a  market,  but  as  soon  as  the  wave  of  emigration  has  passed  over 
the  desert  portion  of  the  plains  to  which  the  discoverers  of  gold  have  already- 
given  an  impetus  that  will  propel  it  to  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Rocky 
mountains,  then  will  the  present  frontier  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  become  the 
starting  point  for  all  the  products  of  the  Mississippi  valley  which  the  popula 
tion  of  the  mountains  will  require.  We  see  the  effects  of  it  in  the  benefits 
which  the  western  frontier  of  Missouri  has  received  from  the  Santa  Fe  trade, 
and  still  more  plainly  in  the  impetus  given  to  Leavenworth  by  the  operations 
of  the  army  of  Utah  in  the  interior  region.  This  flow  of  products  has,  in  the 
last  instance,  been  only  in  one  direction,  but  when  those  mountains  become 
settled,  as  they  eventually  must,  then  there  will  be  a  reciprocal  trade  materially 
beneficial  to  both. 

"  These  settlements  in  the  mountains  cannot  be  agricultural  to  the  same  ex 
tent  as  those  in  the  Mississippi  valley,  but  must  depend  greatly  upon  the  rais 
ing  of  stock.  The  remarkable  freedom  here  from  sickness  is  one  of  the  at 
tractive  features  of  the  region,  and  will,  in  this  respect,  go  far  to  reconcile  the 
settler  from  the  Mississippi  valley  for  his  loss  in  the  smaller  amount  of  products 
that  can  be  taken  from  the  soil." 

The  late  General  F.  W.  Lander,  while  employed  in  the  exploration  of  the 
Rocky  mountains,  (1858,)  thus  indicated  the  prospects  of  grazing  in  the 
northern  valleys  of  the  mountains,  (Executive  Documents,  1st  session  35th  Con 
gress,  volume  9,  No.  70  :)  "From  the  arable  grounds  of  the  Salt  Lake  valley, 
through  the  numerous  valleys  and  timbered  regions  of  the  Wahsatch  mountains 
toward  the  head  of  Wind  river,  to  the  Beaver  Head  and  to  the  St.  Mary's  valley 
of  the  north,  occur  available  and  peculiarly  favorable  locations  for  settlements* 
There  are  the  numerous  herding  grounds  of  the  Indians  and  mountaineers,  and 
here  are  recruited  and  fattened,  in  the  open  air  and  during  winter,  the  worn- 
down  cattle,  mules,  and  horses  bought  up  by  traders  from  the  later  overland 
emigration.  The  half-breed  horses  raised  by  the  mountaineers  from  a  cross  be 
tween  the  larger  animals  of  the  settlements  and  the  Indian  pony,  reared  in  the 
open  air  and  without  forage,  are  some  of  the  finest  animals  I  have  ever  seen. 
Durham  short-horned  cattle,  a  delicate  breed,  and  not  usually  thought  adapted 
to  exposure,  are  raised  here  and  wintered  without  shelter  upon  the  nat 
ural  grass  of  the  mountains.  Hay  is  never  cut  by  the  mountaineers,  yet 
this  celebrated  stock,  fattened  upon  the  bunch-grass,  grows  larger  than  any  I 
have  seen  in  the  States.  John  Grant,  a  well-known  trader,  who  has  raised  a 
large  stock  of  Durham  milch  cows  and  steers  and  American  horses,  winters 
yearly  in  the  great  valleys  of  the  mountains  with  no  shelter  out  the  common 
Indian  lodge  of  dressed  elk  or  buffalo  skin." 

KANSAS    AND    NEBRASKA. 

The  census  of  1860  returned  the  population  of  the  interior  districts,  which, 
are  connected  with  the  overland  trade  west  of  the  Missouri  river,  as  follows : 

New  Mexico 83,009 

Colorado '. .     34,277 

Utah 40,273 

157,559 

In  1860  a  special  correspondent  of  the  New  York  Herald  furnished  the  fol 
lowing  statement : 


FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC   COMMERCE. 


211 


Table  showing  the  amount  of  freight  forwarded  across  the  plains  from  the 
various  ports  on  the  Missouri  river  during  the  year  1860,  with  the  required 
outfit. 


Where  from. 

Pounds. 

Men. 

Horses. 

Mules. 

Oxen. 

% 

Wagons. 

16,439,134 

7,084 

464 

6,149 

27,920 

3,033 

5  656  082 

1,216 

206 

10,925 

1,003 

Atchison 

6,  097,  943 

1,591 

472 

13,640 

1,280 

St  Joseph 

1  ,  672,  000 

490 

520 

3,  980 

418 

5  496,000 

896 

113 

11,118 

916 

Omaha  City                  .    ....... 

713,00% 

324 

377 

114 

340 

272 

Grand  total 

36,  074,  159 

11,601 

841 

7,574 

67,  950 

6,  922 

In  1863  a  population  of  60,000  in  Nevada  employs  for  the  transportation  of 
machinery,  merchandise,  provisions,  &c.,  from  the  Pacific  coast,  a  number  of 
men,  animals,  and  wagons  fully  half  as  great  as  the  foregoing  exhibit  of  over 
land  transportation  west  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska.  That  this  table  is  inade 
quate  to  express  the  traffic  of  1864  may  also  be  inferred  from  the  consideration 
of  the  present  population  of  the  mountain  Territories,  viz  : 

New  Mexico,  (no  increase) 83,009 

Colorado 60,000 

Utah 80,000 

Montana 12,000 

235,009 


It  is  not  an  excessive  estimate  that  the  present  transportation  is  50,000,000 
pounds,  employing  10,000  trains,  and  at  a  cost  of  $5,000,000  annually.  In 
consequence  of  the  war  and  other  causes,  a  considerable  diversion  of  the  traffic 
across  the  plains  has  taken  place  in  favor  of  the  northern  points  of  departure 
from  the  Missouri  river;  Kansas  city  by  no  means  leading  in  the  degree  indi 
cated  in  1860.  Whether  the  traffic  will  resume  its  former  proportions,  depends 
altogether  upon  the  railway  construction  of  the  next  twelve  months. 

Kansas  and  Nebraska,  for  an  average  distance  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles 
west  of  the  Missouri  river,  are  as  well  adapted  to  agriculture  as  the  States  of 
Missouri  and  Iowa,  but  beyond  that  limit  agriculture  is  dependent  upon  irriga 
tion.  Hence,  as  shown  by  Lieutenant  Warren,  a  steady  and  remunerative 
market  for  breadstuff's  and  other  agricultural  products  is  at  the  door  of  the 
farmer  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  which  will  divert  all  his  surplus  from  the 
Atlantic  coast.  The  foregoing  review  of  the  Territories  east  of  the  Sierra 
Nevada  of  California  suggests  a  permanent  deficiency  of  agricultural  production, 
while  their  mineral  resources  will  concentrate  a  large  population.  Grazing  and 
wool-growing  are  future  interests,  which,  with  domestic  manufactures,  will  diver 
sify  industry  and  occupy  labor  at  no  distant  stage  of  progress;  but  for  the  next 
decade  of  years,  manufactures,  and  even  meats,  will  be  largely  imported  across 
the  Sierra  Nevada  from  the  west,  and  across  the  plains  from  the  Missouri  river. 

The  spring  of  1864  witnesses  an  exodus  of  population  from  the  western 
borders  of  Missouri  and  Iowa  to  the  mining  districts  of  Colorado  and  Montana, 
which  far  exceeds  that  of  1860.  Peter  A.  Dey,  esq.,  engineer  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad,  writing  from  Omaha,  under  date  of  May  17,  1864,  says:  "Four 
thousand  wagons  and  six  thousand  tons  of  freight  have  crossed  the  Missouri 


212  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

river  at  Omaha  since  April  first.  There  is  now  a  daily  movement  of  two  hundred 
teams,  three  hundred  tons  freight,  and  one  thousand  persons.  The  teams  are 
equally  divided  into  those  drawn  by  four  horses,  and  those  drawn  by  five  yoke 
of  cattle.  No  emigration  has  ever  been  known  to  bear  any  comparison  to  this. 
The  line  of  teams  waiting  ferriage  reaches  nearly  to  Council  Bluffs,  or  three 
miles  in  length.  This  rush  will  undoubtedly  continue  to  the  middle  of  June. 
The  ferry -J)oat  runs  night  and  day.  This  does  not  include  government  trans 
portation." 

The  statistics  of  the  spring  emigration  of  18G4,  on  the  basis  of  this  state 
ment,  are  75,000  men,  22,500  tons  of  freight,  30,000  horses  and  mules,  and 
75,000  cattle.  It  is  probable  that  similar  aggregates  represent  the  emigra 
tion  from  other  points  on  the  Missouri  river,  and  in  that  case  150,000  will  be 
added  to  the  population  of  the  mountain^  from  the  Mississippi  States  during 
1864. 

UNION    PACIFIC    RAILROAD. 

That  the  overland  trade  on  the  average  latitude  of  40  degrees  north  has  already 
reached  proportions  which  assure  the  prosperity  of  the  Central  Pacific  railway 
from  the  way  business  alone,  as  soon  as  constructed,  is  a  probability  which  can 
be  made  to  appear  from  the  general  railroad  statistics  of  the  country. 

Take  the  proportion  of  mileage  to  population.  In  1860  the  population  of  the 
States,  not  including  the  Territories,  was  31,148,047,  and  the  number  of  miles 
of  railroads  in  operation  was  30,592.  The  population  on  the  1st  of  January, 
1861,  is  estimated  at  31,615,267;  while  on  that  date  official  reports  show  that 
there  were  31,168  miles  of  railroad  constructed  in  the  United  States,  at  an  ag 
gregate  cost  of  $1,777,993,818,  or  $37,794  97  per  mile.  Thus,  the  proportion 
of  one  mile  of  railroad  to  every  thousand  of  population  seems  to  be  established 
as  a  practical  law  of  railroad  progress  by  the  American  people.  This  ratio  is 
exceeded  in  many  of  the  States.  For  instances:  Ohio,  in  I860,  had  a  popula 
tion  of  2,339,511,  and  2,900  miles  of  railroad  in  operation;  Illinois,  1,711,951 
of  population  to  2,867  miles  of  railroad;  Massachusetts,  1,231,066  population  to 
1,272  miles  of  railroad;  while  the  most  advanced  southern  States  were,  Virginia, 
1,596,318  of  population  to  1,771  miles  of  railroad;  Tennessee,  1,109,801  to 
1,197;  Georgia,  1,057,286  to  1,404. 

If  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  assured  by  the  extent  of  overland  traffic,  and 
aided  by  the  land  grant  and  credit  of  the  general  government,  should  organize 
measures  for  the  completion  of  a  central  trunk  line  through  California,  Nevada, 
Utah,  Colorado,  and  Kansas,  by  the  year  1870,  the  census  of  that  year  would 
doubtless  return  populations  exceeding  the  ratio  of  one  thousand  per  mile. 
During  the  decennial  period  of  1850-'60,  the  population  of  those  Territories 
increased  'five-fold.  Connect  by  railroad  the  agricultural  districts  of  the  Pacific 
coast  and  the  Mississippi  valley  with  the  varied  consumption  and  commerce  of 
the  interior  mining  regions,  arid  the  ensuing  six  years,  or  the  period  occupied  in 
effecting  that  connexion,  would  probably  witness  an  advance  of  population  three 
fold  the  aggregates  which  appear  in  1864,  viz: 

1850.               1860.  1864.  1870. 

-California 92,597  365,439  500,000  1,500,000 

Nevada 6,857  60,000  180,000 

Utah 11,380         40,273  80,000  240,000 

Colorado 34,271  60, 006  180,000 

Kansas 107,206  120,000  360,000 

103,957       554,052       820,000       2,460,000 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  213 

A  comparison  of  the  statistics  of  the  English  colony  of  Victoria  and  the  State 
of  California  has  already  been  presented,  and  is  instructive.  Victoria,  in  April, 
1861,  had  a  total  population  of  540,322,  almost  equally  divided  between  the 
mining  districts  and  the  remainder  of  the  colony.  Including  the  Washoe  district, 
now  Nevada,  California  had  a  population  in  1861,  nearly  equal  to  Victoria,  and 
which  was  divided  in  the  same  proportion.  San  Francisco  and  Melbourne  are 
cities  of  equal  commercial  importance.  The  California  revenue  for  State  pur 
poses  is  SI, 462,690;  for  national  treasury,  $7,128,399;  total.  $8,591,089,  or 
about  $17  per  capita.  The  provincial  revenue  of  Victoria  was,  in  1862, 
$15,123,465;  in  1863,  $13,968,510,  or  an  average  per  capita  of  $29.  California 
has  only  75  miles  of  railroad  in  operation,  while  Victoria  has  351  miles,  con 
structed  at  an  expense  of  c£35,000  per  mile,  from  which  the  Victoria  govern 
ment  received  an  income  in  1863  of  c£433,615.*  The  first  section  of  the  Cali 
fornia  Central  railroad,  which  was  opened  in  January  from  San  Francisco  to 
San  Jos<>,  a  distance  of  49T^  miles,  was  constructed  at  a  cost  of  $40,000  per 
mile.  If  we  suppose  the  next  600  miles  across  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the 
State  of  Nevada,  to  cost  $80,000  per  mile,  the  expenditure  will  not  exceed  the 
cost  of  the  Victoria  railroads,  which  connect  the  city  of  Melbourne  with  the 
Ballaret  and  Bendigo  gold  fields,  and  with  the  wool-growing  districts  of  the  river 
Murray. 

There  is  abundant  evidence  that  the  mountain  valleys  are  favorable  to  stock- 
raising,  and  that  animals  and  their  products  will  largely  contribute  to  the  return 
business  of  the  Pacific  railroad,  in  addition  to  the  movements  of  Asiatic  mer 
chandise,  and  of  the  precious  metals.  As  far  north  as  the  sources  of  the  Colum 
bia,  the  Missouri,  and  the  Saskatchewan  rivers,  cattle  and  horses  require  no 
winter  shelter,  but  are  found  in  the  spring  in  the  best  health  and  condition. 
For  many  years  the  emigrant  trains  will  take  to  the  mountains  a  multitude  of 
domestic  animals.  The  climate  and  natural  grasses  are  favorable  to  their  in 
crease,  and  if  the  cattle  of  Texas  have  been  profitably  transported  to  the  New 
York  market,  it  is  possible  that  the  Mississippi  and  Atlantic  States  may  yet 
receive  a  considerable  portion  of  their  consumption  of  meats  from  the  llocky 
mountains.  Wool  and  dry  hides  are  a  considerable  export  from  New  Mexico 
and  Colorado;  and  the  San  Francisco  Mercantile  Gazette  of  March  2,  1864, 
reports  the  departure  of  1,500  head  of  beef  cattle  to  the  gold  mines  of  Montana, 
or  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  which  cost  but  $6  per  head  in  California.  They 
can  be  produced  in  every  Rocky  mountain  district  at  as  low  a  figure. 

The  construction  of  a  continental  telegraph  from  the  Missouri  river  to  San 
Francisco,  three  years  since,  was  regarded  as  premature;  but  its  successful 
operation  has  justified  the  enterprise.  So  will  it  be  with  the  Union  Pacific  rail 
road.  California  alone  is  better  able  to  carry  its  construction  to  the  Missouri 
river  than  New  York  was  competent,  by  the  resources  and  credit  of  the  State 
in  1824,  to  undertake  the  Erie  canal.  As  its  sections  advance  westward  and 
eastward,  a  population  will  attend  fully  able  to  sustain  the  investment  by  divi 
dends  ;  nor  is  it  improbable  that  the  perforation  of  the  llocky  mountains  and  the 
Sierra  Nevada  by  tunnels  will  prove  the  most  successful  and  gigantic  traverse 
of  gold  and  silver  lodes  ever  yet  developed  in  the  annals  of  quartz  mining. 

A  SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD  ROUTE. 

A  route  from  the  Lower  Mississippi  States  to  the  Gulf  of  California  and  San 
Diego  on  the^Pacific  coast,  which  should  be  a  trunk  for  communications  with 
Memphis,  Vicksburg  and  New  Orleans,  is  a  measure  which  only  awaits  the  re- 

^Ibcieturns  for  the  first  quarter  of  1864,  as  reported  in  the  London  Times,  make  it 
certain  that  the  net  profits  of  the  Australian  railways  will  henceforth  discharge  an  interest 
of  six  per  cent,  on  the  entire  cost  of  construction. 


214  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

storation  of  the  federal  authority  in  all  the  gulf  States,  to  be  favorably  consid 
ered  by  the  country. 

There  are  two  events  which  will  direct  attention  to  the  latitude  of  35°  as  a 
scene  of  rapid  settlement  and  overland  communication.  The  first  is  the  agri 
cultural  advantages  of  the  Neosho  district,  or  the  country  due  west  of  Arkansas, 
which  was  conceded  by  treaties  to  the  Cherokee,  Choctaw,  Creek,  Chickasaw 
and  Seminole  Indian?;  and  in  the  second  place,  the  new  discoveries  of  mineral 
wealth  in  the  central  and  northern  districts  of  Arizona  Territory.  Neosho,  on 
the  east,  will  soon  equal  Kansas ;  while  the  San  Francisco  mountains  of  Ari 
zona,  situated  geographically  south  of  Nevada,  will  doubtless  be  the  scene  of 
similar  excitement  and  development  as  have  attended  the  settlement  of  the 
Washoe  silver  district.  It  is  proposed  to  compile  the  latest  intelligence  of  the 
agricultural  region  of  the  east,  and  the  mineral  district  of  the  west,  under  the 
average  latitude  of  35°. 

It  was  observed  in  a  report  presented  by  the  territorial  committee  of  the 
United  States  Senate,  in  1854,  that  the  country  occupied  by  the  Cherokee  In 
dians  is  as  rich  and  beautiful,  as  well  watered  and  healthy,  as  the  finest  por 
tions  of  Iowa  and  Wisconsin,  and  as  lovely  in  its  prairie  scenery,  as  the  choicest 
parts  of  Texas.  It  consists  of  13,000,000  acres,  mostly  lying  within  latitudes 
36°  and  37°.  One  Indian  agent  represents  the  staple  productions  of  the  peo 
ple  to  be  corn,  wheat  and  oats ;  that  the  country  is  well  adapted  to  apples, 
peaches,  plums,  and  similar  fruits ;  that  stone-coal,  iron,  and  salt-springs  are 
abundant  and  profitable ;  and  that  the  country  is  admirably  adapted  for  grazing 
cattle,  of  which  the  Indians  have  extensive  stocks.  In  consequence  of  the  cli 
mate,  only  a  portion  of  the  country,  resembling  the  northern  part  of  Alabama, 
is  suited  for  the  cultivation  of  cotton;  tobacco  and  hemp  flourish  as  in  Kentucky. 

The  Creeks  occupy  13,140,000  acres,  except  a  small  tract  assigned  to  the 
Seminoles,  on  the  deep  fork  of  the  Arkansas,  in  latitude  97°.  The  Creek  coun 
try  lies  immediately  west  of  Fort  Gibson,  extending  from  the  Canadian  river  to 
the  36th  parallel  of  latitude.  It  is  noticed  by  James  Logan,  who  was  an  In 
dian  agent  in  1847,  as  "a  country  of  abundant  extent,  well  timbered  and  wa 
tered,  of  fertile  soil,  and  of  comparative  healthfnlness,  offering  every  facility  for 
the  raising  of  stock."  The  scene  of  Washington  Irving's  "  Tour  of  the  Prairies" 
is  comprised  in  the  Creek  district. 

The  Choctaw  country,  of  which  the  western  half  has  been  assigned  to  the 
Chickasaws  and  some  smaller  bands  of  Indians,  extends  from  the  Red  river  to 
the  Canadian,  and  from  the  western  boundary  of  Arkansas  to  the  100th  meri 
dian  of  longitude.  Between  longitude  94  and  97  degrees,  or  the  Choctaw  terri 
tory,  as  reduced  in  1854,  cotton  has  been  grown  near  Red  river,  but  corn  and 
wheat  are  the  prominent  crops.  An  Indiaa  agent  wrote  in  1S51:  "  The  soil 
produces  the  finest  of  wheat,  weighing  sixty-five  to  seventy  pounds  to  the 
bushel ;  as  a  grazing  community  it  is  likewise  unsurpassed,  the  extensive  prai 
ries,  clothed  with  luxuriant  grass,  being  capable  of  sustaining  innumerable  flocks 
and  herds  throughout  the  year."  In  1854,  Mr.  A.  J.  Smith,  Chickasaw  agent, 
described  some  medicinal  or  "  oil"  springs  on  the  Washita  river,  as  very  effica 
cious.  Coal,  copper  and  salt  are  found  in  ample  quantities. 

In  the  "  Exploration  of  the  Red  River  of  Louisiana  in  1852,"  by  Captain  (now 
Brigadier  General)  R.  B.  Marcy,  the  Chickasaw  district,  between  longitude  97° 
and  100°,  is  described  as  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  miles  in  length,  and 
fifty  in  width,  containing  9,000  square  miles  of  valuable  arid  productive  lands, 
or  1,000  square  miles  more  than  the  State  of  Massachusetts.  Various  portions 
of  this  country  are  more  specifically  described.  Captain  Marcy  speaks  of 
"  charming  landscapes  ;  of  soil  remarkable  for  fertility ;  vegetation  in  old  Indian 
cornfields  twelve  feet  high  ;  of  beautiful  springs  and  streams ;  of  natural  mead 
ows  covered  with  luxuriant  grasses;  broad  and  level  bottomlands,  covered  with 
dense  crops  of  wild  rice,  and  of  excellent  timber,  large  and  abundant."  He 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  215 

adds  :  "  Indeed,  I  have  never  visited  any  country  that,  in  my  opinion,  possessed 
greater  natural  local  advantages  for  agriculture  than  this." 

There  is  no  reason  for  doubt  that  the  valleys  of  the  Red  River  of  the  South, 
the  Arkansas  and  the  Canadian,  for  a  distance  of  four  hundred  miles  west  of 
the  State  of  Arkansas,  are  fertile,  well  watered  and  timbered,  and  supplied 
with  coal  and  iron — comparing  favorably  with  Kentucky  and  Tennessee  in 
these  respects.  The  colonization  of  this  district  will  no  longer  be  postponed, 
but  will  follow  the  termination  of  the  war,  and  a  reasonable  adjustment  of  the 
interests  of  its  Indian  occupants. 

Ten  degrees  of  longitude  west  of  the  Neosho  district,  in  the  northern  por 
tions  of  the  Territory  of  Arizona,  recent  discoveries  of  gold  have  occurred, 
which  arc  attracting  population  and  capital  from  San  Francisco  nnd  southern 
California.  This  gold  district  is  near  the  line  of  the  34th  parallel  of  latitude, 
and  west  of  the  110th  degree  of  longitude,  and  is  approached  from  the  Gulf  of 
California  by  steamboat  navigation  on  the  Colorado.  The  San  Francisco 
mountains  on  the  route  of  Captain  A.  W.  Whipple's  Pacific  railroad  survey  are 
its  central  landmark.  The  Colorado  river  is  navigable  for  a  distance  of  500 
miles  to  latitude  36°  06',  or  to  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Virgen,  by  a  class  of  stern- 
wheel  steamers,  described  as  follows  by  Lieut.  J.  C.  Ives,  topographical  engi 
neer:  "  100  feet  long,  22  feet  beam,  built  full,  and  with  a  perfectly  flat  bot 
tom,  having  a  large  boiler  and  powerful  high-pressure  engine,  and  drawing, 
when  light,  but  twelve  inches."  The  miners  of  Northern  Arizona  will  be  sup 
plied  from  the  Pacific  coast  by  this  navigation.* 

The  silver  mines  of  southern  Arizona,  in  the  valley  of  the  Gila,  have  been 
well  known  for  several  years.  They  are  not  less  rich,  and  will  be  as  produc 
tive  as  those  of  Nevada. 

With  peace  restored,  Indian  hostility  suppressed,  and  individual  title  to  min 
eral  lands  assured,  Neosho,  (as  the  country  west  of  Arkansas  has  been  called,) 
western  Texas,  New  Mexico,  and  Arizona,  may  be  expected  to  follow  the  cen 
tral  cordon  of  States  in  the  increase  of  population  and  wealth ;  and  if  «o,  and 
whenever  so,  a  great  central  highway  of  commercial  communication  will  be 
opened.  When  that  period  of  development  shall  arrive,  the  Union  Pacific  rail 
road,  like  the  Union  Pacific  telegraph,  will  have  vindicated  all  the  intervention 
by  the  national  government  in  its  behalf,  and  a  great  impulse  will  be  given  to 
the  construction  of  a  more  southern  line. 

When,  in  1853,  the  initiative  of  Pacific  railroad  exploration  was  presented  to 
the  United  States  Senate,  resulting  in*  a  congressional  appropriation  of  $150,000 
for  the  purpose,  attention  was  directed  to  three  routes — the  northern,  the  cen 
tral,  and  the  southern.  Legislation  has  followed  in  behalf  of  one — the  central — - 
not  so  much  from  any  demonstration  of  greater  feasibility,  but  because  tho  min 
eral  discoveries  of  the  interior,  followed  by  population,  suggested  the  selection. 
The  same  causes  are  now  active  on  the  two  other  routes.  Discoveries,  not  only 
of  gold  and  silver,  but  of  coal,  iron,  lead,  and  salt,  diversify  the  map  of  the 
Rocky  mountain  region  everywhere  within  our  boundaries ;  arid  an  emigration 
from  the  Pacific  coast  meets  the  Atlantic  column  even  upon  the  great  plains, 
which  arc  drained  by  the  Missouri,  the  Platte,  and  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  necessity  of  more  than  one  route  between  the  Mississippi  States  and  the 
Pacific  coast  will  appear  from  an  enumeration  of  the  railroad  lines  which  are 
indispensable  to  the  commerce  between  the  Atlantic  and  interior  States.  These 

°  A  San  Franci?co  paper  says,  under  date  of  March  2,  1864  :  "The  discovery  of  valua 
ble  Jcdges  of  gold  and  silver  ore  is  now  reported  in  such  numbers,  of  such  richness, 
and  so  well  authenticated,  that  if  any  doubt  has  existed  in  regird  to  the  vast  miaeral 
wealth  of  Arizona,  it  must  soon  be  di^sipited.  One  of  the  great  drawbacks  to  the  pros 
pects  of  that  region  for  mining  enterprises  has  been  the  scarcity  of  fuel;  but  late  advices 
announce  the  discovery  of  coal  near  La  Paz,  on  the  Colorado.' ' 


216  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

are  seven  well-defined  thoroughfares  :  (1)  From  Portland,  by  the  Grand  Trunk? 
to  Detroit,  and  thence,  with  a  traverse  of  the  State  and  Lake  of  Michigan,  to 
Milwaukie  and  La  Crosse ;  (2;  by  the  New  York  Central,  the  Great  Western, 
of  Canada,  and  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern  railroad,  to  Prairie  du  Chien  ;  (3) 
by  the  New  York  and  Erie,  the  lines  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  south  of  the  great 
lakes,  and  the  Illinois  Central,  to  Galena;  (4)  the  Pennsylvania  Central,  and 
its  western  connexions,  to  Rock  Island;  (5)  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  by  way 
of  Cincinnati,  to  St.  Louis  ;  (6)  from  Richmond,  through  the  Cumberland  valley, 
to  Memphis;  and  (7)  from  Charleston  and  Savannah,  traversing  the  States  of 
Georgia,  Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  to  Vicksburg  and  New  Orleans.  All  these 
highways  are  thronged  and  prosperous,  and,  Avith  the  wonderful  impulse  to  colo 
nization  and  commerce  induced  by  mining  investments,  a  period  of  twenty-five 
years  will  probably  witness  the  completion  of  four  great  continental  communi 
cations  within  the  limits  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  and  upon  the  following 
lines : 

1.  Through  the  southern  tier  of  States,  on  or  near  the  parallel  of  35°,  which 
is  central  to  the  region  of  cotton,  the  sugar  cane,  and  the  vine,  and  which  will 
be  supported  by  the  populations  of  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Neosho,  (or  the  Terri 
tory  occupied  by  the  Cherokee  and  Choctaw  Indians,)  Texas,  New  Mexico, 
Arizona,  Sonora,  and  southern  California.     This  may  be  called  the  Gulf  route, 
from  its  relation  to  the  Gulfs  of  Mexico  and  California. 

2.  The  central,  which  is  now  in  course  of  construction,  on  the  average  lati 
tude  of  40°.     With  its  present  prestige  and  aid  from  the  federal  government, 
soon  to  be  increased  by  the  intervention  of  State  governments  in  its  behalf,  the 
speedy  construction  of  this  road  may  be  anticipated.     If  in  operation  at  the 
present  moment,  the  road  would  be  financially  successful.     All  the  resources  of 
Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Utah,  Nevada,  and,  in  a  great  degree,  of  Missouri 
and  California,  are  pledged  to  such  a  result. 

3.  The  lake  route,  hitherto  designated  in  congressional  debates  as  the  North 
ern  Pacific  route,  connecting  the  western  coast  of  the  great  lakes,  and  the  navi 
gable  channel  of  the  Columbia  river,  by  the  most  direct  and  feasible  communi 
cation  with  which  the  Territories  and  future  States  of  Dakota,  Montana,  Idaho, 
and  Washington,'  as  well  as  the  States  of  Minnesota  and  Oregon,  are  identified. 

4.  The  international  route,  or  an  extension  of  the  Canadian  railway  system 
across  the  Peninsula  of  Michigan,  and  through  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota,  to  the 
English  colony  of  Selkirk  in  latitude  50°,  and  thence,  through  the  valleys  of 
the  Saskatchewan  and  upper  Frazer  rivers,  to  the  Pacific  coast  in  latitude  54°. 

The  prediction  is  hazarded  that  the  year  1890  will  witness  the  consummation 
of  the  8,000  miles  of  interior  railroad  above  indicated.  A  more  accurate  state 
ment  would  be,  that  whenever,  along  either  of  these  routes,  a  population  shall 
be  assembled  of  two  millions  of  souls,  then  will  follow,  by  an  irresistible  social 
law,  the  construction  and  support  of  two  thousand  miles  of  railroad.  The  proba 
bility  of  that  aggregate  of  population  by  the  year  1870  has  been  considered  on 
the  central  line.  The  situation  of  the  more  southern  communication  has  been 
also  referred  to,  and  some  space  will  now  be  given  to  the  probabilities  that,  by 
the  year  1890,  the  great  lakes  will  be  connected  by  railroad  with  the  Columbia 
river  and  Puget's  sound,  while  1880  is  likely  to  witness  the  completion  of  the 
international  railroad  upon  the  average  latitude  of  52°  north. 

THE  NORTHERN  OR  LAKE  ROUTE. 

The  latitude  of  45°  north,  extended  west  of  Minnesota,  is  not  only  central  to 
the  lake  coast  and  the  railroads  of  northern  Illinois  and  Iowa,  Wisconsin  and 
Minnesota,  but  in  its  traverse  of  the  Great  Plains  and  the  Rocky  mountains  it  is 
most  accessible  from  the  mining  districts  now  developed,  or  soon  to  be  occupied, 
in  the  Territories  of  Dakota,  Montana  and  Idaho.  Other  conditions  being  favor- 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  217 

able,  the  future  emigrant  route  will  follow  the  parallel  of  45°  or  46°,  and  when 
population  warrants,  that  will  be  the  general  direction  of  the  northern  or  lake 
railroad  route. 

Explorations  by  officers  of  the  general  government,  and  publications  of  their 
reports,  have  made  the  general  features  of  this  route  quite  familiar.  Fully  nine- 
tenths  of  the  area  between  the  100th  meridian  of  longitude  and  the  Cascade 
range  of  Oregon  will  never  be  available  for  agriculture,  although  districts  far 
more  extensive  will  support  herds  and  flocks.  The  climate,  owing  to  the  reduced 
altitude,  is  not  more  severe  than  in  the  corresponding  districts  of  Colorado  and 
Utah.  The  Great  Plains  are  characterized  geologically  by  a  development  ot 
the  cretaceous  formation,  which  is  observed  over  large  Asiatic  areas,  and  con 
curring  with  aridity,  constitutes  the  American  desert.  Population  would  have 
been  slowly  attracted  to  those  localities,  except  for  the  discovery  of  gold.  The 
"  northern  mines,"  as  they  are  termed,  upon  the  sources  of  the  Columbia  and 
Missouri,  were  discovered  not  more  than  two  years  since,  and  now  have  a  popu 
lation  of  30,000,  of  which  12,000  are  cast  of  the  mountains.  In  addition  to  the 
Salmon  river  mines  of  Idaho,  and  the  Missouri  arid  Yellowstone  mines  of  Mon 
tana,  under  the  average  longitude  of  108°,  it  is  now  wel!  ascertained  that  the 
Black  hills  of  Dakota  Territory,  situated  on  the  44th  parallel  of  latitude,  and 
between  the  103d  and  105th  meridians  of  longitude,  are  rich  in  gold  and  silver, 
as  well  as  coal,  iron,  copper,  and  pine  forests.  With  the  pacification  of  the  Sioux 
nation,  and  the  establishment  of  emigrant  roads,  Dakota  will  be  the  scene  ol 
great  mining  excitement,  as  the  gold  field  of  the  Black  hills  is  within  two  hun 
dred  miles  of  the  steamboat  navigation  of  the  Missouri  river,  at  the  intersection 
of  its  channel  with  the  forty-fifth  parallel  of  latitude.  Admitting  the  general 
sterility  of  the  Great  Plains,  and  the  physical  difficulties  of  the  mountains,  yet 
the  great  productiveness  of  the  northern  mines  warrants  the  opinion  that  the 
Territories  of  Idaho,  Montana  and  Dakota  will  advance  in  population  in  a  ratio 
fully  equal  to  that  observed  in  Nevada  and  Colorado  since  their  first  settlement. 
The  discoveries  at  Washoe  and  Pike's  Peak  date  from  1859.  Five  years  is  the 
whole  period  of  the  settlement  and  progress  of  Nevada  and  Colorado,  and  within 
that  period  each  Territory  has  reached  a  permanent  population  of  60,000.  Both 
have  been  subject  to  the  mutations  of  a  mining  population,  but  each  has  increased 
at  the  rate  of  twelve  thousand  souls  per  annum.  So  with  the  Salmon  river  dis 
trict,  twenty  months  of  productive  gold-mining  having  assembled  20,000  people, 
while  east  Idaho,  or  Montana,  at  the  expiration  of  twelve  months  from  the  first 
discovery  of  gold  on  the  Jefferson  fork  of  the  Missouri,  had  a  population  of 
12,000.  If  such  a  rate  of  accretion  is  accepted,  the  result  in  the  year  1890  will 
be  indicated  as  follows : 

1863.  1870.  1830.  1890. 

Idaho 20,000  104,000  224,000  344,000 

Montana 12,000  96,000  216,000  336,000 

Dakota 10,000  94,000  214,000  334,000 


42,  000  294,  000  654,  000         1,  009,  000 


An  estimate  of  the  increase  of  population  in  Oregon  and  Washington  is  an 
nexed.  Oregon  in  1850  had  a  population  of  13,294,  which  was  increased  in 
1860  to  52,465,  or  a  ratio  of  increase  of  294.65.  Assuming  a  ratio  of  increase 
from  1860  to  1870  of  200  per  cent. ;  for  the  decade  closing  with  1880,  of  100  per 
cent.,  and  of  50  per  cent,  from  1880  to  1890,  the  population  of  Oregon  during 
and  at  the  expiration  of  twenty-seven  years  will  be  as  follows : 


218  FOREIGN    AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

I860 52, 465 

1870 157,  395 

1880 314, 490 

1890 . .                                    472,  185 


The  population  of  Washington  is  estimated  on  the  hypothesis  that  the  ratio 
of  increase  during  the  first  decade  will  be  300  per  cent.,  (or  about  the  same  as 
that  of  Oregon  from  1850  to  1860  ;)  then  200  per  cent,  for  ten  years  closing  with 
1880,  and  100  per  cent,  for  the  decade  of  1890,  as  follows: 

I860  (by  census) . 11, 168 

1870  (assumed) 44,  672 

1880         "       , 134,  016 

1890 ^68,  032 

The  ratio  of  increase  registered  as  to  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  from  1830  to 
I860,  far  exceeds  these  estimates. 

1830.  1840.  1850.  I860. 

Michigan 31,639  211,560  397,654  749,113 

Wisconsin 30,945  305,391  775,881 


An  American  railroad  from  the  west  border  of  Minnesota  to  the  Columbia 
river  may  be  anticipated  by  the  year  1890,  on  the  following  basis  of  population, 
ascertained  as  above : 

Dakota 334,  000 

Montana 336,  000 

Idaho , 344,  000 

Oregon 472,  185 

Washington 268,  032 


1,754,217 


THE    INTERNATIONAL    ROUTE. 

Public  sentiment  in  Canada  and  England  has  long  demanded  measures  for 
the  colonization  of  Central  British  America,  as  that  fertile  belt  of  territory  is 
now  called,  which  extends  from  Canada  and  Lake  Superior  to  the  Rocky  moun 
tains.  It  includes  the  valleys  of  the  Red  River  of  the  North  and  the  Sas 
katchewan  river,  which  belong  to  the  hydrographical  system  of  Hudson's  bay, 
and  are  covered  by  the  charter  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company. 
1  Selkirk  settlement,  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  was  founded  in  1812,  and 
has  a  population  of  10,000 — an  industrious,  moral,  and  well-ordered  community. 
Fort  Garry,  in  this  settlement,  is  the  North  American  headquarters  of  the 
Hudson  Bay  Company.  The  posts  of  this  company,  more  than  fifty  in  number, 
occupy  very  commanding  situations  over  the  immense  area,  bounded  by  Hud- 
eon's  bay  and  Lake  Superior  on  the  east,  the  Rocky  mountains  on  the  west, 
and  the  Arctic  ocean  on  the  north.  The  fur  trade  of  this  immense  territory 
concentrates  its  annual  product  on  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  at  Fort  Garry, 
from  which  point,  by  the  annual  voyages  of  brigades  of  batteaux,  merchandise 
and  supplies  are  distributed  to  the  most  distant  post.  Prior  to  1858,  the  imports 
and  exports  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  were  principally  transported  by  the 
difficult  and  dangerous  route  of  Hudson's  bay  and  Nelson's  river,  or  over  the 
numerous  obstacles  intervening  from  Lake  Superior  to  Red  river,  on  the  British 
Bide  of  the  international  line.  In  1858,  however,  materials  were  transported 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE.  219 

from  the  navigable  waters  of  the  Mississippi  river  to  construct  a  steamer  on  the 
Red  river,  and  in  1862  two  such  vessels  navigated  that  stream.  The  trade 
previously  existing  between  St.  Paul  and  Selkirk  has  been  greatly  increased  in 
consequence.  The  imports  of  Central  British  America  for  the  use  of  the  Hud 
son  Bay  Company  and  the  Selkirk  settlers  amount  to  $500,000  annually,  while 
the  average  annual  exports,  almost  exclusively  furs,  amount  to  $1,000,000. 

It  is  now  well  known  that,  northwest  of  Minnesota,  the  country  reaching  from 
the  Selkirk  settlement  to  the  Rocky  mountains,  and  from  latitude  49°  to  53°  on 
the  longitude  of  94°,  and  to  latitude  53°  on  the  Pacific  coast,  is  as  favorable  to 
grain  and  animal  production  as  any  of  the  northern  States;  that  the  mean  tem 
perature  for  spring,  summer  and  autumn  observed  on  the  42dand43d  parallels, 
in  New  York,  Michigan  and  Wisconsin,  has  been  accurately  traced  through 
Fort  Snelling  and  the  valley  of  the  Saskatchewan  to  latitude  55°  on  the  Pacific 
coast,  and  that  from  the  northwest  boundary  of  Minnesota  this  whole  district 
of  British  America  is  threaded  in  all  directions  by  the  navigable  water-lines 
which  converge  to  Lake  Winnipeg. 

These  facts,  however  favorable  to  agricultural  settlement,  would  have  failod 
to  revolutionize  the  policy  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  except  for  the  violent 
excitement  of  gold  discovery.  The  year  1858  directed  a  column  of  adventurers 
to  the  channel  and  sources  of  Frazcr  river  :  the  organization  of  British  Columbia 
followed,  and  it  was  soon  ascertained  that  the  richest  and  most  extensive  gold 
fields  of  northwest  British  America — the  Cariboo  mines — are  so  far  within  the 
Rocky  mountains,  so  far  up  to  the  utmost  sources  of  Frazer  river,  as  to  be 
practicably  more  accessible  from  Selkirk  than  from  the  coast  of  Puget's  sound. 
At  length,  in  1862,  the  tributaries  of  the  Saskat^iewan  and  Peace  rivers,  on 
the  eastern  flank  of  the  Rocky  mountains,  were  discovered  to  be  auriferous  ; 
while  eastward  stretched,  towards  Canada  and  Lake  Superior,  not  less  than 
100,000,000  acres  of  fertile  lands  destined  to  cereal  cultivation,  whenever 
reached  by  emigration.  English  and  Canadian  exploration  also  established,  in 
favor  of  this  district,  that  its  average  elevation  above  the  sea  was  far  less  than 
in  American  territory;  that  the  Rocky  mountains  were  diminished  in  width, 
while  the  passes  were  not  difficult;  that  the  supply  of  rain  was  more  abundant, 
and  the  carboniferous  and  silurian  formations  were  of  greater  extent  than  further 
south;  and,  owing  to  the  greater  influence  of  the  Pacific  winds  through  the  moun 
tain  gorges  and  the  reduced  altitude,  that  the  climate  was  no  material  obstacle  to 
•  civilized  occupation. 

The  Hudson  Bay  Company,  in  1S63,  was  reorganized  to  meet  the  exigencies 
of  imperial  and  provincial  policy  in  Central  British  America,  "in  accordance  (to 
quote  the  circular  of  the  new  directory)  with  the  industrial  spirit  of  the  age, 
and  the  rapid  advancement  which  colonization  has  made  in  the  countries  adja 
cent  to  the  Hudson's  Bay  territories." 

While  the  present  most  effective  organization  of  the  fur  trade  will  be  con 
tinued  and  even  extended,  the  company  now  proposes  to  avail  itself  of  all 
possible  agencies  for  the  rapid  colonization  of  the  Saskatchewan  basin  and  the 
gold  districts  at  the  sources  of  the  Columbia,  Frazer,  Saskatchewan  and  Peace 
rivers.  A  telegraph  line  from  St.  Paul  to  Pembina,  and  thence  through  Selkirk 
and  the  Rocky  mountains  to  the  Pacific  coast,  is  first  announced' as  the  special 
enterprise  of  1864.  Then  a  connexion  of  the  Selkirk  settlement  by  railroad 
with  St.  Paul,  and  by  a  direct  emigrant  road  with  Fort  William,  on  the  British 
coast  of  Lake  Superior,  will  receive  effective  aid,  concurrently  with  the  prose 
cution  of  American  and  Canadian  enterprises.  Steamboat  navigation  is  to  be 
extended  upon  Lake  Winnipeg  and  the  Saskatchewan  river.  The  systems  of 
land  survey  and  gratuitous  allotments  of  land  to  colonists  which  prevail  in  the 
United  States  are  proposed,  the  company  reserving  alternate  blocks  or  sections 
to  support  future  railroad  construction,  since,  at  the  earliest  practicable  moment, 
a  railroad  will  be  undertaken  traversing  the  colonies  of  Central  British  America 


220  FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

and  British  Columbia.  It  is  in  the  power  of  the  modernized  Hudson  Bay 
Company,  arid  it  is  its  well-defined  purpose,  to  connect  Lake  Superior  and  the 
Pacific  coast  by  a  cordon  of  settlements,  and  to  carry  forward  the  construction 
of  two  thousand  miles  of  railroad  simultaneously  with  the  advent  of  population, 
and  as  the  sure  means  to  encourage  the  settlement  of  Northwest  British  America, 
or  the  interval  which  separates  the  lake  coast  of  Canada  from  the  coast  of  the 
North  Pacific  ocean. 

This  international  railroad  (as  it  may  properly  be  called,  until  the  develope 
ment  of  British  America  warrants  a  direct  communication  with  Canada)  will  be 
the  favorite  object  of  English  capitalists  on  this  continent,  as  the  Union  Pacific 
railroad  will  combine  in  its  behalf  the  energies  of  the  government  and  citizens 
of  the  United  States.  These  two  enterprises  will  therefore  precede  the  con 
struction  of  railroads  on  the  gulf  and  lake  routes,  but  only  by  a  decade  of 
years.  All  four  routes  will  be  demanded  by  the  wants  of  8,000,000  of  people, 
which  the  next  twenty-five  years  will  witness  permanently  seatetl  on  the  average 
latitudes  of  35°,  40°,  45°  and  50°,  between  longitude  95°  and  the  Pacific  ocean. 

STATISTICAL  MAP. 

To  illustrate  the  communications,  present  and  future,  between  the  Atlantic, 
Mississippi,  Interior  and  Pacific  States,  a  map  ia  annexed,  which  has  been  pre 
pared  for  publication  in  this  connexion,  and  which  also  indicates  the  boundaries 
of  the  Territories  at  the  close  of  the  congressional  session  of  1863-'4.  The 
statements  of  population  are  from  the  census  of  1860,  except  the  estimates  for 
later  dates.  The  map  has  been  extended  beyond  the  northern  frontier  of  the 
United  States,  that  the  arable  districts  of  British  America,  as  shown  by  their 
respective  northern  boundary  lines,  may  be  studied  with  reference  to  the  rail 
way  and  commercial  movements  on  the  continent. 


FOREIGN   AND   DOMESTIC   COMMERCE.  221 


THE  MINERAL  WEALTH  OF  LAKE  SUPERIOR- 


The  whole  basin  of  Lake  Superior  indicates  the  presence  of  iron  «incl  copper 
The  mountains  which  divide  the  waters  of  Lake  Michigan  to  the  southeast,  of 
the  Mississippi  river  and  its  tributaries  to  the  southwest  and  west,  of  the  Rainy 
Lake  river  to  the  northwest,  and  of  Hudson's  bay  to  the  north  and  northeast — 
the  outer  rim  of  the  Superior  basin — are  found,  wherever  explored,  to  contain 
iron  ore.  The  mines  at  Marquette,  Michigan,  have  been  successfully  worked, 
in  consequence  of  the  construction  of  a  railroad  from  the  harbor  of  Marquette 
to  the  Iron  mountain,  eighteen  miles  distant ;  but  iron  deposits  in  the  same 
mineral  range  are  situated  at  no  greater  distance  south  of  Bayfield  and  Supe 
rior,  in  Wisconsin,  and  thence  have  been  traced  around  the  north  shore  of  the 
lake,  in  Minnesota  and  in  Canada. 

Nearer  the  lake  coast,  and  apparently  a  lower  formation,  are  the  copper  dis 
tricts.  The  only  locality  on  the  southern  shore  which  has  attracted  attention 
is  a  district  extending  from  Keweenaw  Point  to  the  Montreal  river,  100  miles 
in  length  by  four  to  twenty  miles  in  width.  On  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  in 
Minnesota,  near  the  western  extremity  of  the  lake,  and  in  Canada  for  a  dis 
tance  of  200  miles  northwest  from  the  Sault  St.  Marie,  are  well-defined  copper 
regions  which  are  now  attracting  the  attention  of  capitalists,  and  will  probably 
prove  as  productive  as  the  Keweenaw,  Portage  Lake,  Ontonagon,  and  Carp 
Lake  districts,  as  the  subdivisions  of  the  Michigan  copper-bearing  territory  are 
termed. 

During  the  year  1863  discoveries  were  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Marquette, 
which  suggest  that  Michigan  is  destined  to  become,  at  an  early  day,  a  great  sil 
ver-yielding  State.*  The  newly-discovered  district  is  known  as  the  granite 
range,  lying  between  the  schistose  or  iron  range  and  Lake  Superior,  and  is 
from  ten  to  twenty  miles  in  breadth  and  about  fifty  miles  in  length.  Lodes  of 
argentiferous  galena  have  been  found  in  this  region,  yielding  from  ten  to  thirty 
pounds  of  silver  to  the  ton  of  metal.  Assays  made  on  some  of  the  ores  have 
discovered  gold  in  them  to  the  value  of  $60  to  $240.  If  these  statements  are 
confirmed,  the  silver  district  of  Lake  Superior  will  exceed  in  value  either  of  the 
ranges  now  yielding  copper  and  iron. 

Under  the  impulse  of  the  present  demand  for  iron  and  copper,  the  Minnesota 
district,  extending  from  Fond-du-Lac  to  the  Grand  Portage  at  the  mouth  of 
Pigeon  river,  has  been  thoroughly  explored  with  satisfactory  results ;  while 
Canada  has  taken  effective  measures  for  the  encouragement  of  mining  enter 
prises  on  the  remainder  of  the  northern  shore.  Title  to  mineral  lands  on  Lake 
Superior  can  now  be  acquired  from  Canada  at  one  dollar  per  acre,  subject  to  a 
tax  of  one  dollar  per  ton  of  ore.  This  order  will  have  the  effect  to  transfer 
English  capital  to  the  Nepigon,  Pic  and  Michipicoton  districts  of  Lake  Superior, 
as  it  is  now  admitted  that  the  copper  mines  of  Great  Britain  have  lately  failed 
of  their  former  productiveness.  A  correspondent  of  the  London  Mining  Journal 
states  that  "  the  very  rich  mines  of  Cornwall  and  Devon  are  limited  in  the 


222  FOREIGN   AND    DOMESTIC    COMMERCE. 

present  day,  arid  that  some  thirty  or  forty  of  the  greatest  and  richest  mines  in 
those  countries  are  exhausted,  at  least  for  copper."  There  were,  in  March, 
1864,  more  than  fifty  bills  before  the  Canadian  Parliament  to  incorporate  com 
panies  for  mining  gold,  silver,  lead,  antimony,  iron,  and  copper. 

Similar  and  greater  activity  prevails  in  all  the  American  districts  of  Lake 
Superior.  The  total  amount  of  capital  invested  in  the  fee-simple  and  develop 
ment  of  the  copper  mines  now  worked  in  Michigan,  not  including  the  value  of 
the  metal  produced,  is  estimated  at  $6,000,000,  while  their  stocks  are  worth 
over,  $15,000,000.  The  aggregate  amount  of  copper  produced  in  1863  was 
not  less  than  9,000  tons  of  stamp  work,  barrel  and  mass,  or  about  7,500 
tons  of  ingot,  worth  at  its  present  value  over  $6,000,000;  but  as  the  largest 
portion  was  probably  sold  at  an  average  of  35  cents  per  pound,  the  aggregate 
receipts  of  sales  will  not  be  much  over  $5,000,000.  The  products  of  the  Mar- 
quette  iron  mines  for  1863  are  reported  as  185,000  gross  tons  of  ore,  and  13,732 
gross  tons  of  pig  iron.  In  1855  the  product  of  the  same  mines  was  only  1,447 
tons  of  iron  ore,  with  no  production  of  pig  iron;  in  1858,  31,035  tons  of  iron 
ore  and  1,627  tons  of  pig  iron. 

The  exports,  of  all  values,  for  1863,  from  Lake  Superior,  will  amount  to 
$10,000,000,  imports  $12,000,000,  consisting,  in  addition  to  provisions  and 
merchandise  for  the  mining  villages,  of  shipments  of  machinery  and  other  mate 
rials  for  permanent  improvements. 

°  In  the  same  vicinity,  the  Huron  mountains  are  reported  to  be  gold-bearing,  and  at  the 
latest  date  (June  13,  1864)  there  is  a  probability  that  the  discoveries  and  production  of 
gold  in  this  district  of  the  Lake  Superior  basin  will  fully  equal  the  facts  in  regard  to  silver. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

DOCUMENTS  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


642-2569 


•  •"     :  '':••'.: 


// 


LD  21-20m-8,'61 
(Cl795slO)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


;:;:iil£li}iiMi 


V . K  ^v^.^W'V-;-  :v|;r- 

illlSi 


iWSII 

^^>fe^d3? 


iv/^< 

.  <X/-  v j#-/  .  f  ^, 

*$$$(&. 

WM 

•• 


